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[Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372]
S_______________________
Sa (son of Misra’im), 1652
Saad, Zaki Yusef, 708, 2071
Saba, 1089, 1750
Saba, Saint, 45, 1182
Sab‘ah wa-arba‘ah, 2071
and tafsir, 2198
and Theotokion, 2255
Saba ibn Tadurus al-Hawrani (deacon), 2047
Sabas, John, collected works of, 1779
Saba Yasa, 1182, 2071
on residence of Gregory II, Patriarch, 1182
Sabbath
differing meanings for Christians and Jews, 2098—2100
Ethiopian controversy, 1050—1051
Old Testament, 1101
Saturday as, 2098
Sunday as, 2159
vigil associated with, 2308
Sabellianism, 1638, 1934, 2072
Alexander I and, 82
Anus’s opposition to, 231
Dionysius the Great and, 911
Eusebius of Caesarea’s opposition to, 1070
and hypostasis controversy, 1260
Sabellius the Libyan, 911, 1638, 1944, 2072
see also Sabellianism
Sabinus, prefect of Alexandria, 909
Sacrament, 2072
absolution and, 15
baptism, 336—338
baptism, liturgy of, 339—342
Communion, Holy, 578—579
confirmation, 585—586
Dialogue of the Savior on, 898
Eucharist, 1056—1061
and excommunication, 1079—1080
given to children, 2072
Gospel of Philip on, 1156
holy orders, 2013—2015
interdict against administering, 1299
marriage, 1542-1543
and penance, 584-585
unction of the sick, 2291—2292
see also under individual sacraments
Sacrament, reservation of the blessed, 2073
Sacramental oils. See Oils, sacramental
Sacrifice, Eucharist as, 1058—1060
Sacrificial altars, 106
Sacristy, 219
Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. See Amplissima
Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de, 2073
Sadamant, pilgrimages to, 1974
Sadamant-Fayyum, Dayr Mar Jirjis, 831
Sadat, Anwar al-, president of Egypt, 582, 707, 756, 948-949, 1516, 1991, 2091
Saddleback roof, 220
Sadij, al-, 114
Sadiq Attallah, Mu‘allim, 1737
Sa‘dist Party, 1992—1993
Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073-2074
Sa‘d Zaghlul, 375, 1466, 1515, 1628, 2074-2075
and British occupation of Egypt, 421—422
and political thought in modern Egypt, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994
on status of Copts, 950—951
and Wissa Wassef, 2323
Safi Abu al-Fada’il ibn al-‘Assal, al-, 310—311, 1748
Safi al-Din ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Ali ibn Shukr, vizier, 1269
Safi ibn al-‘Assal, al-, 1089, 1096, 2075-2079
and Butrus ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 428
on canon law, 1942, 2076
on circumcision, 1106
on Great Lent fasting, 1095
on Holy Saturday, 1247
on laying-on of hands, 1432—1433
on marriage, 1545
Nomocanon of, 1780, 1783, 2075, 2076
on offertory, 1824
works of, 1463, 1464, 2076—2079
works translated into Ethiopic, 977
and Yuhanna al-Maqsi, 2358
Sahidic dialect
Alexander’s encomium on Peter I, 1943, 1944, 1945
Cambyses Romance in, 2060
Canons, Apostolic, 451
canons, ecclesiastical, 454
inscriptions in, 1296
Life of Pachomius, 1860, 1861
magical texts, 1501
manuscripts, 1885
New Testament in, 1787—1788
in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1836—1838
poetry, 1986
see also Appendix
Sahlan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan, 2079-2080
Saht (Coptic textile term), 2221
Sahyun Walid (Akhmim), 1122
Sa‘id, 2080
Sa‘id, Khedive, 676, 1692—1693
Sa‘id ibn Batriq. See Ibn al-Bitriq, Sa‘id
Sa‘id ibn al-Bitriq. See Ibn al-Bitriq, Sa‘id
Sa‘id ibn Tufayl, 2080
Sai Island, 2080—2081
as episcopal see of Nubia, 1813
see also Nubian church organization
Saint Andrew’s Church (Jericho), 1245
Saint Catherine’s Church (Alexandria), 1123
Saint Didymus Institute for the Blind (Cairo). See Didymus Institute for the Blind
Saint Mark’s Cathedral. See Cathedral of Saint Mark
Saint Mary and Saint Mark (Paris), 1623
Saint Maurice-en-Valais (city), 1572
Saint-Paul-Girard, Louis, 2081
Saint Peter’s Bridge monastery. See Lithazomenon and Saint Peter’s Bridge
Saint Peter’s Cathedral (Rome), 1572
Saints
Ababius, 1
Abamun of Tarnut, 1
Abamun of Tukh, 1-2
Abilius, 8
Abraam I, 10
Abraham, 10-11
Abraham and George of Scetis, 12—13
Abraham of Minuf, 13-14
Achillas (monk), 56
Achillas (patriarch), 55—56
Acta Sanctorum, 56-57
Agathon, 64-65
Agathon and his brothers, 66—67
Agathon the Stylite, 68—69
Alexandra, 88
Ammonas, 113
Amun, 119
Anastasia, 125
Anatolius, 128
Anba Ruways, 128
anchorites, 129
Antony of Egypt, 149—151
Apaiule and Tolemaeus, 153
Archellides, 192
Ari, 229
Arianus, 230—23 1
Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, 240—241
Ascla, 283
Barsanuphius, 348
Barsum the Naked, 348-349
Basil, 351—351
Besamon, 379
Bessarion, 379
Bulus al-Habis, 424—425
Camoul, 445
canonization, 449
Cassian, John, 461—463
Celadion, 475
Claudius, 561
commemoration of, 1567
Copres, 598
Coptic hymns for, 1728
Cyriacus and Julitta, 671
Cyril I, 671—675
difnar hymns on, 900—901
Dimyanah, 903
Dioscorus I, 912—9 15
Domitius, 1576—1578
Elias of Bishwaw, 952—953
Elias of Samhud, 953
English, 418—419
Ephraem Syrus, 963
Epima, 965
Epimachus of Pelusium, 965—966
Erai, 2209
Ethiopian, 1044—1055; see also Synaxarion, Ethiopian
Euphrosyna, 1069
Eusebius, 1069—1070
Eusignius, 1071—1072
Eustathius and Theopista, 1072—1073
Exuperantius, 1082
al-Farama association, 1089
feasts, 1101
Febronia, 1109—1110
Felix, 1110
Fis, 1116
Gabra Masqal, 1047-1048
Gabriel, Archangel, appearance to, 1137
Gasecha, 1051—1052
George, 1137—1138
Giyorgis, 1051—1052
Gregory the Illuminator, 1183
Gregory of Nazianzus, 1183—1184
Gregory of Nyssa, 1184—1185
Hadra of Aswan, 1190
Hadra of Benhadab, 1190—1191
hagiographers, 1921
Hamai of Kahyor, 1203—1204
Harmina, 1209
Heraclas, 1219
Heraclides, 1220—1221
Herai, 1221
Herpaese and Julianus, 1225—1226
Hilaria, 1230—1231
Hilarion, 1232
Hop of Tukh, 1254
Hor of Abrahat, 1255
Horsiesios, 1257
Iconoclastic controversy, 1275
icons of, 1276, 1278
Ignatius of Antioch, 1281—1282
illuminated manuscript depiction of, 1283
Irish, 4 18—419
Isaac, 1304
Isaac of Tiphre, 1304—1305
Isaiah of Scetis, 1305—1306
Isidorus of Antioch, 1307
Isidorus of Scetis, 1310
Jacob, 1318
James, 1320—1321
James Intercisus, 1321
James of Scetis, 132 1—1322
Jeremiah, 1322—1323
Jerome, 1323
Jirjis al-Muzahim, 1335—1336
John, Bishop of Armant, 1353—1354
John I, 1337
John II, 1337
John III, 1337
John IV, 1338—1339
John VI, 1341—1342
John the Baptist, 1354—1356
John Chrysostom, 1357—1359
John Colobos, 1359—1361
John the Faster, 1339—1340
John Kama, 1362—1363
John of Lycopolis, 1363—1365
John of Parallos, 1367—1368
Joseph, 1370
Joseph of Bishwaw, 1371
Joseph the Carpenter, 1371— 1374
Joseph of Tsenti, 1374
Judas Cyriacus, 1377—1378
Julian, 1380
Justus, 1386—1387
Macarius, 1489
Macarius Alexandrinus, 1490
Macarius the Egyptian, 1491
Manasseh, 1518
Mark, 1528—1533
Mark II, 1533—1534
Mark III, 1534—1536
Mark the Simple, 1540—1541
Mary of Alexandria, 1560
Mary the Egyptian, 1560
Mass of the Faithful commemoration, 1567
Matthew the Poor, 157 1— 1572
Mauritius, 1572
Maximus, 1576—1578
Menas, 1589
Menas of al-Ashmunayn, 1589
Menas the Miracle Maker, 1589—1590
Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592—1594
Michael the Archangel, 1616—1619
Michael IV, 1614—1615
Misa’il, 1634
Moses the Black, 1681
Mui, 1696
Nob, Apa, 1796
Olympus, 1840
Onophrius, 1841-1842
Pachomius, 1859—1863
Paese, 1865
paintings in church, Dayr al-Baramus, 794
paintings in Main Church, Dayr Apa Jeremiah, 778, 1660
paintings in monasteries, 1660
paintings in Old Church, Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 727
Palaemon, 1876
Palamon, 1876
Pambo, 1876—1877
Pamin, 1878
Pamphilus, 1879
Panesneu, 1880
Panine and Paneu, 1880—1881
Pantaleon, 1881—1882
Paphnutius, 1882
Paphnutius the Hermit, 1882—1883
Paphnutius of Pbow, 1883—1884
Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884
Patasius, 1908
Patermuthius, 1908
Paul of Benhadab, 1922
Paul the Simple, 1923
Paul of Tamma, 1923—1925
Paul of Thebes, 1925—1926
Peter II, 1947
Peter the Presbyter, 1951
Peter of Scetis, 1951
Petronius, 1952
Phib, 1953—1954
Philotheus of Antioch, 1960—1961
Phis, 1963
Pidjimi, 1966—1967
pilgrimages to sites of, 1968—1975
Pisentius of Armant, 1978
Pisentius of Hermonthis, 1978
Pisentius of Qift, 1978—1980
Pisura, 1980
Poemen, 1983—1984
poetry on, 1985, 1986
Polycarp, 1997—1998
portraits of, 2004
Proclus, 2016
Pshoi, 2028—2029
Pshoi of Tud, 2030
Psote of Psoï, 2031—2032
Regula, 2057
Samuel of Benhadab, 2091—2092
Samu’il of Qalamun, 2092-2093
Sarapamon of Scetis, 2094—2095
Sarapion of Tmuis, 2095—2096
Severian of Jabalah, 2122
Shenufe, 2130—2131
Shenute, 2131—2133
Silvanus of Scetis, 2137
Simon I, 2138—2139
Simon II, 2139
Sophia, 2143—2144
Takia Haymanot, 1049—1050
Tecla, 1865
Ter and Erai, 2209
Theodora, 2235
Theodorus, 2237—2238
Theodorus of Alexandria, 2238
Theodorus of Pherme, 2239
Theodorus of Tabennese, 2239—2240
Theodosius I, 2241
Theognosta, 2243—2244
Theophilus, 2253—2254
Thomas, 2256
Timotheus, 2262—2263
Timothy I, 2263
Tolemaus, 2271
Ursus of Solothurn, 2292—2293
Verena, 2299—2301, 2301
Victor of Shu, 2302
Victor Stratelates, 2303—2308
Victor of Tabennese, 2308
Yusab I, 2362
Zacharias, Bishop, 2368
Zar’a Ya‘qob, 1052—1053
see also Hagiography, Coptic; Martyrs
Saints, Coptic, 2081-2087
Copto-Arabic Synaxarion list of, 2172—2190
Synaxarion list of, 2 173—2190
Synaxarion as source of knowledge of, 1044��1045
The Saints of Egypt in the Coptic Calendar (O’Leary), 1551, 2081
Sakha, 66, 2087-2088
Sakhirun of Qallin (martyr), 1558
Saklabaoth, 1618
Saklas (pagan deity), 1154
Saladin, 872, 1534—1535, 1536, 1097, 1615
see also Ayyubid Dynasty and the Copts
Salah al-Din. See Saladin
Salama I, Ethiopian prelate, 312—313, 990—991
Salama II, Ethiopian prelate, 1011—1012
Salama III, Ethiopian prelate, 1033—1036
Salama IV, Metropolitan, 1590
Salamah, Albert Barsum, 1911
Salamah Musa, 1996, 2011, 2088-2089
Salamuni, al-, pilgrimages to, 1974
Salfana. See Paul and Salfana (martyrs)
Salib (new martyr), 1558
Salib Sami, 1991
Salih ibn Qala’un, al-, Sultan, 750
Salih Salah al-Din. See Saladin
Salim, Bakhkhash, 1626
Salim ibn Yusuf al-Siba‘i al-Itfawi, 2089
Salippe, Mikarius, 2089-2090
Salome (mother of Zebedee’s children), 1117
Salvation
Gnostic Christian homily on, 898
Origen on, 1849
Samalut
Dayr Abu Bifam at, 696—697
Dayr al-‘Adhra’ at, 7 15—716
Samannud, 36, 925, 2090
Sami Gabra, 1230, 2090
Samson, 1618
Samuel, A. E., 1895
Samuel, Bishop, 1624, 2090-2091
and Cyril VI, 707
role in Coptic education, 933
and Yusab II, 2363
Samuel of Benhadab, Saint, 2086, 2091—2092, 2086
Samuel of Kalamun. See Samu’il of Qalamun, Saint
Samuel Koui (the Small), 826
Samuel the Recluse, Anba, 1504
Samu’il of Qalamun, Saint, 1216, 1362, 1448, 2092-2093
feast day, 2086
monasteries, 707, 758, 759, 845, 1130
and Takinash, 2092—2093, 2199
see also Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun
Samu’il al-Suryani, 1462
Sanabu, 2093-2094
monasteries around, 1654
Sanad, al-, 1656
Sanctuary
askinah, 288
and candelabrum, 1469
communion table, 580
in Egyptian church architecture, 220—221, 552��553
Sanctuary of Philotheus (Antioch), 893
Sanctus, 1731
Sandals and shoes, 646, 1433
Sanders, H. A., 1895
Sandstone, Coptic sculpture in, 2115
Sandstorm, 1487
Sanhira, pilgrimages to, 1974
Sanhut, Bishop of Misr, 760— 761
Sani Abu al-Majd Butrus ibn al-Muhadhdhib Abu al-Faraj, al-, 1085
Sanquriyyah, al-, pilgrimages to, 1974
Sansno, Saint, 2087
Sanutios. See Shute I, Saint
Saqqara
and Coptic scupture in stone, 2112, 2115, 2116
Dayr Apa Jeremiah in, 772, 773, 776—777, 1659, 1660
decorations of monastery cells at, 525, 555, 556
inscriptions found at, 1293, 1294, 1295
monastery mural painting, 1873, 1874
pilgrims and travelers to, 1976
remains and representations of Coptic clothing. See Costume, civil
Sara, Saint, 2087, 2094
Sarabaïtes (free monks), 702
Sarabam. See Dayr Abu Sarabam
Saragossa, Council of, on regulations for nuns, 1822
Sarah. See Bahnam and Sarah (martyrs); Benam and Sarah
(martyrs); Moses and Sarah (martyrs)
Sarah and her children (martyrs), 1558
Sarapamon, Bishop of Beheira and al-Minufiyyah, 686
Sarapamon, Bishop of Minufiyyah, 1950
Sarapamon of Nikiou, 955, 1793
Sarapamon of Scetis, Saint, 1558, 2087, 2094
Sarapion, 2094—2095
see also Serapion
Sarapion, Saint (martyr from Binusah), 1558, 2120—2121
Sarapion of Tmuis, Saint and Bishop, 1491, 2095, 2095-2096
anaphora of, 1539
anti-Manichaeism, 1522, 2096
as disciple of Antony, Saint, 149, 2096
feast day, 2087
Sarcophagus, wooden, 2330—2331
Sardica, Council of (351), 1089
Sarjiyus, Malati, 1465, 1466, 2096-2097
conflict with Yusab II, Patriarch, 2011, 2097, 2363
Sarmata. See Pamun and Sarmata (martyrs)
Sarraj al-Warraq, al-, 1085
Sasht (Coptic textile term), 2221
Sassanid Empire. See Persians in Egypt
Sassanid influences on Coptic art, 2097-2098
Sasso, François, Father, 1330
Satan
and Antichrist, 143
Gabriel, Archangel, power over, 1136
Gregory of Nazianzus on sin of, 1184
Michael, Archangel, power over, 1617, 1618—1619
Raphael, Archangel, power over, 2053
see also Demons; Devil
Saturday, 1901, 2098-2100
Holy Saturday, 1247—1249
Saturn (pagan deity), 1617
Sauneron, Serge, 2100
Savery Codex. See Crosby Schøyen Codex
Savoyards, 1572
Sawadah
Dayr Apa Hor at, 770—771
pilgrimages to, 1974
Sawam‘ah Sharq, al-, Dayr Anba Bakhum, 730—73 1
Sawiros, Ethiopian prelate, 1005—1006
Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 19, 21, 1573, 2100-2102
Abraham, Saint and Patriarch and, 11
on al-Afrajun, 64
and Alexander’s encomium on Peter I, 1943, 1944
on the Arab conquest of Egypt, 183— 189
and Bashmuric revolts, 350
and blessings, 404
and Book of Epact, 410
collected works of, 1779
on the Crusades, 664—665
al-Durr al-Thamin, 926
and Egyptian conscription of Christian sailors, 2286
and History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria, 1239
and John of Shmun, 1369
on Primus, 2016
on Saturdays during Lent, 2099
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247
and the Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2258—2259
and al-Wadih ibn Raja’, 2311
works by, 1460, 1461, 1779
and Yuhanna, 2356
Sayce, Archibald Henry, 856, 1090, 2102
Sayfayn, Abu. See Dayr Abu Sayfayn; Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint
Sayyid, Ahmad Lutfi, al-, 1994, 1995, 1996
Sayyid, Mikha’il ‘Abd, al-, 1995, 2010
Scala magna (Kircher), 1415, 1267, 1748
Scarves, 643—644
Scenas Mandras, castrum of, 465
Scetis, 113, 120, 2102—2106
Abraham and George of, Saints, 12—13
Agathon of Alexandria and monastic cell construction, 65
Amun, Saint, and, 119
Apophthegmata patrum on monks of, 177—178
Arsenius, Saint, 240—241
Bedouin plunder of, 1534
Bessarion, Saint, of, 379
Cassian, John, on monks of, 462—463
and Damanhur bishopric, 687
Damian as monk at, 688
Daniel of, 1648
Daniel, Saint, of, 692
Dayr Abu Musa al-’Aswad, 708
Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 720, 722
Dayr Anba Bishoi, 734—736
Dayr Anba Helias, 747—748
Dayr Anba Maqar, 748—756
Dayr Apa Anub, 770
Dayr al-Arman, 782
Dayr al-Baramus, 789—794
Dayr al-Suryan in, 876—881
Dayr Yuhannis Kama at, 883
Ewostatewos, Ethiopian saint, of, 1050—1051
forty-nine martyrs of. See Forty-nine martyrs of Scetis
Gabriel I, Saint and Patriarch in monastaries of, 1127
Hilaria, Saint, at, 1230—1231
Isaiah the Hermit at, 1305—1306
Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud link with, 1316
John Colobos at, 1360
John Colobos and Bishoi flight from, 701, 795
John Kama of, 1362
and Kellia site location, 1397, 1401
Krajon and Amun martyrdom at, 1419
as laura of hermitages, 1224—1225
Macarius Alexandrinus in, 1490
Macarius the Egyptian in, 1491
monasteries, 707, 714, 727, 835, 841, 1658, 1659
monastery libraries, 1449
monastic life, 1662
monastic population, 1663
monks and anthropomorphism, 143
Moses the Black in, 707, 708
and Nitria monastery, 1794—1796
Palladius at, 1877
papyrus discoveries, 1900
parekklesia, 1903
Peter of, 1951
Poemen and brothers as monks at, 1983, 1984
Pshoi of, 2029—2030
recluses in, 2055
Rufinus history of hermits of, 2068
Samu’l of Qalamun expulsion from, 2092
Silvanus of, 2137
Theodorus of Pherme of, 2239
Theophilus, Patriarch, and monks of, 2247, 2249—2250
travel reports of monasteries, 1977
al-Wadih ibn Raja’ in, 2311
Zacharias, Saint, in, 2368
Scevophilacion. See Pastophorium
Schäfer, Heinrich, 2106
Schema. See Bishop, consecration of
Schermann, Theodor, 2106
Schiller, A. Arthur, 1895, 1438, 2106
Schism. See Acacian schism; Chalcedon, Council of; Donatism;
Melitian schism
Schmidt, Carl, 1149, 1899, 2106-2107
Scholarios, 1114
Scholars
‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi, 5-7
‘Abd al-Masih Salib al-Masu‘di, 7
Acta sanctorum, 56—57
Amélineau, Emile Clement, 112
Assemani family, 289
Bachatly, Charles, 323
Bajuri, Shaykh Ibrahim, al-, 330—331
Balestri, Giuseppe, 332
Bardenhewer, Otto, 345
Barns, John Wintour Baldwin, 347
Basset, René, 360
Bell, Harold Idris, 374
Bilabel, Friedrich, 390—39 1
Bodmer, Martin, 404—405
Boeser, Pieter Adriaan Art, 405
Borgia, Stefano, 412
Bourguet, Pierre du, S. J., 414
Bouriant, Urbain, 414—415
Breccia, A. Evaristo, 416
Brightman, Frank Edward, 416
Bruce, James, 422
Brugsch, Heinrich Ferdinand Karl, 422
Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis, 422—423
Burmester, Oswald Hugh Edward, 427
Burkitt, Francis Crawford, 426
Butcher, Edith L., 428
Butler, Alfred Joshua, 428
Cerny, Jaroslav, 511
Champollion, Jean François, 516
Chassinat, Emile Gaston, 516—517
Chiftichi, Yuhanna, 519—520
Clédat, Jean, 561
Cramer, Maria, 656—657
Curzon, Robert, 663-665
al-Damanhuri, Shaykh Ahmad, 687
Daressy, Georges Emile Jules, 693
Daumas, Franois, 694—695
Dévaud, Eugène Victor, 895
Didymus the Blind, 900
Dominicans in Egypt, 918
Drescher, James Anthony Bede, 924
Drioton, (Chanoine) Etienne, 924
Dulaurier, Jean Paul, 925
Erichsen, Wolja, 972—973
Erman, Adolf, 973
Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard, 1078
Evetts, Basil Thomas Alfred, 1078
Fortescue, Adrian, 1120
Galtier, Emile Joseph, 1138
Girgis Mattha, 1141
Graf, Georg, 1165
Graffin, René, 1165
Grapow, Hermann, 1165
Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, 1185
Groff, William N., 1185
Grohmann, Adolf, 1185—1186
Guidi, Ignazio, 1186—1187
Haase, Felix, 1189
Habib Jirjis, 1189
hagiography, 1191
Hall, Henry Reginald Holland, 1203
Hanna Salib Sa‘d, 1206
Hardy, Edward R., 1206
Hauser, Walter, 1210
Hebbelynck, Adolphe, 1215
Hefele, Karl Joseph, 1215
Hengstenberg, Wilhelm, 1217
Heuser, Gustav, 1227
Horner, George W., 1257
Huntington, Robert, 1260
Hyvernat, Henri Eugène Xavier Louis, 1263
Ibn Kabar, 1267—1268
Ibn Katib Qaysar, 1268
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, 1269—1270
Ibn Siba‘, Yuhanna ibn Abi Zakariyya, 1272
Ideler, Julius Ludwig, 1280
Ilyas Buqtur, 1284—1285
Iqladiyus Labib, 1302
‘Iryan Jirjis Muftah, 1302— 1303
Jablonski, Paul Ernst, 1318
Jernstedt, Peter Viktorovich, 1323
Johann Georg, 1336
Jullien, Michel Marie, 1382—1383
Junker, Hermann, 1383
Kahle, Paul Eric, 1389
Karabacek, Joseph von, 1389
Keimer, Ludwig, 1396
Kenyon, Frederic George, 1410
Kircher, Athanasius, 1415
Krall, Jakob, 1419
Kuentz, Charles, 1419
Kühnel, Ernst, 1419—1420
Labib Habachi, 1423
Labib, Subhi Yanni, 1423
Lacau, Pierre, 1424
Lanormant, Charles, 1440
Lefort, Louis Théophile, 1437
Legrain, Georges, 1439
Leipoldt, Johannes, 1439
Lemm, Oskar Eduardovich Von, 1439
Lepsius, Karl Richard, 1444
Le Quien, Michel, 1444
Leroy, Jules, 1444
Letronne, Jean Antoine, 1444—1445
Lucian of Antioch, 1484
Malinine, Michel, 1516
Mallon, Marie Alexis, 1516
Marcel, Jean-Joseph, 1526
Marucchi, Orazio, 1559
Maspero, Gaston, 1561
Maspero, Jean (Jacques), 1561— 1562
Michalowski, Kazimierz, 1620
Miedema, Rein, 1620
Migne, Jacques-Paul, 1620
Monneret de Villard, Ugo, 1668—1669
Morenz, Siegfried, 1678
Muhammad Ramzi, 1695
al-Muhdi, Muhammad, 1695—1696
Munier, Adolphe Henri, 1698
Murad Kamil, 1698—1699
Murray, Margaret Alice, 1700—1701
musicologists, 1741—1742, 1743—1744
Muyser, Jacob Louis Lambert, 1749
Nau, François-Nicolas, 1783
Obicini, Thomas, 1823
Oriens Christianus, 1845
Palanque, (Henri Amedée) Charles, 1876
papyrologists, 1888—1889
Parthey, Gustav Friedrich Constantin, 1903
patristics, 1920—1921
Peeters, Paul, 1929
Peiresc, Nicolas Claude de Fabri, 1929
Pellegrini, Astorre, 1931
Petersen, Theodore, 1951
Petraeus, Theodor, 1951
Peyron, Amedeo Angelomaria, 1952
Piankoff, Alexandre, 1966
Piehl, Karl Fredrik, 1967
Porcher, Ernest, 2000—2001
prosopography use by, 2021—2022
Puech, Henri-Charles, 2032—2033
Quibell, James Edward, 2040
Qustantin ibn Abi al-Ma‘ali ibn Abi al-Fath Abu al-Fath, 2046—2047
Ramshausen, Franciscus Wilhelm von, 2052
Ranke, Hermann, 2052
Rémondon, Rogert, 2057
Renaudin, Paul, 2057
Renaudot, Eusebe, 2057
Revillout, Charles Eugene, 2058
Ricci, Seymour Montefiore Robert Rosso de, 2059
Rösch, Friedrich, 2067
Rossi, Francesco, 2067
Rückert, Friedrich, 2067
Rufa’il al-Tukhi, 2067—2068
Rufinus, 2068—2069
Saad, Zaki Yusef, 2071
Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de, 2073
Sauneron, Serge, 2100
Sayce, Archibald Henery, 2102
Schäfer, Heinrich, 2106
Schermann, Theodor, 2106
Schiller, A. Arthur, 2106
Schmidt, Carl, 2106—2107
Scholtz, Christian, 2107
Schubart, Wilhelm, 2107
Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, 2107
Sethe, Kurt Heinrich, 2121
Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125
Sicard, Claude, 2136—2137
Simon, Jean, 2140
Spiegelberg, Wilhelm, 1245
Stegemann, Viktor, 2148
Steindorff, Georg, 2148
Steinwenter, Artur, 2149
Stern, Ludwig, 2155—2156, 2155—2156
Strothmann, Rudolph, 2156
Strzygowski, Josef, 2156
Tattam, Henry, 2202
Teza, Emilio, 2230
Thompson, Henry Francis Herbert, 2257
Till, Walter Curt Franz Theodor Karl Alois, 2261
Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 2269
Tisserant, Eugne, 2270
Turaev, Boris Alexandrovitch, 2282
Van Lantschoot, Arnold, 2298
Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 2299
Villecourt, Louis, 2308
Wessely, Carl Franz Joseph, 2321
Whittemore, Thomas, 2321
Wiesmann, Hermann, 2321
Wiet, Gaston, 2321
Wilcken, Ulrich, 2322
Wilke, David, 2322
Woide, Charles Godfrey, 2324
Worrell, William Hoyt, 2348
Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand, 2348
Ya‘qub Nakhlah Rufaylah, 2353
Yassa ‘Abd al-Masih, 2353
Yusuf Abu Daqn, 2364-2365
Zoega, Georg (Jorgen), 2371
see also Coptological studies; Historians; Philosophers; Theologians
Scholtz, Christian, 1424, 2107
School of Alexandria. See Catechetical School of Alexandria
Schools, Coptic. See Education, Coptic; specific institutions
Schubart, Wilhelm, 2107
Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, 1424, 2107
Schweinfurth, G., 1396
Screen. See Cancelli
Screens, wooden, 2334, 2335
Scribes
Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib, 33—34
accounting, 52—54
Caraccioli, Clement, 461
from Durunkah, 927
pen cases, 1933
Yuhanna, 2356
see also Manuscripts; Scriptorium
Scriptores historiae Augustae, 904
Scriptorium, 577, 2108
role in Coptic education, 931—932
see also Manuscripts
Scripture, canon of the, 2108-2111
see also Bible; New Testament; Old Testament
Scrofula, 771, 1975
Sculpture, 266—267, 271—272
at Ahnas, 74—76, 2112, 2116
Arab conquest impact on, 275—276
at al-Ashmunayn, 74, 287-288
at Bawit, 74, 374, 66
figurines, 1607
in Louvre Museum, 1483
portraiture, Coptic, 2006
preservation of, 280
at Saqqara, 74
in State Museum of Berlin, 2146—2147
statuary, 2147—2148
stone relief of Shenute, 2132
of the Virgin Enthroned, 543—544
in woodworking, 2327
see also Architectural sculpture; Christian subjects in Coptic art;
Metalwork, Coptic; Sculpture in stone
Sculpture in stone, Coptic, 2112—2117, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2149
see also Architectural sculpture; Sculpture; Statuary; Stela
“Seal of the Martyrs” (Peter I), 81
Seals
rings, 1607
wooden, 2334, 2335—2336
see also Ceramics, Coptic; Stamps
Seasons
Coptic calendar and liturgy for, 443-444
depicted in Coptic art, 1767
Shamm al-Nasim spring festival, 2126
Sebaste, martyrdoms at, 1558, 1593
Second Coming
and orientation toward the East, 1846
Origen on, 1850
see also Judgment, Last
Second Henoticon of 571, 1676
Second Treatise of the Great Seth, 2117—2118
and Gospel of the Egyptians, 1154
Secret Gospel of Saint Mark, 2118—21 19
Carpocrates and, 461
Secret History (Procopius), 2019, 2020
Secundus, Bishop of Tigisis, 84, 920
See of Saint Mark. See Alexandria; Patriarchs of the See of Saint Mark
Sehma, Ethiopian saint, 1047
Semi-Arians, 2119
Sem‘on, Ethiopian prelate, 1021—1022
Senouthios. See Shenute
Sent. See Isna
Sentences of Menandros, 2119
Sentences of Sextus, 2119-2120
Septimius Severus, Emperor, 1179, 1180, 1868
and Alexandria, 97
patriarch under, 1914
persecutions under, 892, 1846, 1936
visits to Egypt, 2062, 2066
Septuagint, 1865, 1867
Serapeum (Alexandria), 31—32, 100, 101, 134, 1869—1870, 2065, 2248
destruction of, 946
Seraphim. See Cherubim and seraphim
Serapion. See Sarapion, Saint
Serapion of Antioch, Bishop, 917
Serapion Sindonita. See Sarapion
Serapis (pagan deity), 1531, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1936
popularity in Canopus, 31
Roman emperors’ veneration of, 2062, 2063
see also Serapeum (Alexandria)
Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1666, 1667
Sergius of Atrib (martyr), 1558
Sergius and Bacchus (martyrs), 1558
The Services of the Deacon (ritual book), 1729. 1737
Seth (pagan deity), 1154, 1503, 1761
Seth (son of Adam), 1154, 1503
see also Sethianism
Seth, Apa, 763, 2121
Sethe, Kurt Heinrich, 2121
Sethianism, 1154, 1222, 2117—2118, 2259—2260
Seti I, temple of at Abydos, 39—40, 41
Settlements. See Excavations; Toponymy, Coptic; Towns and settlements; specific names
Seven Ascetics of Tunah, 2122
Seven Smaller Intercessions, 1567
Severan dynasty, 2062—2063
Severian of Jabalah (Gabala), Saint, 1138, 2122-2123
feast day, 2087
homily on Gabriel, Archangel, 1136
homily on Michael, Archangel, 1619
and Nestorian influence on Cosmas Indicopleustes, 640
Severians. See Severus; Theodosians
Severianus. See Severian of Jabalah (Gabala), Saint
Severus (martyr), 892
Severus, Emperor. See Septimius Severus, Emperor
Severus Alexander, Emperor, 2063
Severus of Antioch, 592, 732, 876, 1455, 1931, 2123—2125
and Acacian schism, 44, 45, 55; see also subheads Christological dispute; monophysitism
Athanasius of Antioch biography of, 304
in the Christian Topography, 640
Christological dispute with Julian of Halicarnassus, 70, 1379, 2125
Coptic texts on, 304, 1455
and Dioscorus II, Patriarch, 45—46, 915
doctrinal position, 734
Encomia, 1193, 1196
and Eutyches, 1075
and Flavius Apion, 155
hymn ascribed to, 1733
on Isidorus of Pelusium, 1308
and John II, Patriarch, 1337
and Justin I, Emperor, 1383
on Michael, Archangel, 1618
and monophysitism, 734, 1442, 1672—1673, 1674, 1675, 2263
Moses of Abydos prophecy on, 1679—1680
and Oktokaidekaton monastery, 1826—1827
on Philotheus, Saint, 1961
portraits of, 726
relics and shrine of, 95, 1976
and Scetis monks, 2104
and Theodosius I, Patriarch, 2241
and Timothy III, Patriarch, 2268
see also Dayr Anba Sawirus
Severus of al-Ashmnayn. See Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘
Sextus, sentences of, 2119—2120
Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125
Shabehmot, 2126
Shadrach, 1092
Shaft. See Column
Shahran. See Dayr Shahran
Shalan ibn ‘Uthman, Abu al-Hasan, 1395
Shamlah. See Taylasan
Shamm al-Nasim, 2126
Shams al-Din, 21b26-2127
plan of church at, 2127
Shamul (martyr), 1558
Shanasha, 1209, 2127-2128
Shapur, King of Persia, 14, 1519, 1558
Shapurakan (Mani), 1521
Shaqalqil, pilgrimages to, 1974
Shaqq al-haykal, niches, 216, 221
Sharaf al-Din Hibat-Allah ibn Sa‘id al-Fa’izi, 1517
Sharah (Sharat). See Theotokion
Shard. See Ostracon
Sharqiyyah Province, monasteries in, 1655—1656
Sharunah, 2128
Shata, 1649
Shats. See Khandaq, al-
Shawar (Muslim governor), 2043—2044
Shaw, George Bernard, 1996, 2088
Shawls, 642—643
linen and tapestry, 2223
Shawl of Sabine, 1754, 1755
Shaykh ‘Abadah. See Antinoopolis; Hafn
Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qurnah, 1078, 2128, 2129
monastery explored by Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard, 1078
tombs used as hermitages, 1225
see also Dayr Epiphanius
Shaykh Abu al-Barakat ibn Abi Sa‘id, al-, 1535
Shaykh Hasan, al-, 2129
Shaykh al-Islam. See Bajuri, Shaykh Ibrahim, al-
Shaykh Sa‘id, al-, 2130
Shekenda, King, 1514
Shem (son of Noah), 1901—1902
Paraphrase of, 166
Sheneset, 1859, 1860
Shen-hin. See Lecanoscopy
Shenouda III, Patriarch, 2130
collected works of, 1782
consecration of Beirut, Lebanon, church, 1621
and Coptic Community Council, 582
and Coptic relations with Rome, 611
and Coptic youth movements, 2355
dates of patriarchy, 1919
and Dayr al-Suryan, 879
on divorce, 1943
establishment of Coptic eparchy in France, 1623
and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 982
on funerary customs, 1125
on Mark, Saint, 1529
on patriarchal election, 1911
and personal status laws, 1942
and Rabitat al-Quds, 2049
reestablishment of See of Pentapolis, 1613
selection method, 1999
Shenoute. See Shenute
Shenufe, Saint, 307, 1526, 1558, 1585—1587, 2130—2131
Shenute (fourteenth-century scribe), 927
Shenute (seventh-century “new martyr”), 1558
Shenute I, Patriarch, 1527, 2133—2135
and al-Balyana, 333
and al-Batanun, 361
condemnation of cheirotonia, 517
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and destruction of Tall Atrib, 2200
feast day, 2087
and monastery wall construction, 750, 1237
Sawirus biography of, 1461
successor, 1412—1413
and Yuhanna as scribe and biographer, 2356
Shenute II, Patriarch, 2135
and Church of Abu Sayfayn, 550
Damru residence, 689
dates of patriarchy, 1917
and al-Faram bishopric, 1089—1090
selection method, 1999
Shenute, Saint, 2131—2133, 2132
and Abu Bishai, 738
antipaganism, 1868, 1870
as archimandrite, 193, 378
on birth of Moses of Abydos, 1679, 1680
and convents, 1663, 1822
Coptic texts of, 1452—1453, 1456
Dayr Abu Sayfayn church dedicated to, 710
depicted in Coptic art, 538—540, 727, 2132
as desert father, 894
feast day, 2087
and Greek philosophy, 1958
Grohmann’s studies of, 1186
and John of Lycopolis, 1365
and Joseph, Saint, 1370
life of, 737, 762, 781
and medicine, 1886
monasteries of, 729, 1661
and monastery libraries, 1448
on mourning, 1686
and Nestorius, 1787
numbers of monks under, 1662—1663
and Pachomian monasticism, 1453, 1664
and Physiologos, 1966
and Pidjimi, Saint, 1966-1967, 2086
on pilgrimage abuses, 1968
pilgrimages to burial site of, 1969—1970
Pjol and, 1974, 1981
poetry on, 1985, 1986
prophecy of, 707, 1679
and Pshoi, Saint, 2029
relics, 764
on the Resurrection, 1697
and Seth, 2121
and Thomas, Saint, 2256
and Victor of Tabennese, 2308
writings in Coptic language, 1168
and Zenobios, 2371
see also Dayr Anba Shinudah
Shenutean idiom. See Appendix
Shenute the Archimandrite. See Shenute, Saint
Shenute of Bahnasa (martyr), 1558
Shenute of Hermopolis (seventh-century notary), archive of, 226
Shenuti (recluse), 1648
Sheol. See Afterlife
The Shepherd of Hermas, 62, 63, 898, 1223
Shewa, 1590
Shibab al-Din Ahmad Nuwayri, 2136
Shihat, 377, 1135
Shinshif. See Naj‘ al-Shinshifi
Shinudah, Anba. See Dayr Anba Shinudah; Shenute, Saint
Shipbuilding centers, Alexandria, 89
Shirkuh. See Ghuzz
Shirt. See Liturgical vestments
Shoes. See Sandals and shoes
A Short History of the Copts and Their Church (Maqrizi), 1525
Shotep. See Shutb
Shtit (Coptic textile term), 2221
Shube (martyr), 1558
Shubra Nabat (Shubra Damru) (village), 689—690
Shukrallah Jirjis, 2136
Shukri, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 1466
Shumayyil, Shibli, 1996
Shutb, 797, 2136
Shute I, Saint, 2087
Shuttle. See Textiles, Coptic, manufacturing techniques
Sibirbay, 1969, 2136
Sibylla, 1136, 1867
Sibylline Oracles, 899, 1867
Sicard, Claude, 1330, 1977, 2136-2137
on Antinoopolis, 145
on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722
on Dayr Anb Bakhum, 729—730
on Dayr al-Baramus, 791
on Dayr al-Jabrawi
on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 825
Sicily, 182, 1099
Sickness. See Communion of the sick; Healings in Coptic literature;
Medicine; Unction of the sick
Sidarus, Gabriel, 1206, 2137
Siderius, Bishop of Palaebisca and Hydrax, 1612
Sidfa, pilgrimages to, 1974
Sidhom Bishay (new martyr), 1558
Sidon, Council of (511), 1962
Sidqi Pasha, Isma‘il, 1992
Sign of the Cross. See Holy Cross Day
Sign of life, Egyptian. See Ankh
Silk, used in Coptic textiles, 22 12—2213, 2213—2214
Silko, King, 1171
Silvanus, Teachings of. See Teachings of Silvanus
Silvanus of Scetis, Saint, 1733, 2087, 2137, 2369
Silver, 576, 1599
Simaikah, Marcos. See Murqus Simaykah
Sim‘an ibn Abi Nasr al-Tamada’i, 2138
Simeon (new martyr), 1558
Simeon, Saint, 745, 1633, 1778, 2087
see also Dayr Anba Hadra
Simeon the Armenian (martyr), 1558
Simeon the elder, 1106—1107
Simeon the Potter of Geshir, Theotokia melodies ascribed to, 1726—1727
Simeonstift Coptic Collection. See Museums, Coptic collections
Simeon the Stylite. See Pseudo-Macarius, homilies of; Simeon, Saint
Simon, Apostle and Saint, 57 \
Simon, Jean, 2140
Simon I, Saint and Patriarch, 20, 85, 93, 2138—2139
and bishops of Nikiou, 1794
dates of patriarchy, 1915
feast day, 2087
as monk at the Enaton, 958
and ordination of Zacharias as bishop, 2368
Simon II, Saint and Patriarch, 2139
dates of patriarchy, 1916
feast day, 2087
and Yohannes I, Ethiopian prelate, 1001
Yuhanna as biographer, 2356
Simon the Mad, Saint, collected miracles of, 1783
Simon Simeionis, 1977
Simony. See Cheirotonia
Simon the Zealot, Saint, relics, 764
Simplicius, Pope (Rome), 42, 43, 1218, 1671
Simyen Mountains, 1425
Sin. See Absolution; Atonement; Confession and penitence; Original
sin; Penance
Sina (martyr), 1089, 1558
Sinai Peninsula
Christian pilgrimages and travelers in, 1976
Pharan oasis, 1952—1953
Raithou, 2049—2050
on route of flight into Egypt, 1118
Sinan Pasha, 1134
Sinbillawayn, al-, 1648
Singing. See Cantors; Chant; Choral singing; Hymns; Music, Coptic
Sinhira. See Pilgrimages
Sinhut, Bishop of Misr, 1615
Sinjar, 1722, 2140
Sinoda, Ethiopian prelate, 1025— 1026
Sinuthius, Saint, monastery of. See Dayr Anba Shinudah
Siricus, Pope, 2249
Sirmium, Council of (359), 1089
Sirri, Husayn, 1990
Siryaqus
Dayr Apa Hor, 77 1—772
pilgrimages to, 1974—1975
Sisinnius, Saint, paintings of, 727
Sisoes, Abba, 758, 2141
Sistrum (musical instrument), 1740, 1740
Siti, King of Dotawo, 922
Sitt Dimyanah. See Dayr Sitt Dimyanah
Sitt al-Mulk, 18, 1097, 1098, 1201
Sitt Rifqah, 1971
Siwa (oasis), 1659, 2141
Sixtus III, Pope, 1440
Siyar al-Bi‘ah al-Muqaddasah. See History of the Patriarchs of
Alexandria
Skin diseases, 1579—1580
Skins. See Hides and skins
Slaves, Nubian in Egypt, 1099
Sleep, prayer of. See Compline
Sleeves, 1477—1478
Slippers, 1478
Smaller Church in the Febrius (Pharos island), 93
Smith, Morton, 2118, 2119
Smyrna
martyrs, 1997—1998
sacrifice to Roman gods at, 890
Sne. See Isna
Snuffer, 1598
Soba, 2141-2142
as capital of the Nubian
kingdom of ‘Alwa, 110, 111, 1797
as episcopal see of Nubia, 1813
and Nubian archaeology, medieval, 1804
Socialism, 1996, 2088—2089
Socialist Action Party, 1991
Socialist Party, 1996
Socialist Union, 1991
Société d’archéologie copte. See Society of Coptic Archaeology
Société française des fouilles archéologiques, 1482
Société royale de géographie de l’Egypte, 1698
Society of the Bollandists. See Bollandists
Society of Coptic Archaeology (Cairo), 1700, 1891, 1892, 2142
and Bachatly, Charles, 323
and excavation of Dayr Apa Phoibammon, 779
and Omar Toussoun, 1841 \
and Sami Gabra, 2090
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits and the Coptic Church
Socks, 646
Socrates (church historian), 2068, 2142
on Athanasius I, 298
on feast of the Ascension, 1105
on Gallus Caesar’s vision of the Holy Cross, 1244
on Helena, Empress, discovery of Holy Cross of Christ, 1243
on Jovian, Emperor, 1376
and Sozomen, 2145
supplemented by Theodoret, 2236
on Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247, 2248, 2250, 2252
Soknopaiou Nesos, 1390
Soldier—martyrs, 1964
Sol Invictus (pagan deity), 1617
Sollerius, Jean Baptiste, 1330
Solomon (Old Testament)
as author of Physiologos, 1966
and guardian angel concept, 1186
poetry on, 1985, 1986
Psalms of, 166
Solomon, King of Nubia, 1099
Solon (anchorite), 1650
Son of Grace, Ethiopian doctrinal conflict, 1033
Songs, nonliturgical, 1744
Songs of Isis and Nephthys, 1732
Song of the Three Young Men in the Furnace, 4
Sophia (gnosticism), 1148, 1150, 1151, 1156
Sophia (martyr and mother of Eudamon and Epistamon), 1558
Sophia (wife of Christian governor of Antioch), 1307
Sophia, Empress (Justin II), 1384, 1676
Sophia, Saint, 2143-2144
compared with Hilaria, Saint, 1231
feast day, 1558
relics, 95, 783
The Sopha of Jesus Christ. See Eugnostos the Blessed and the
Sophia of Jesus Christ
Sophronius, 1467, 1560, 1666, 1676, 1667, 1678
Sossianus Hierocles, 907, 1937, 2009
Soul
Authentikos Logos on, 309
exegisis on the, 1080—1081
preexistence, Ethiopian controversy, 985—986
preexistence, creed of, 900, 2118
see also Sophia (gnosticism)
Souros, 635, 2144
Soviet Union. See Russia; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Sozomen, 2068, 2145
on Athanasius I, 298
on Eucharistic fast, 1063
on flight into Egypt, 841
on Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud, 1316
on Mareotis monks, 1527
on Temple of Serapis, 134
and Theodoret, 2236
on Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247
and Timothy I, Patriarch, 2263
Sozousa, 1934
Spain, papyrus collection, 1895
Spells. See Magic
Speos Artemidos. See Bani Hasan and Speos Artemidos
Sphinx, 2065
Spiegelberg, Wilhelm, 2145
Spindles and spindle whorls, wooden, 2335, 2336
Spinning, in manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2213—2214
Spirit. See Holy Spirit
Spiritual Homilies, 1491
Spoon
Coptic metalwork, 1603
as Eucharistic vessel, 1065—1066
Sprang, used in manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2218
Spring
Shamm al-Nasim feast, 2126
see also Easter; Pascha
Springs. See Water supply
Staatliches Museum (Berlin), 2060
Stack, Sir Lee, 1990
Staff, pastoral. See Liturgical insignia
Stamps
terra-cotta, 498—499
wooden bread, State Museum of Berlin collection of, 2147
State Hermitage Museum, Leningrad, USSR, 1601, 1895
State Library, Berlin, 1892
State Museum of Berlin, 74, 2146-2147
papyrus collection, 1893, 1899
pen cases at, 1933
State of the Provinces, on Dayr Abu Maqrufah, 704
State and University Library, Hamburg, Germany, 1893
State and University Library of Lower Saxony, Göttingen, Germany, 1893
Statuary, 2147—2148, 2148
military, 649—650, 649, 2147—2148
see also Ceramics, Coptic; Sculpture in stone
Stefanski, E., 2022
Stegemann, Viktor, 2148
Steindorif, Georg, 405, 780, 973, 1165, 2148
Steiner, Rudolf, 1149
Steinwenter, Arthur, 902, 1438, 2149
Stela, 2149-2152, 2149—2152, 2161
at al-Duwayr, 928
Epimachus of Pelusium, 965—966
inscriptions, 1293
in Louvre Museum, 1483
symbols, 2161—2162
wood, 2335—2336
see also Tombs
Stephanite. See Estifanosites
Stephanos of Ahnasyah, Bishop, illuminated manuscript, 1282
Stephanus (architect), 1682
Stephen, Saint, 2153
churches dedicated to, 1870
as deacon, 885
depicted in Coptic art, 869
feast day, 2087
martyrdom, 1558
Stephen of Hnes, Bishop, 1455, 2154
Stephen the Theban, 2154—2155
Stephen the Younger, Saint (martyr), 1275
Stern, Ludwig, 2155-2156
Steward. See Oikonomos
Stewart, Randall, 1891
Sticharion, 1478—1479, 1478
Stippourgós (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Stoicism, 512, 1148, 1957
Stone. See Sculpture in stone, Coptic; specific types
Stoppers, ceramic, 499
Strabo, 95—96, 1613
Stratelates. See Theodorus Stratelates, Saint; Victor Stratelates, Saint
Strothmann, Rudolph, 2156
Strzygowski, Josef, 2156
Stucco
Coptic sculpture in, 2113
Copto-Muslim art, 1311
Subakhmimic. See Appendix
Subdeacon, 2156
in church hierarchy, 1229
Subdialects. See Appendix
Subordinationism, 2156—2157, 1484
Arianism link with, 23 1—232
Origen on, 471
Suchos (god), 1418
Sudan, 1990, 1992, 2097 \
see also Beja tribes; Nubia headings
Sudan, Catholic Copts in the, 2157-2158
Sudan, Coptic Evangelical Church in the, 2158
Sudan, Copts in the, 2158
Sudan Antiquities Service, 1588
Sudan National Museum, 1091
Suez, Franciscan church in, 1123
Suez Canal, 1636, 1637, 1692
Suhaj
Dayr Anba Bishoi, 736-740, 1654
Dayr Anba Shinudah, 761-770, 767, 1654
monasteries in region of, 884, 1650— 1651
Sullam. See Appendix
Sullam al-Kabir, al-. See Scala Magna
Sullam al-Muqaffa wa-al-Dhahab al-Musaffa, al- (Abu Ishaq), 1748
Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, 1517—1518
Summa theologiae (Abu Ishaq ibn al-‘Assal), 21, 1779
Sunbat, 2159
pilgrimages to, 1971
Sunday, 1901, 2159-2160
consecration of patriarch on, 1909
Easter, 1904, 1905
lectionary for, 1435—1436, 1437
Palm Sunday, 1103—1104
service for ordination of priest, 2013—2015
Sunday School movement, 933, 2090, 2091, 2355
Sunday of Thomas, feast of, 1108
Sunni Islam, 1097
Suq‘i Fadl Allah ibn Fakhr, al-, 2160
Surety, 1430
Suriel, Archangel, 190, 2160
Surur ibn Jirja, Archdeacon of Alexandria, 1960
Suryal. See Suriel, Archangel
Suryal, Father Salib, 1623
Susinius, Saint, 2087
Suwwah (Arabic term). See Anchorites
Swinburne, Thomas de, 1976—1977
Swiss Reformation, 1110
Switzerland
archaeological activity in the Kellia, 1400—1406
Bibliotheca Bodmeriana (Bodmer Library), 404
Coptic churches in, 1624
Coptic collections, 1711—1712
Egyptology, 895
Mauritius, Saint, veneration, 1572
papyrus collection, 1895
sites of veneration, 1110
Theban Legion, 1082, 2231—2233
Syllabication. See Appendix
Symbols in Coptic art, 270, 293, 1259, 2160-2171, 2161-2171
alpha and omega, 2160—2163
conch shell, 2163—2164
cross, 2164—2165
dolphins, 2168—2169
eagle, 2167—2169
fish, 2170—2171
nimbus, 2171
see also Cross, Triumph of the
Symeon. See Pseudo-Macarius, homilies of, 2028
Symeon (martyr). See John and Symeon
Symmachus, Pope (Rome), 44, 45
Symphronius. See Panine
Synaxarion, Copto-Arabic, 2171-2190
authorship, 1626—1627
and lectionary, 1435
source of knowledge about saints, 1044—1045, 2173—2190
on Theotokos, 2256
translation into Ge’ez, 722
word apa in, 152
see also Hagiography, Coptic
Synaxarion, Ethiopian, 2190-2191
Syncletica, 2192
Synesius, Bishop of Ptolemais, 100, 1612, 1935, 2192, 2247
Synod, Holy, 2193—2194
and bishop’s consecration, 395
patriarchal deputies in, 1911
see also Patriarch headings
Synodicon (Damian), 1455
Synod of Diospolis, 1930
Synods, letters of, 2194
Synod of Tyre, 1962
Synoptic Gospels, 1157, 2195
see also Gospel of Saint Luke; Gospel of Saint Matthew; Gospel
of Saint Mark
Synthronon, 221—222
Syria
and Acacian schism, 45, 46
anaphora of Saint Basil, 121—123
Ignatius IX, Patriarch, consecration in Egypt, 1131
influences on Coptic art, 2195
Mark II, Patriarch, relations with, 1533, 1534
monasteries, 876, 877, 878
monasticism origins in, 1663
monastic practices in, 1662
monophysites, 547—548, 1675, 1676, 1677
and origin of Gospel of Thomas, 1163
Syriac language
inscriptions in, 1290
Philoxenus of Mabbug’s writings, 1962
Syriacos, Saint, 2087
Syrian influences on Coptic art, 2195
Syrian Orthodox church
and Jacob Baradaeus, 1318—1319
and monophysitism, 547—548, 1675, 1676, 1677
see also Jacobites
Syrian, the. See Ephraem Syrus, Saint
T_______________________
Tabennese, 1976, 2197
Pachomian monastery, 685, 1657, 1662, 1859—1860, 1973—1974
Paphnutius at, 1882
and Pbow, 1927
Victor of, Saint, 2308
women’s monastery founded at, 1663
Tabennesiotes. See Metanoia, Monastery of the; Monasticism,
Pachomian
Tab‘i, Muhammad al-, 1991
Tablet loom, for manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2216, 2216, 2217
Tableware
ceramic, 487—499
glass, 1143—1144, 1143, 1144, 1147
see also Missoria
Tacitus, Emperor, patriarch under, 1914
Tadrus. See Theodorus of Tabennese, Saint
Tadrus, Ramzi, 1466
Tadrus al-Mashriqi, 2197
Tadrus Shinudah al-Manqabadi, 2197-2198
Tadrus al-Shutbi (martyr), 1974
Tafa, 2198
as episcopal see of Nubia, 1813, 2200
Tafsir, 1687, 2198—2199
Taharqa temple, 2036, 2037
Tahrir al-Mar’ah (Amin), 1994
Tahtawi, Rifa‘ah al-, 1994
Taifa. See Tafa
Taj. See Miter
Taj al-Riyasah Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah, 20
Takinash, 758, 2199
Takla, Abuna, The Services of the Deacon, 1729, 1737
Takla Haymanot, Ethiopian saint, 1049—1050
Takla Haymot, chapel of. See Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo)
Takritans, at Dayr al-Suryan, 876, 877
Tala‘i ibn Ruzzayj, 761
Tall al-‘Amarnah, 2199
Tall Atrib, 307, 1620, 2199-2200
Tall Brothers, 113, 916, 1357, 2249—2251
see also Ammonius; Dioscorus; Eusebius; Euthymius
Tall al-Farama. See Farama, al-
Talmis, 2200
Tambuq, 1648
Tamerlane (Timur), impact on Dayr al-Suryan, 877
Tamit, 2200—2201, 2201
example of Byzantine cross-in-square building at, 661
Tamnuh, 2201
Tamuh, Dayr al-Ahmar at, 716
Tamulawus, King (Greek island), 2253
Tamwayh, Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn at, 709—710
Tanaithis, 1657
Tanbida, 1653, 2201
Tapers, cross and, 1469
Tapestries, 264, 273, 1483
of Coptic icons, 2222—2230, 2309
Coptic weaving, 2217
dancers depicted in, 277, 2230
Harraniyyah workshops, 2051
Icon of the Virgin, 542, 543
Nilometer depicted in, 1794, 1795
Parthian horseman depicted in, 538
portraiture, 2005, 2006
State Museum of Berlin collection, 2146—2147
Triumph of the Cross, 658—659, 659
see also Symbols in Coptic art; Textiles, Coptic
Taposiris Magna. See Abusir (Tapisiris Magna)
Taqi al-Din Abu al-Baqa’ Salih ibn al-Husayn al-Ja‘fari, al-Safi ibn
al-‘Assal reply to, 2078—2079
Taranim (songs), 1744
Tarasius of Constantinople, Patriarch, 1112, 1115
Tarbu, Abu, 1507
Tarh, 1479, 1726
hos paraphrase, 1727
and sab‘ah wa-arba‘ah, 2017
and tubh, 2279
and watus, 2320
Tarikh Batarikat al-Iskandariyyah al-Qibt. See History of the
Patriarchs
Tarikh al-Kana’is wa-al-Adyurah. See Abu al-Makarim; Churches
and Monasteries of Egypt and Neighboring Countries
Tarminah (martyr), 1653
Tarnut, 1, 2202
Tarsikários (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Tartib mashat al-muluk. See Kings, anointing of
Tasempoti. See Sunbat
Tattam, Henry, 1148, 2202
Tawfiq. See Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty
Tawfiq Coptic Society, 374, 933, 1465, 2198
Tawqi‘at al-Musiqiyyah li-Maraddat al-Kanisah al-Murqusiyyah,
al-(Ghubriyal), 1743
Taxation
accounting, 50, 52
apostolic canons on, 453
Arab conquest of Egypt and, 72, 85—86, 185, 1430
Blemmyes, 228
in Byzantine period in Alexandria, 98
of Dayr Anba Maqar, 749-750
of dhimmis, 72
by French in Egypt, 1417
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah on, 1269
and islamization of Egypt, 937—938
land and communal property (kharaj), 72, 85—86, 87, 189, 636,
656, 1413—1414, 2093, 2134—2135
Mamluk dynasty, 1517
of monasteries, 1643
Moses of Awsim resistance to, 1679
mubashirun (officials), 1687— 1688
pagarch role in, 1871—1872
poll (jizyah), 72, 85—87, 187, 189, 303, 622, 636, 656, 665, 2134—2135
Roman. See Taxation in Roman Egypt
and Shenute I, 2134—2135
Umayyad administration, 2287—2288
Taxation in Roman Egypt, 98, 237—238, 904, 905, 945, 2009, 2202-2206
annona civica, 135
annona militaris, 135—136; see also Army: Roman
boule, 414
Tayaban (martyr), 1553
Taylasan, 1479
Tbow, 2207
Petronius’s founding of monastery at, 1952
The Teaching of the Apostles. See Didache
Teachings of Silvanus, 2207-2208
Tebtunis. See Monasteries of the Fayyum; Umm al-Barakat
Tebtynis. See Umm al-Barakat
Tecla, Saint. See Paese and Tecla, Saints
Television, 1088
Tell Idfu, ceramics of. See Ceramics, Coptic
Temple of Amun, 1484—1485
Temple of Hathor, 816, 817, 1656, 1874
Temple of Hatshepsut, 1874 see also Dayr al-Bahri
Temple of Imhotep, 1874
Temple of Isis, 107, 1292, 1801, 1870, 1874, 1954, 1954
Temple in Jerusalem, Pentecost and, 1446
Temple of Karnak, 1392—1394, 1484
Temple of Kom Ombo, 1418
Temple of Luxor, 1870
Temple of Month, 1494
Temples
altars, 106
churches built on sites of, 1292, 1870, 1874, 1954
Dandarah, 690, 691
Hawwarah, 1210—1211
Jewish (Leontopolis), 1866
pharaonic-style, 1865
Taharqa, 2036, 2037
Tud as cultic center, 2279—2280
Temples, Egyptian, 1496—1499
Temple of Seti I, 1874
Temples of Nectanebo II, 1653
Ten Canons. See Nomocanon
Tentyra. See Dandarah
Ter and Erai, Saints (martyrs), 1117, 1221, 1558, 2209
Termoute. See Patermuthius, Saint
Terra-cotta. See Ceramics, Coptic
Tertullian (apologist), 176, 177—178, 917, 1548, 1638
on abstinence practice, 17
on consubstantiality, 1253
on immersion, 1286
on incense use, 1472
on Last Judgment, 1379
on Nativity date, 1102
patristic writings, 1920, 1921
on prayers for the dead, 889
on remarriage of widows (digamy), 901
Tes. See Akhmim
Tesmine. See Akhmim
Testament of Abraham, 163, 164
Testament of Isaac, 164
Testament of Isaac, Coptic version of. See Coptic Testament of Isaac
Testament of Jacob, 164
Testament of Job, 164
Testament of Joshua, 164
Testament of Moses, 164
Testaments of the Patriarchs, 163—164
Testamentum Domini, in the Octateuch of Clement, 1824
Testimony of Truth, 1301, 2209-2210
Tetraconch, 222
Tetradite, 688
Tetramorph, depicted in Coptic art, 539—540
Tetrapla. See Hexapla and Tetrapla
Tewodros II, Emperor, 1590
Textiles, Coptic, 268—269, 273,276, 2210–2230, 2211, 2213–2214, 2216–2218, 2222-2230
Amazons depicted in, 1751 -- 1752
Arab conquest of Egypt impact on, 1311
clothing. See Costume, civil; Costume, military; Costume of the relgious
dancers depicted in, 1756— 1757
Dionysus portraits, 1760
historiography of, 255—258
Louvre Museum collection of, 255—258, 1483
measurement, 1611
monastic weavers, 1641
Nubian, 1819—1820
pastoral scenes depicted in, 1766—1767
portraiture, 1760, 2001
preservation of, 279
production of fabrics, 2220—2221
Sassanid artistic influence, 2097—2098
and spindles and spindle whorls, 2335
State Museum of Berlin collection of, 2146—2147
see also Symbols in Coptic art; Tapestries
Textiles, Nubian, 1819—1820
Textiles preservation. See Art preservation
Teza, Emilio, 2230
Thais. See Sarapion
Thalassius, Prefect of Illyricum, 2017
Thaleia (Arius), 82, 230, 232, 1253, 1733
Thanksgiving, prayer of, 1715, 2007, 2126
Tharwat, ‘Abd al-Khaliq, 1990
Thebaid, the. See Sa‘id
Theban hermitages. See Hermitages, Theban
Theban Legion, 1110, 1936, 2231—2233, 2232-2233
and Exuperantius, Saint, 1082
martyrdom, 1082, 1555, 1558, 1559, 2057
and Mauritius, Saint, 1572
and Regula, Saint, 2086
and Ursus of Solothurn, 2292
and Verena, Saint, 2087, 2299
and Victor of Solothurn and Geneva, Saint, 2302
Thebes
end to institutionalized paganism in, 1870
hermitages, 1225
Luxor and, 1484
monasteries dedicated to Phoibammon at, 1964—1965
monasteries in region of, 1656, 1657
monastic murals at, 1874
papyrus collections, 1893, 1895
Persian occupation of, 1939
prosopography, 2022
Roman travelers in, 2065
Thecla, Saint
church of, 1652
depicted in Coptic art, 540—54 1
martyrdom, 540, 892, 1558
relics and miracles of, 544, 1774
Thecla and Mudi (martyrs), 1559
Thekla al-Habishi (monk—painter), 753—754
Themistius (Alexandrian deacon), 70—71
Thenaud, Jean, 722, 1977, 2050
Theoclas, Saint. See Heraclas, Saint
Theoclia (martyr), 1559
Theodora (fourth-century martyr), 31, 1554
Theodora, Empress, 944, 1046, 1682—1682, 2234—2235
and Abraham of Farshut, 11—12
and Anastasia, 125
and Jacob Baradaeus, 1319, 1386, 1675, 2235
and Monophysites, 1386, 1674, 1675
and Nubian evangelization, 1801
Procopius on, 2019, 2234, 2235
and Theodosius I, Patriarch, 2241
and Timothy III, Patriarch, 2268
Theodora, Saint (fifth century), 2235, 2087
and Oktokaidekaton monastery, 1826
Theodora, Saint (third century), 2087
Theodore (missionary), 1480
Theodore I, Pope (Rome), 1678
Theodore. See Theodorus
Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus, 515, 914, 1672, 2068, 2235-2237
on Athanasius I, 298
and Justinian, Emperor, 1386
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247
Theodorus (recluse), 2055
Theodorus, Bishop of Pentapolis, 1559
Theodorus, Emperor (Ethiopia), 1693
Theodorus, Patriarch, 1589, 2237
dates of patriarchy, 1915
feast day, 2087
successor, 1410—1412
and Tamnuh, 2201
Theodorus, Saint, 2237—2238
Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 32, 1952, 2087, 2238
Theodorus Anatolius (martyr), 1559, 2238
Theodorus of Antioch (fictitious), 2032, 2268
Theodorus Balsamon, 1540
Theodorus the General. See Theodorus Stratelates, Saint
Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 597, 2017, 1672, 2238—2239
on communicatio idiomatum, 578
and Constantinople, Second Council of, 595
and Cyril I, 673
Justinian, Emperor, condemnation of, 1386, 2239
on Kiss of Peace, 1416
on the nature of Christ, 547
opposition to Apollinarius, 174
Theodoret history of, 2236
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2249
Theodorus the Oriental, paintings of, 726, 727
Theodorus of Pherme, Saint, 56, 2087, 2239
Theodorus of Shotep. See Theodorus Stratelates, Saint
Theodorus Stratelates, Saint, 727, 796—797, 1559, 1609, 2237-2238
relics at Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718
Theodorus of Tabennese, Saint, 1257, 1448, 1864, 1927, 2239-2240
Coptic texts of, 1451—1452
as desert father, 894
distinguished from Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 2238
feast day, 2087
founding of monasteries for women, 1663, 1822
and Letter of Ammon, 1445, 2030
as Pachomian disciple, 1664, 1860, 1861, 1862
papyrus collection of letters, 1894
personal characteristics, 2240
Theodorus and Timothy (martyrs), 1559
Theodosia of Alexandria (martyr), 1554, 1559
Theodosians (Severians), 734, 790, 876, 2240-2241
Theodosius (martyr), 1553
Theodosius (tax collector), 66
Theodosius I, Emperor
on age of deaconesses, 888
antipaganism, 1869, 1870, 2248
and Constantinople, First Council of, 593—595
and Henoticon edict, 1218
and Maximus and Domitius, 789—790, 1577
and miracles of Phoibammon of Preht, 1963
patriarch under, 1914
and Raphael, Archangel, 2054
and Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 2238
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2248, 2251
Thessalonica, edict of (380), 1947
Theodosius II, Emperor and Chalcedon, Council of, 512—513
Codex Theodosianus, 571
and Elias, 748
Ephesus, First Council of, 959—960
and Ephesus, Second Council of, 913, 961—962, 1441, 1670
and Eutyches, 913, 1074—1075
on Holy Chrism ingredients, 522
Olympiodorus of Thebes on, 1840
patriarchs under, 1914—1915
and Proclus, 2017
Pulcheria as regent, 2033
and Scetis monks, 1120
and Victor of Tabennese, 2308
Theodosius I, Saint and Patriarch, 2241
Alexandrian church restoration, 93
Cosmas Indicopleustes and, 640
dates of patriarchy, 1915
and Dayr Anba Maqar, 749
deposition and return, 1674, 1675
feast day, 2087
and Gaianus as rival patriarch, 1138
homily on Michael, Archangel, 1619
and Julian, Evangelist, 1380
and Longinus’ missions, 1480
Moses of Abydos prophecy on, 1679—1680
and Severus of Antioch, 2104
and Theodosians, 2240—2241
Theodosius II, Patriarch, 94, 558, 1209, 2241-2242, 2359
burial site, 848
and the chrism at Church of Abu Sayfayn, 550
dates of patriarchy, 1917
as monk at Dayr Abu Fanah, 698
Theodosius of Jerusalem, Bishop, 2242, 2303
Theodota (martyr), 1554
Theodotus (Dynamic Monarchian), 1638
Theodotus (martyr and disciple of Athanasius), 1559
Theodotus (martyr under Valerian), 1552
Theodotus of Ancyra, Bishop, 2242—2243
Theodoxia (fourth-century martyr), 31, 1554
Theodulf of Orleans, 1115
Theognius of Nicaea, 84, 1484
Theognosta, Saint, 2087, 2243—2244, 2087
Theologians
Abu Shakar ibn al-Rahib, 33
Agathonicus of Tarsus, 69-70
Clement of Alexandria, 562— 563
Draguet, René, 924
Duchesne, Louis, 925
Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070—1071
Hardy, Edward R., 1206
Hippolytus, 1235—1236
Horner, George W., 1257
Jablonski, Paul Ernst, 1318
John Chrysostom, 1357—1359
John of Parallos, Saint, 1367—1368
Leipoldt, Johannes, 1439
Lucian of Antioch, 1484
Mansi, Giovanni Domenico, 1523—1524
Origen, 1846—1855
patristics, 1920—1921
Schermann, Theodor, 2106
Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125
Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 2238—2239
Theodosius I, Saint and Patriarch, 2241
Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 2269
Wilke (Wilkius, Wilkins), David, 2322
see also Apologist; Scholars
Theology
Alexandrian, 103-104
Catechetical School of Alexandria, 469—472
Clerical College (Cairo), 563 —564
see also Chalcedon, Council of; Christology; Heresy; other
specific councils and aspects
Theonas (recluse), 2055
Theonas, Patriarch, 2244-2246
and Achillas, 55
and Alexandrian churches, 93, 102, 588
dates of patriarchy, 1914
and Manichaean asceticism, 88
and Peter I as successor, 1936, 1937
Theonas of Libya (dissenter), 84
Theone (martyr), 1559
Theopemptos of Antioch, panegyric on Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2306
Theophanes, Patriarch, 2247
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and Ethiopian prelates, 1002
successor, 1632
Theophanes the Chronicler, 2017, 2020, 2264
Theophila (martyr), 1
Theophilos I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1246—1247, 1325, 2049, 2247
Theophilus, Patriarch, 1978, 2247-2252
and Ammonius of Kellia, 113, 686
anthropomorphism rejection by, 143, 154, 1884, 2103, 2249—2250
and Antioch schisms, 2248—2249
and Bostra affair, 2249
church-building and consecrations by, 24, 93, 94, 101, 1969, 2248
collected works, 1782
and consecration of Holy Chrism, 521
cycle of, 667
and Cyril I, 671
dates of patriarchy, 1914
and Dioscorus, 915—916
feast day, 2087
and Gregory of Nyssa, 1185
and Hadra of Aswan, 1190
and John the Baptist, 1355
and John Chrysostom, 1357, 2250—2251, 2252
and Kellia monks, 1076, 1397
Letter of Ammon to, 1445
on miracles of George, Saint, 592
and Monastery of the Metanoia, 1608, 1611
and Nikiou, 1793
and Origenist teachings, 471—472, 916, 2249—2250, 2252
and Pachomian monks, 1861
pagan attacks on, 1869—1870
on Raphael, Archangel, 2053
reputation, 2252
and Scetis monks, 2103, 2249
Serapeum destruction order, 31—32, 134, 2248
on Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2258
writings, 2251—2252
Theophilus, Saint (monk), 2253-2254, 2087
Theophylact. See Cosmas
Theophylact, Archbishop of Ochrida, 1113
Theopista, Saint (2nd century). See Eustathius and Theopista
Theopista, Saint, and Macarius, Bishop of Nikiou, 1794
Theopista and Dorotheus, and Michael, Archangel, 1618, 1619
Theopiste (daughter of Zeno), 1230—1231
Theopiste (fourth-century martyr), 31, 1554
Theopistus of Alexandria, 2254
Theotokion, 900, 1687, 1724, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1986, 2254-2255
doxology, 924
lobsh as conclusion for, 1479
and tafsir, 2198
Virgin analogy with censer, 1470
and watus, 2320
Theotokos, 514, 528, 672, 883, 2026, 2255
Annunciation and, 528-529
Basil the Great catechesis, 351—352
Chalcedon, Council of, on, 514, 2255
communicatio idiomatum on, 578
and Constantinople, 1276
controversy over term, 475
Coptic position on, 101, 1785
Cyril I on, 270, 672
Dayr Apa Jeremiah wall paintings, 78
Dioscorus on, 525
Ephesus, First Council on, 960
Henoticon on, 1217—1218
intercession of, 108
John of Antioch on, 1354
mentioned at bishop’s consecration, 396
monasteries dedicated to, 714, 876
Monophysite, 1669
Nestorian opposition, 960
Nestorius on, 672
Proclus sermon on, 2017, 2018
Theodoret on, 2236
see also Annunciation; Christ, nature of; Christology
Theotokos, Feasts of the, 2256
Therapeutae (Jewish ascetics), 1661
antiphon use, 148—149
and origin of antiphonal chanting, 148
Therenoutis. See Tarnut
Theriac of the Understanding in the Science of the Fundamentals, 20—21
Thessalonica, Edict of (380), 1947
Thetis, depicted in Coptic art, 1767—1768, 1768
Theurgy. See Magic
Thévenot, Jean de, 791, 1977
Thiqah ibn al-Duhayri. See Ibn al-Dahiri
Thmius. See Tmuis
Thmone as loanword in place-names, 2273
Thomas, Apostle and Saint
and Assumption of Mary, 292
and missions in India, 708, 1635
Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria homily on, 2025—2026
Thomas, Bishop of Damascus (new martyr), 1559
Thomas, Saint, 2256
churches dedicated to, 835—836, 835
and Dayr al-Janadlah, 705
feast of, 1108
Thomas, Sunday of, 1108
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 1115, 1186
Thomas of Shinshif (hermit), 781
Thompson, Henry Francis Herbert, 2257
Thoth (pagan deity), 917, 1617
in Coptic calendar, 438
and Nawruz name derivation, 1784
shrine at al-Ashmunayn (Hermopolis Magna), 285
Thought of Norea (gnostic tractate), 2257
“Three Chapters” controversy, 1676
Three Graces, depicted in Coptic art, 1768
Three Hebrew Children (martyrs). See Three Hebrews in the
Furnace
Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 4, 1553, 1634, 2257—2259
Three Risen Saints. See Exuperantius, Saint; Felix, Saint; Regula, Saint
Three Stelae of Seth, 2259-2260, 2007
and Gospel of the Egyptians, 1154
and Valentinian Exposition, 2295
and Zostrianus, 2372
Three Youths, sanctuary of (Dayr Anba Maqar), 752
Thu‘ban al-Rahib, al-. See al-Sani Abu al-Majd Butrus ibn al-
Muhadhdhib Abu al-Faraj
Thunder, Perfect Mind, 2260
Thursday. See Maundy Thursday
Tibarcius. See Valerianus and Tibarcius
Tiberius II, Emperor, 125—126, 688, 1675, 2061—2062
patriarch under, 1915
Tiberius Julius Alexander (prefect of Egypt), 2061
Tihna al-Jabal, 2260-2261
Tij. See Abu Tij
Til, Apa (martyr), 1089, 1559, 2261
Till, Walter Curt Franz Theodor Karl Alois, 1891, 1894, 2022, 2261
life of Zenobios, 2371
work on Coptic law, 1438
Tilodj. See Pispir
Tima, Dayr Abu Bifam at, 697
Timolaus (martyr), 1559
Timon, first deacon, 885
Timotheos I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 358, 1245—1246, 1325, 2262
and Haile Selassie I, 1198
Timotheus (pupil of Dionysius the Great), 909
Timotheus the Egyptian. See Timothy of Memphis (martyr)
Timotheus, Saint, 1883, 2087, 2262-2263
Timothy (martyr), 1553
see also Theodorus and Timothy (martyrs)
Timothy, Bishop of Antinoopolis (martyr without bloodshed), 1559
Timothy, Bishop of Ephesus, 1432, 2015
Timothy, Bishop of Qasr Ibrim, 829
Timothy I, Saint and Patriarch, 2263
on Abbaton, 2
dates of patriarchy, 1914
feast day, 2087
Timothy II Aelurus (“the Cat”), Patriarch, 24, 1609, 2263-2267
and Abu Mina church completion, 94, 2248
and Acacian schism, 42—47
Christology, 2266—2267
Coptic—Melchite split and disputed patriarchal succession, 1583,
1670, 1671, 1947, 1948, 2268
dates of patriarchy, 1915
as Dioscorus’s successor, 915, 1441, 1442
and Eikoston monks, 951
and Enaton monks, 956—957
and Ephesus, Third Council of, 962
exile of, 525
and family of Zeno, Emperor, 2369—2370
feast day, 2087
and History of the Patriarchs authorship, 1239
John of Mayuma on, 1366
life, 2264—2266
on Michael, Archangel, 1618—1619
writings, 2266
Timothy III, Patriarch, 2268
and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 640, 2268
dates of patriarchy, 1915
Justin I, Emperor and, 1384
and Severus of Antioch, 2125
Theodosius I and, 2241
Timothy and Matthias (martyrs), 1559
Timothy of Memphis (martyr), 1559
Timothy Salofaciolus (“Wobble-Cap”), Patriarch, 42, 43, 1442, 1609, 1671, 1947, 2265, 2268—2269
Tinnis, 2269
Tiridates, King of Armenia, 1183
Tirsa, 2269
Tiryaq al-‘Uqul fi Ilm al-Usul, 1464
Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 1893, 1900, 2269
Tisserant, Eugène, 2270
Titkooh. See Bawit
Titus, Bishop of Crete, 1432, 2015
Titus, Emperor
and Josephus Flavius, 1375
patriarch under, 1913
visit to Egypt, 2062, 2066
Tkow, paganism in, 1870
Tmone. See Minya
Tmoone as loanword in place-names, 2273
Tmoushons. See Bakhanis-Tmoushons
Tmuis, 1648, 2270
Tobias, 2052—2053, 2054
Tobit, 2052—2053, 2054
Toilet articles, 2336—2338, 2337—2339
Tokoa. See Menarti
Toledo, Third Synod of (589), 1112
Tolemaeus, Saint (martyr), 1559, 2271
see also Apaiule and Tolemaeus, Saints
Tomb of the Martyr. See Abu Mina
Tombs
architecture and decoration of. See Sculpture in stone, Coptic
Bani Hasan, 334—335
Catherine of Alexandria, Saint, 1683
Dayr al-‘Adhra’, 715
Dayr Anba Bisadah, 733
Dayr Anba Hiziqyal, 748
Dayr Apa Jeremiah (Saqqara), 776
Dayr al-Madinah, 8 17—818
Dayr al-Misaykrah, 840
Dayr al-Mutttin, 843
Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 850, 851, 851
Dayr al-Qusayr, 853
Dayr Rifah, 855—856
hermits’ at Asyut, 114
inscriptions, 1291, 1292, 1293— 1296
inscriptions, Nubian, 1814— 1815
inscriptions of visitors from Roman period, 2066
Jabal al-Tarif, 1657, 1771
Meir, 1583—1583
Menas the Miracle Maker, 24
mural paintings, 1873
Nag Hammadi codices find, 1771
oldest Coptic tombstones, 1294
pharaonic at Abydos, 39
pharaonic at Ahnas, 73—76
Phib, Saint, 1954
al-Shaykh Sa‘id, 2130
Speos Artemidos, 334—335
see also Cemeteries; Reclusion; Stela
Tome of Leo, 514, 578, 961, 1075, 1441
and Acacian schism, 44—46, 1384
and Chalcedon, Council of, 514—515, 1441, 1442, 1675
communicatio idiomatum doctrine, 578
and Constantinople, Second Council, on, 595
Dioscorus I and, 913, 914, 915
Henoticon and, 1218
and monophysitism, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1674
Pulcheria and, 2033
Samu’il of Qalamun and, 2092
Tambuq monastery rejection of, 1648
Tome of Proclus, 2017
Tome of Union (633), 1667
Tomus of Lyons, 692
Tools, for woodworking, 2326
Topography
Christian Topography, 640—641, 1635
al-Maqrizi study, 1525
Toponymy, Coptic, 2271-2274
Topos (place), 153
Topos al-Malak Mikha’il (Idfu). See Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Idfu)
Topos al-Qiddis Yuhannis. See Dayr al-Saqiyah
Torah, 2109, 2111
Toronto, Canada, 1621
Tóth, Margit, 1741, 1743
Toulon, France, Coptic congregations in, 1623
Toussoun, Omar. See Omar Toussoun
Tower. See Keep
Tower of Palaemon, 749
Towns and settlements
‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4
Abu Mina, 24—25
Abusir, 34
Abusir Bana, 36—37
Abusir al-Malaq, 37
Abu Tij, 38
Aflaqah, 64
Agharwah, 70
Ahnas, 73—76
Aphrodito, 153—154
Aqbat, 182—183
Aqfahs, 183
Ashmun Tanah, 288
Aswan, 294—296
Atris, 307—308
Awsim, 311—312
Azari, 315—316
Babij, 317
al-Bagawat, 326—329, 327, 328
Bahij, 330
Bahjurah, 330
Bakhanis-Timoushons, 331
al-Ballas, 333
al-Banawan, 334
Bani Kalb, 335
Barbish, 349
Bilad, 391
Biljay, 391
Birma, 392
Burah, 425
al-Burullus, 427
Bush, 427
Clysma, 565
confraternities in, 586—587
Dahlak, 685
Dahshur, 685
Dalas, 685
Damallu, 686
Damanhur, 686—687
Damanhur al-Wahsh, 688
Damru, 689—690
Dandarah, 690—69 1
Daqadus, 692
Daqahlah, 693
al-Dayr, 695
Dayr Rifah, 855—856
Dimayrah, 902—903
Dinushar, 903—904
Dush, 927—928
al-Duwayr, 928
Egyptian nome capitals, 1175, 1177, 1179
Elephantine, 951—952, 952
Faras, 1090—1091
Farshut, 1092-1093
Fishah, 1117
Greek towns in Egypt, 1179—1181
Hajir Idfu, 1200
at Hawwarah, 1210—1211
at Hawwariyyah, 1211, 1211—1212
Hilwan, 1233
Jabal ‘Adda, 1315
Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud, 1315—1316
Jabal al-Silsilah, 1316
Jirja, 1330—1331
Karanis, 1390
Karm al-Akhbariyyah, 1391—1392
al-Khandaq, 1413
Khirbat al-Filusiyyah, 1414
Khirbitah, 1415
Kom Ombo, 1418
Kom al-Rahib, 1418—1419
Laqqanah, 1426
Madamud, 1494—1495
Mahallat Abu ‘Ali, 1510
Mahallat al-Amir, 1511
Mahallat Minuf, 1511
Makhurah, 1512—1513
Malij, 1516
Marsafa, 1546
Mashtul, 1561
Masil, 1561
Meir, 1582—1583
Memnonia, 1586
Menarti, 1587—1588
Nabaruh, 1769
Nag Hammadi, 1770
Naqizah, 1774—1775
Nastaruh, 1775
Psoï, 2030—2031
Qararah, 2036
Qasr Ibrim, 2036—2037
Qus, 2043—2045
Raithou, 2049—2050
Sakha, 2087—2088
Shams al-Din, 2126—2127
Shanasha, 2127—2128
Sharunah, 2128
Shutb, 2136
Sibirbay, 2136
Sinjar, 2140
Sunbat, 2159
Tabennese, 2197
Tafa, 2198
Tall al-‘Amarnah, 2199
Talmis, 2200
Tamit, 2200—2201, 2201
Tarnut, 2202
Tbow, 2207
Tihna al-Jabal, 2260—2261
Tirsa, 2269
Tutun, 2283
Umm al-Barakat, 2289—2291, 2290
Umm Dabadib, 2291
see also Boule; Cities; Dayr headings; Fortresses; Greek towns in
Egypt; Toponymy, Coptic
Toys and games
wooden, 2339, 2340
see also Ceramics, Coptic; Metalwork, Coptic; Ceramics, Coptic Tractatus in Joannem Evangelium (Augustine), 1115
Trajan, Emperor, patriarch under, 1913
Transept. See Basilica
Transfiguration, Feast of the, 1108—1109
Transformation, Divine, 1058
Transitus Mariae, 1618, 1619
Transmigration of souls, 1521
Travelers in Egypt, 1975—1977
Pietro delle Valle, 1967
Roman, 2064—2066
see also Pilgrimages’ Pilgrims and travelers in Christian Egypt
Treadle loom, Coptic textiles, 2215—2216
Treaties. See name, inverted
Treatise on the Resurrection, 569, 2275
Treatise of the Ten Fundamentals (al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal), 2078
Trees. See Woodworking, Coptic
Trent, Council of (1545—1547)
on the canon of the Old and New Testaments, 2110
Gabriel VII, Patriarch, and, 1134
Triadelphus, Bishop of Prosopites, 1793
Triadon (poem), 1986
Triangle (musical instrument), 1738, 1739
Tribelon, 222
Tribune. See Synthronon
Triconch, 222—223
Trimitários (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Trimorphic Protennoia, 2276-2277
Trinitarian theology, 688, 1637—1638, 2241
Coptic influence in Alexandria, 101
Dionysius on, 911
doxologies, 923
Origen, 1848—1850
Trinity
‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi on, 6
and Alexander I, 82
in Alexandrian theology, 103—104
and the Anomoeans, 141-142
and Apostles’ Creed, 178—179
Damian on, 689
and filioque, 1114—1116
and Nicene Creed, 82—84
Origen on the, 1848—1849, 1850, 1855
see also Trinitarian theology
Tripartite Tractate, 569, 1151, 2277
and Valentinian Exposition, 2296
Triphiou. See Suhaj
Tripoli, 1098
Trisagion, 1732, 2017, 2278-2279
and Acacian schism, 45
and consecration of church and altar, 108, 109, 548, 549
Tritheism. See Trinitarian theology
Triumphal arch, 223—224
Triumph of Christ. See Christ, Triumph of
Troparia, 1724
Trullo, Council of (691), 71, 918
Tsenti, monastery of, 757
Tubah (fifth month of Coptic calendar), 438—439, 441
Assumption of Mary celebration, 289—290
in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2179—2180
Tubh, 2279
and Watus, 2321
Tud, 2279-2280, 2280
Tukh, 1, 2
Tukhi, Raphael, and Arabic versions of Old Testament, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1834—1835
Tukh al-Nasara, pilgrimages to, 1975
Tukh Tanbisha, pilgrimages to, 1975
Tulunids and Ikhshids, Copts under the, 2280-2281
see also Abbasids
Tuma ibn al-Najib Lutfallah al-Mahalli, 2281-2282
Tuma ibn al-Sa’igh, 1270
Tunah, 1649
seven ascetics of, 2122
Tunics, 644, 645, 648
Tunis. See Arsenal of Tunis
Tur, al-, 2050
Turaev, Boris Alexandrovitch, 2282
Turah
Dayr al-Qusayr, 853—855
papyrus discoveries, 1899
Turah, Saint, hymns attributed to, 1726
Turanshah, 1536
Turicum. See Zurich
Turkey
Coptic collections, 1712
see also Constantinople; Ottomans, Copts under the; Tulunids and
Ikhshids, Copts under the
Tut (first month of Coptic calendar), 438, 440
in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2174—2175
and Nawruz (Coptic New Year’s Day), 1784
Tutun, 2283
scriptoria of, 1651
Twelve Anathemas of Cyril, 1671
and Armenian church, 234
Twelve Apostles, as portrayed in Coptic art, 529
Twelve Patriarchs, Testament of the, 163
The Twelve Virtues, 2310
Twenty-Four Elders, depicted in Coptic art, 541—542
“The Two Ways”, 898
Tyloplókos, tylophántes (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Types, 2283-2284
Typikon of Saint Sabas (Qustantin translation), 1182, 2046-2047
Typology. See Types
Typos of Constans II, 1678
Typos tes plerophorias (Anastasius). See Formula of Satisfaction
U_______________________
Udrunkah. See Durunkah
Uigurs, Kingdom of the, 1519
Ulphilas, 2285
Ulysses, 1867
‘Umar. See Covenant of ‘Umar
‘Umar (Bey) Ghaytas, 1538
‘Umar ibn Abd al-‘Aziz, 86—87
Umar Tussun. See Omar Toussoun
Umayyad fleet, Coptic contribution to, 2286
Umayyads, Copts under the, 2286-2289
and Alexandria, 88, 89, 91
and Islamic-influenced Coptic art, 1311, 1311
and Islamization of Egypt, 937
Ummanah, al-. See Nation’s Party
Umm al-Barakat, 2289—2291, 2290
Umm Dabadib, 2291
Unction of Christ, Ethiopian controversy, 986—987, 1023-1028
Unction of the sick, Holy Sacrament of the, 2291-2292
and anointing with oil, 139
use of candles in, 446
Undergarments, 645
UNESCO, 1300, 1771—1772, 1955, 2032
Uniatism. See Coptic Catholic Church
Union of Christ dispute. See Unction of Christ
Unionist Progressive party, 1991
Union party, 1992
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Coptic collections, 1712
papyrus collection, 1895
see also Russia
United Arab Emirates, Coptic churches in, 1621
United Kingdom. See British Isles; Great Britain
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
See UNESCO
United States of America Coptic churches in, 1621—1622
Coptic collections, 1712—1715
papyrus collection, 1895—1896
Universe. See Christian Topography (Cosmas Indicopleustes)
Universität der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie of Cologne, 1892
Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 694
University College, London, 1893
University of Florence, 1894
University Library (Freiburg im Breisgau), 1892
University Library (Giessen), 1893
University Library (Graz), 1891
University Library (Heidelberg), 1893
University Library (Louvain), 1891
University Library (Strasbourg), 1892
University Library (Turin), 1894
University Library (Würzburg), 1893
University of Michigan Library, 1895
University of Mississippi, 1900
Unleavened bread, and Eucharist, 1060— 1061
Upper Egypt. See Sa‘id
Upper Sa‘id
monasteries of, 1656-1658, 1659
Qus as administrative center of, 2043
Uqsur, al-. See Luxor
Uqsurayn, al-. See Luxor
‘Urabi revolution (1881—1882), 1637, 1693, 1995
Urban VIII, Pope (Rome), 610, 611
Uri. See Ari (martyr)
Ursus of Solothurn, Saint, 1559, 2232, 2292-2293, 2302
Usaghniyus. See Eusignius (martyr)
Usul Muqaddimat Sullam al-Lughah al-Qibtiyyah, 1463
V_______________________
Valais, canton of, 1572
Valens, Emperor, 1650, 1947, 1956
patriarch under, 1914
Valentinian I, Emperor, 790, 1576, 1577, 1578
Valentinian II, Emperor, 1577
patriarch under, 1914
Valentinian III, Emperor, 1440
Valentinian Exposition, 2295—2296
Valentinians. See Valentinus
Valentinus, 1731, 1866, 2296-2297
and Basilides, 357
and gnosticism, 1147, 1148, 1150, 1151, 1156
and Gospel of Philip, 1157
and Gospel of Truth, 1151, 1164
and Heracleon, 1219
as heretic, 1222
myth of fall of Sophia linked with Authentilcos Logos, 309
Valeria (daughter of Diocletian), 2246
Valerian, Emperor, 1869, 2297-2298
patriarch under, 1914
persecutions of, 909, 910, 1552, 1575, 1785, 1936
Valerianus and Tibarcius (martyrs), 1559
Valesius (martyr), 1559
Valley of the Kings, festival of, 439
Valley of the Nile. See Nile valley
Van Lantschoot, Arnold, 1895, 2298
Van Moorsel, Paul, 726
Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 23, 30, 613, 1462, 1892, 1977, 2299
on Antinoopolis, 145
on Asyut, 297
on Bush, 427
contribution to Coptological studies, 613
on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722
on Dayr Anba Bishoi, 738
on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 765
on Dayr al-Qusayr, 853
on Durunkah, 926
Vasco da Gama, 1636
Vatatzes, John, 1114
Vatican Arabic 123, 722
Vatican Coptic 9, on pillage of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722
Vatican Library, 6, 30, 31, 876
Assemani family and, 289
papyrus collections, 1894—1895
Vatican Museum, Coptic textile collection. See Museums, Coptic collections in
Vault, 224—225
Veil, custom of women wearing, 641, 650
Veils. See Eucharistic veils
Veneration. See Icons, Coptic; Saints
Venice, and relics of Mark, Saint, 1532
Verena, Saint, 2087, 2232, 2299-2301, 2301
Vertical loom, Coptic textiles, 2215
Vespasian, Emperor, 2061, 2062
and Josephus Flavius, 1375
patriarch under, 1913
Vespers, 2301
Vestments. See Liturgical vestments
Vestry. See Architectural elements of churches: Sacristy
Viaud, Gérard, 1975
Victor (uncle of Anba Yuna), 744
Victor (martyr), 1559
Victor, Anba, 861, 2301
festal date of, 840
Victor of Asyut. See Victor of Shu
Victor, Decius, and Eirene (martyrs), 1559
Victor the General. See Victor Stratelates, Saint
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 255
Victor of Pbow. See Victor of Tabennese
Victor of Rome, 1905
Victor of Shu, Saint (martyr), 296, 370, 708, 2302
churches dedicated to, 797
confused with tribunal of Victor Stratelates, 2305
feast day, 1559, 2087
pilgrimages, 1971
Victor of Solothurn and Geneva, Saint, 1159, 2232, 2302-2303
and Ursus of Solothurn, Saint, 2293
and Verena, Saint, 2300
Victor Stratelates, Saint, 1159, 2303—2308, 2303—2308
Celestinus of Rome panegyric on, 2305—2306
Cyriacus, Bishop, panegynic on, 670, 2305
Demetrius of Antioch on, 2306—2307
Demetrius of Antioch panegyric on, 2305
and Eusebius, 1070
Michael of Atrib and Malij on, 2306
monasteries of, 810, 1657—1658, 2307—2308
Theopemptos of Antioch panegyric on, 2306
Victor of Tabennese, Saint, 1455, 2308
Victor of Tunnuna, 1609
Vienna, University of, 1389, 1419
Vienna Academy of Sciences, 815
Vies des saints pères des déserts (d’Andilly), 894
Vigil, 2308
Village of the Monastery. See Naj‘ al-Dayr
Villecourt, Louis, 1735, 2308
Villoteau, Guillaume André, 1742
Virgil, 1867
Virgin Enthroned (Virgin and Child)
depicted in Coptic art, 270, 277, 281, 542-544, 868, 869, 1660
in Nubian church art, 1812
see also Virgo Lactans
Virgin Mary
Annunciation, 1102
apparitions of. See Virgin Mary, apparition of the
chapels dedicated to, 754
churches dedicated to, 704—705, 710, 716, 721, 741, 806, 813,
815, 820, 821, 856, 924, 1118, 1975
encomium on, 1956
Fast of the Virgin Mary, 1096
Feast of the Virgin, 1111
Gabriel, Archangel, and, 1135
Hail Mary, 1199
iconography, 243—244, 1276, 1279
icons at Bawit, 368—369
and Immaculate Conception, 1285
and Incarnation, 1287—1290
incense as analogy for, 1470
intercessional character of, 1107
manuscript collection on, 1778
miraculous appearances of. See Virgin Mary, apparition of the
monasteries dedicated to, 714, 715—716, 734, 799, 835
as Mother of God. See Theotokos
paintings of, 1875
pilgrimage centers in Egypt, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973
portraits of, 726—727, 778, 794
Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria homily on, 2025—2026
Theotokia (hymns to), 1724, 1726, 1727, 1986
see also Annunciation; Assumption; Flight into Egypt; Joseph the
Carpenter, Saint; Theotokos; Virgin Enthroned
Virgin Mary, apparition of the, 681, 840, 871, 1969, 2308-2310, 2309
Virgins, communities of. See Nuns: Women’s religious communities
Virgo lactans, 243—244, 531, 543
Virtues, the Twelve, 2310
Virtues of Saint Macarius, 1984
Visio Isaiae, Coptic translations, 1451
Vitae patrum (Rosweyde), 56
Vita Gregorii Thaumaturgi (Gregory of Nyssa), 1184
Vitalian, 45
Vita Pauli. See Life of Saint Paul the First Hermit
Vitellius, Emperor, patriarch under, 1913
Vitruvius (Roman architect), 1872
Vocabulary. See Appendix
Vocalise (Coptic musical characteristic), 1720, 1721, 1732
Vocal music. See Cantors; Choral singing; Hymns
Volbach, W. F., 256, 257
Volusianus, 2017
Vows, and pilgrimages, 1968
Voyage nouveau de la Terre Sainte (Nau), on Dayr al-Sultan, 872
Vulgate, 1323
W_______________________
Wadi ‘Arabah, 728
Wadi bir al-‘Ayn, Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857
Wadi Ghazali, 1817—1818
Wadi Habib. See Scetis
Wadi Hannebah, hermitages, 728
Wadih ibn Raja’, al-, 2311
and al-Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 2102
Wadi al-Jilbanah, 700
Wadi al-Muluk, Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857—858
Wadi al-Nakhlah, 795
Wadi Natfah, hermitages, 728
Wadi al-Natrun
Dayr al-Suryan in, 876—881
Dayr Yuhannis, al-Qasir at, 883—884
Dayr Yuhannis Kama at, 883
keep construction, 1395—1396
see also Scetis
Wadi al-Nil (publication), 1990
Wadi al-Rayyan, 755, 755, 2311
Wadi‘ Sa‘id (Dawud al-Maqari), 1307
Wadi Sarjah, 2312
deuteranios term, 895
Monastery of the Virgin near, 704
Wadi Shaykh ‘Ali, 2312—2313
Wa-al-Durr al-Farid fima ba‘d Tarikh ibn al-‘Amid (al-Assal), 1463
Wafdist bloc, 1993
Wafd al-Misri, al- (publication), 1990
Wafd party, 1515, 1516, 1628, 1989—1991, 1993, 2323
Sa‘d Zaghlul leadership, 2074—2075
Waham, 2313
Wahbi, Tadrus, 1465, 1467
Walid ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, al-, Caliph, 86
Walid ibn Yazid, al-, Caliph, 1410—1411
Wall decorations
Coptic glass, 1145—1146
see also Painting, Coptic mural
Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland, 1599, 1600, 1601
Wansleben, Johann. See Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael
Waqa’i‘ al-Misriyyah (publication), 1993, 1074
Waq‘at al-Kana’is, 2313—2316
Waq‘at al-Nasara, 2316—2319
Waqf, Coptic, 2319
Warp-weighted loom, Coptic textiles, 2215
Warriors in Coptic art, 649—650,2319-2320
Warshanufyus. See Barsanuphius (martyr)
Warshenufe, Saint, 2087
Wars (Procopius), 2019, 2020
Washing. See Ablution; Feet, washing of; Hands, washing of
Wasif, ‘Awad, 1466
Wasif Butrus Ghali, 1990
Wasilidas. See Basilidas (martyr)
Wassef, Wissa. See Wissa Wassef
Wasserkirche (Zurich), 1082, 1110, 2057
Watan, al- (publication), 1465, 1466, 1628, 1989, 1993-1996, 2010-2012
Water
into wine, 1107
liturgical instruments for, 1469
for spells, 1500
see also Ablution; Baptism; Immersion
Water jugs and stands, 491—492, 2148, 2320
Water supply
irrigation aqueducts at Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 709
Karanis, 1390
in keep, 1396
Kellia site, 1401
spring at Dayr Abu Halbanah spring, 700
spring at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 725
spring at Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857, 858
spring of Saint Antony, 721
well at Dayr al-Jarnus (Maghagha), 813
well at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Qamulah), 827
Water vessels. See Water jugs and stands
Watus, 63, 1425, 1479, 1722, 1724, 1726, 1727, 1728, 2320—2321
hymns for, 901
and Tubh, 2279
Weather, in the Nile Valley, 440—443
Weaving, 1641
combs and shuttles, 2340—2341, 2341
techniques in manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2217—2218
see also Tapestries
Weddings. See Betrothal customs; Marriage
Wednesday and Friday fast days, 1096
Week, seven-day. See Calendar, Coptic; Days of the week; specific days
Weights and balances, 1603—1604, 1605
boxes made of wood, 2328
Wessely, Carl Franz Joseph, 1891, 2321
Shenute text-editing, 1452
West Bank. See Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id
Western Desert, monasteries of the, 1658—1659
Wheat crop. See Annona
White Monastery of Shenute (Suhaj). See Dayr Anba Shinudah
Whitsunday. See Pentecost
Whittemore, Thomas, 2321
visit to Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 726
Widows
Didascalia on, 899
digamy (remarriage), 901
Wiesmann, Hermann, 2321
Wiet, Gaston, 2321
Wilcken, Ulrich, 2322
Wilke (Wilkius, Wilkins), David, 1424, 2322
Wills and inheritance, 1429, 1941
Window glass, 1145
Wine
amphorae, 490—49 1
Dionysius as god of, 1758
Eucharistic, 1066
Feast of the Martyr, 1548
as medicine, 1524—1527
miracle of water into, 1107
offertory, 1824—1825
Saladin’s prohibitions against, 1535
storage, 2330
Wisdom literature, Didache compared with, 898
Wissa Wassef, 1466, 1738, 2988, 2051, 2322-2324
Woide, Charles Godfrey, 1424, 1428, 2324
Women
absolution in baptism, 339
Alexandra, Saint, 88
Anastasia, Saint, 125
Bayt al-Nisa’ (reserved area in church), 373, 703
birth rites and customs, 393—393
Catherine, Saint, Mount Sinai Monastery of, 1681—1685
communion regulations, 579
Coptic education of, 932, 933
Coptic equality measures for, 1465
Coptic headdress, 641
Coptic ideals, 1086—1087
deaconess, 888
Dimyanah and her forty virgins, 903
doctors, 1581
Erai, Saint, 2209
Eudoxia, Saint, 1067
Euphemia, Saint, 1073
Euphrosyna, Saint, 1069
Febronia, Saint, 1109—1110
first full-time Egyptologist, 1701
funerary customs, 1124
and gnosticism, 1081, 1148, 1150, 1155
Herai, Saint, 1221
Hilaria, Saint, 1230—1231
Mariyyah the Copt, 1528
martyrs, 903, 1552—1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1558, 1559; see also specific names
Mary of Alexandria, 1560
Mary the Egyptian, 1560
mourning customs, 1686
Nabdunah, 1769
personifying soul in Gnostic literature, 1081
Pulcheria, 2033
recluses, 88, 1663, 2055
Regula, Saint, 2057
rights in ancient Egypt, 1086
rights in modern Egypt, 1088, 1944
role in Ethiopian church, 1044—1045
Salamah Musa on equal rights for, 2089
Sara, Saint, 2094
Sophia, Saint, 2143—2144
Syncletica, 2192
Theodora, Empress, 2235
Theognosta, Saint, 2243—2244
Theopista, Saint, 1072—1073
veil-wearing, 641—650
Verena, Saint, 2299—2301, 2301
see also Betrothal customs; Birth rites and customs; Costume, civil; Marriage; Widows; Women’s religious communities
Women’s religious communities, 1663, 2324—2325
amma in, 2, 3
Anastasia, Saint, founding, 125
convent and nunnery organization, 1663
at Dayr Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 710
at Dayr al-Banat, 788—789, 789
Dimyanah and her forty virgins, 903
al-Hamidat, 1205
Moses of Abydos founding, 707
nuns, 1822
origins in Egypt, 1663
Pachomian community, 1663, 1822, 1860, 2325
Woodwork, Coptic, 2325-2347, 2328-2346
altar ban, 580
painted icons, 293
portraiture, 2001
preservation of wood, 279
under Muslim rule, 1311, 1312
see also Art, historiography of Coptic
Wool, used in Coptic textiles, 2212—2213, 2213
Word, Liturgy of the. See Catechumens, Liturgy of the
Words, magical, 1500—1502
World Chronicle (John of Nikiou), 2060
World Council of Churches, 2091
World War I, 1694
Worrell, William Hoyt, 1895, 2348
Writing surfaces. See Ostracon; Papyrus; Parchment
Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand, 2348
X_______________________
Xenedochou. See Pimandjoili
Xois. See Sakha
Y_______________________
Yacobos II, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1245, 1325, 2349
Yacoub, Jacob. See Ya‘qub, General
Yahya, ‘Abd al-Fattah, 1992
Yahya ibn ‘Adi, 6, 1779
Yahya ibn Sa‘id al-Antaki, 1266, 1460, 1524
Yalbogha al-Samiri, 1570
Yale University
Nag Hammadi Codices, 1771
papyrus collection, 1895
Ya‘qob, Ethiopian prelate, 1011
Ya‘qub, Abu. See Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Nastas
Ya‘qub, General, 15 11—1512, 1524, 1539, 2349—2352
and Chiftichi, Yuhanna, 520
and Coptic Legion, 1417
and Egyptian national identity, 948
and French expedition in Egypt, 1284
and Jirjis al-Jawhari, 1333
and Menou, Jacques, 1591
and Salippe, Mikarius, 2089
and Shukrallah Jirjis, 2136
and Sidarus, Gabriel, 2137
Ya‘qub Hanna, 1688
Ya‘qub ibn Killis, 11
Ya‘qub Nakhlab Rufaylah, 415, 2353
Yared, Ethiopian saint, 1047
Yashu‘. See Joshua and Joseph (ascetics and martyrs)
Yassa ‘Abd al-Masih, 1700, 1727, 2353
Yazid II, Caliph, 87
Year. See Calendar, Coptic
Yeken, ‘Adli, 1990, 1991
Yem’ata, Ethiopian saint, 1046
Yemen, 1134
Yeshaq, Ethiopian saint, 1046
Yeshaq I, Ethiopian prelate, 1008
Yeshaq II, Ethiopian prelate, 1015—1016
Yohannes I, Ethiopian prelate, 1001
Yohannes II, Ethiopian prelate, 1010
Yohannes III, Ethiopian prelate, 1028—1030
Yohannes IV, Emperor, 1590—1591
Yosab I, Ethiopian prelate, 1017—1018
Yosab II, Ethiopian prelate, 1030—1032
Youel, 105
Youna (martyr), 1554
Young, D. W., 1448
Young, Thomas, 1445
Young Egypt (Misr al-Fatah), 1694
Youssef, Fatmah al-, 1991
Youth of Egypt, 2354
Youth movements, 2354-2355
Ypantes (Coptic textile term), 2221
Yu’anna. See Junia (martyr)
Yu’annis, see also John
Yu’annis, Anba (head of Dayr Anba Maqar), 69, 749
Yu’annis, Bishop of Asyut, 2355
Yu’annis, Bishop of Durunkah, 927
Yu’annis, Bishop of Misr, 1613
Yu’annis, Bishop of Samnnud, 1748
Yu’annis, Metropolitan of al-Minufiyyah, 1614
Yuhanna. See also Dayr Yuhannis headings; John
Yuhanna (scribe), 2356
Yuhanna, Bishop of Samannud, 686, 2355—2356
Yuhanna al-Armani al-Qudsi (icon painter), 1278, 1279
Yuhanna the Deacon, 2356-2357
Yuhanna al-Hadhiq al-Qibti (Mu’allim), 2357
Yuhanna ibn Abi Zakariyya ibn Siba, 1735
Yuhanna ibn Masawayh, 1273
Yuhanna ibn Moesis. See Yuhanna the Deacon
Yuhanna ibn Sawirus, 2357-2358
Yuhanna ibn Zakariyya ibn Abi Siba‘. See Ibn Siba‘ Yuhanna Ibn
Abi Zakariyya
Yuhanna al-Maqsi, 2358
Yuhanna ibn Sa‘id, 1573
Yuhannis, Bishop of Asyut, 297
Yuhannis ibn Buqtur al-Dimyati, 2358
Yuna, Anba, 744, 805
Yunus ibn Kadran, 1615, 1616
Yusab, Bishop of Damanhur, 686
Yusab, Bishop of Akhmim (13th century), 2359
Yusab, Bishop of Akhmim (15th century), 2359-2360
Yusab, Bishop of Akhmim (18th century), 2360-2361
Yusab I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325
Yusab I, Saint and Patriarch, 361, 2362-2363
and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 558
and Church of Sitt Maryam, 320
dates of patriarchy, 1916
feast day, 2087
and first portable altar, 144
and the Martyr Church at Abu Mina, 94
successor, 1412
and Yohannes I, Ethiopian prelate, 1001
Yuhanna biography of, 2356
Yusab II, Patriarch, 1911, 2363
dates of patriarchy, 1919
and Ethiopian church autonomy, 981-982, 1043-1044, 1613
and Haile Selassie I, 1198
and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2011, 2097
translation as bishop, 399
Yusab of Qift, Saint, 2087
Yustus Maraghi, 1122
Yusuf Abu Daqn, 2364-2365
Yusuf al-Qibti, 2365
Yusuf the Syrian (recluse), 1128
Z_______________________
Zacharias I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325
Zacharias, Patriarch, 2367-2368
and church restorations, 94, 558
and continued use of Coptic language, 1734
Damru residence, 689
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and Dayr Shahran restoration, 862
feast day, 2087
Zacharias, Saint and Bishop of Sa, 12, 2087
Zacharias, Saint and Bishop of Sakha, 12, 840, 1456, 2087, 2368
Zacharias of Scetis, 1681, 2369
Zadok and his companions (martyrs), 1559
Zaghlul, Sa‘d. See Sa‘d Zaghlul
Zagwe dynasty, 1425
Zahir, Caliph, 1097, 1098, 1099
Zambia, Coptic church in, 1622
Zamika’el, Ethiopian saint, 1046
Zamika’elites, 985
Zananiq, 1650
Zanetti, U., 1435, 1626
Zanufius, Saint, 2087
Zar’a Ya‘qob, King of Ethiopia, 1052—1053, 1054
Zawditu, Empress, 1040, 1041
Zawiyah, al- (village), 884
Zaytun, Apparition of the Virgin Mary at, 2308—2309
Zechariah, 1102, 1135
Zechariah (Didymus), 900
Zechariah, Bishop of Sakha, 840
Zechariah, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Holy Cross, 1243
Zeno (martyr). See Paul, Longinus, and Zeno (martyrs)
Zeno, Emperor, 2369—2370
Alexander of Lycopolis on, 87—88
endowment of Dayr Anba Maqar, 749, 1642
as father of Hilaria, Saint, 1230
Henoticon edict. See Henoticon
and Monophysites, 1671, 1673
patriarch under, 1915
and Timothy Salofaciolus, Patriarch, 1671, 2269
Zenobios, 762, 2371
Zephaniah, Apocalypse of, 165
Zephyrinus, Bishop of Rome, 1638
Zeus Ammonios (desert oracle), 1180
Zimbabwe, Coptic church in, 1622
Ziniyyah. See Coptic language, spoken
Ziyadah ibn Yahya ibn al-Rasi, 2079
Zo, Empress, 1099
Zoega, Georg (Jorgen), 2371
Zoilus (scribe), 1467
Zoroaster (pagan deity), 1520, 1617
Zosima, Anba, 130
Zosimus, Saint (monk-priest from Palestine)
on Apophthegmata patrum, 177
feast day, 2087
and Mary the Egyptian, 1560
Zosimus of Panopolis, 1735, 2371
Zostrianus, 2295, 2371—2372
Zubayr ibn al-`Awwam, al-, 186
Zubdat al-Fikrah fi Tarikh al-Hijrah, 1464
Zukayr (Yu’annis), 1573
Zuni, 22
Zurich, Switzerland, 1082, 1110, 2057
see also Switzerland; Theban Legion
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| Rating | |
| Entry Title | Index S-Z Volumes 1-7 |
| Publication | The Coptic encyclopedia, volume 8 |
| Entry Reference | CE: Index S-Z Volumes 1-7 |
| Creator | Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988 (editor-in-chief) |
| Contributors | Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988 (editor-in-chief) |
| Subject |
Copts Encyclopedias and dictionaries Indexes |
| Description | [Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372] S_______________________ Sa (son of Misra’im), 1652 Saad, Zaki Yusef, 708, 2071 Saba, 1089, 1750 Saba, Saint, 45, 1182 Sab‘ah wa-arba‘ah, 2071 and tafsir, 2198 and Theotokion, 2255 Saba ibn Tadurus al-Hawrani (deacon), 2047 Sabas, John, collected works of, 1779 Saba Yasa, 1182, 2071 on residence of Gregory II, Patriarch, 1182 Sabbath differing meanings for Christians and Jews, 2098—2100 Ethiopian controversy, 1050—1051 Old Testament, 1101 Saturday as, 2098 Sunday as, 2159 vigil associated with, 2308 Sabellianism, 1638, 1934, 2072 Alexander I and, 82 Anus’s opposition to, 231 Dionysius the Great and, 911 Eusebius of Caesarea’s opposition to, 1070 and hypostasis controversy, 1260 Sabellius the Libyan, 911, 1638, 1944, 2072 see also Sabellianism Sabinus, prefect of Alexandria, 909 Sacrament, 2072 absolution and, 15 baptism, 336—338 baptism, liturgy of, 339—342 Communion, Holy, 578—579 confirmation, 585—586 Dialogue of the Savior on, 898 Eucharist, 1056—1061 and excommunication, 1079—1080 given to children, 2072 Gospel of Philip on, 1156 holy orders, 2013—2015 interdict against administering, 1299 marriage, 1542-1543 and penance, 584-585 unction of the sick, 2291—2292 see also under individual sacraments Sacrament, reservation of the blessed, 2073 Sacramental oils. See Oils, sacramental Sacrifice, Eucharist as, 1058—1060 Sacrificial altars, 106 Sacristy, 219 Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. See Amplissima Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de, 2073 Sadamant, pilgrimages to, 1974 Sadamant-Fayyum, Dayr Mar Jirjis, 831 Sadat, Anwar al-, president of Egypt, 582, 707, 756, 948-949, 1516, 1991, 2091 Saddleback roof, 220 Sadij, al-, 114 Sadiq Attallah, Mu‘allim, 1737 Sa‘dist Party, 1992—1993 Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073-2074 Sa‘d Zaghlul, 375, 1466, 1515, 1628, 2074-2075 and British occupation of Egypt, 421—422 and political thought in modern Egypt, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994 on status of Copts, 950—951 and Wissa Wassef, 2323 Safi Abu al-Fada’il ibn al-‘Assal, al-, 310—311, 1748 Safi al-Din ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Ali ibn Shukr, vizier, 1269 Safi ibn al-‘Assal, al-, 1089, 1096, 2075-2079 and Butrus ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 428 on canon law, 1942, 2076 on circumcision, 1106 on Great Lent fasting, 1095 on Holy Saturday, 1247 on laying-on of hands, 1432—1433 on marriage, 1545 Nomocanon of, 1780, 1783, 2075, 2076 on offertory, 1824 works of, 1463, 1464, 2076—2079 works translated into Ethiopic, 977 and Yuhanna al-Maqsi, 2358 Sahidic dialect Alexander’s encomium on Peter I, 1943, 1944, 1945 Cambyses Romance in, 2060 Canons, Apostolic, 451 canons, ecclesiastical, 454 inscriptions in, 1296 Life of Pachomius, 1860, 1861 magical texts, 1501 manuscripts, 1885 New Testament in, 1787—1788 in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1836—1838 poetry, 1986 see also Appendix Sahlan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan, 2079-2080 Saht (Coptic textile term), 2221 Sahyun Walid (Akhmim), 1122 Sa‘id, 2080 Sa‘id, Khedive, 676, 1692—1693 Sa‘id ibn Batriq. See Ibn al-Bitriq, Sa‘id Sa‘id ibn al-Bitriq. See Ibn al-Bitriq, Sa‘id Sa‘id ibn Tufayl, 2080 Sai Island, 2080—2081 as episcopal see of Nubia, 1813 see also Nubian church organization Saint Andrew’s Church (Jericho), 1245 Saint Catherine’s Church (Alexandria), 1123 Saint Didymus Institute for the Blind (Cairo). See Didymus Institute for the Blind Saint Mark’s Cathedral. See Cathedral of Saint Mark Saint Mary and Saint Mark (Paris), 1623 Saint Maurice-en-Valais (city), 1572 Saint-Paul-Girard, Louis, 2081 Saint Peter’s Bridge monastery. See Lithazomenon and Saint Peter’s Bridge Saint Peter’s Cathedral (Rome), 1572 Saints Ababius, 1 Abamun of Tarnut, 1 Abamun of Tukh, 1-2 Abilius, 8 Abraam I, 10 Abraham, 10-11 Abraham and George of Scetis, 12—13 Abraham of Minuf, 13-14 Achillas (monk), 56 Achillas (patriarch), 55—56 Acta Sanctorum, 56-57 Agathon, 64-65 Agathon and his brothers, 66—67 Agathon the Stylite, 68—69 Alexandra, 88 Ammonas, 113 Amun, 119 Anastasia, 125 Anatolius, 128 Anba Ruways, 128 anchorites, 129 Antony of Egypt, 149—151 Apaiule and Tolemaeus, 153 Archellides, 192 Ari, 229 Arianus, 230—23 1 Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, 240—241 Ascla, 283 Barsanuphius, 348 Barsum the Naked, 348-349 Basil, 351—351 Besamon, 379 Bessarion, 379 Bulus al-Habis, 424—425 Camoul, 445 canonization, 449 Cassian, John, 461—463 Celadion, 475 Claudius, 561 commemoration of, 1567 Copres, 598 Coptic hymns for, 1728 Cyriacus and Julitta, 671 Cyril I, 671—675 difnar hymns on, 900—901 Dimyanah, 903 Dioscorus I, 912—9 15 Domitius, 1576—1578 Elias of Bishwaw, 952—953 Elias of Samhud, 953 English, 418—419 Ephraem Syrus, 963 Epima, 965 Epimachus of Pelusium, 965—966 Erai, 2209 Ethiopian, 1044—1055; see also Synaxarion, Ethiopian Euphrosyna, 1069 Eusebius, 1069—1070 Eusignius, 1071—1072 Eustathius and Theopista, 1072—1073 Exuperantius, 1082 al-Farama association, 1089 feasts, 1101 Febronia, 1109—1110 Felix, 1110 Fis, 1116 Gabra Masqal, 1047-1048 Gabriel, Archangel, appearance to, 1137 Gasecha, 1051—1052 George, 1137—1138 Giyorgis, 1051—1052 Gregory the Illuminator, 1183 Gregory of Nazianzus, 1183—1184 Gregory of Nyssa, 1184—1185 Hadra of Aswan, 1190 Hadra of Benhadab, 1190—1191 hagiographers, 1921 Hamai of Kahyor, 1203—1204 Harmina, 1209 Heraclas, 1219 Heraclides, 1220—1221 Herai, 1221 Herpaese and Julianus, 1225—1226 Hilaria, 1230—1231 Hilarion, 1232 Hop of Tukh, 1254 Hor of Abrahat, 1255 Horsiesios, 1257 Iconoclastic controversy, 1275 icons of, 1276, 1278 Ignatius of Antioch, 1281—1282 illuminated manuscript depiction of, 1283 Irish, 4 18—419 Isaac, 1304 Isaac of Tiphre, 1304—1305 Isaiah of Scetis, 1305—1306 Isidorus of Antioch, 1307 Isidorus of Scetis, 1310 Jacob, 1318 James, 1320—1321 James Intercisus, 1321 James of Scetis, 132 1—1322 Jeremiah, 1322—1323 Jerome, 1323 Jirjis al-Muzahim, 1335—1336 John, Bishop of Armant, 1353—1354 John I, 1337 John II, 1337 John III, 1337 John IV, 1338—1339 John VI, 1341—1342 John the Baptist, 1354—1356 John Chrysostom, 1357—1359 John Colobos, 1359—1361 John the Faster, 1339—1340 John Kama, 1362—1363 John of Lycopolis, 1363—1365 John of Parallos, 1367—1368 Joseph, 1370 Joseph of Bishwaw, 1371 Joseph the Carpenter, 1371— 1374 Joseph of Tsenti, 1374 Judas Cyriacus, 1377—1378 Julian, 1380 Justus, 1386—1387 Macarius, 1489 Macarius Alexandrinus, 1490 Macarius the Egyptian, 1491 Manasseh, 1518 Mark, 1528—1533 Mark II, 1533—1534 Mark III, 1534—1536 Mark the Simple, 1540—1541 Mary of Alexandria, 1560 Mary the Egyptian, 1560 Mass of the Faithful commemoration, 1567 Matthew the Poor, 157 1— 1572 Mauritius, 1572 Maximus, 1576—1578 Menas, 1589 Menas of al-Ashmunayn, 1589 Menas the Miracle Maker, 1589—1590 Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592—1594 Michael the Archangel, 1616—1619 Michael IV, 1614—1615 Misa’il, 1634 Moses the Black, 1681 Mui, 1696 Nob, Apa, 1796 Olympus, 1840 Onophrius, 1841-1842 Pachomius, 1859—1863 Paese, 1865 paintings in church, Dayr al-Baramus, 794 paintings in Main Church, Dayr Apa Jeremiah, 778, 1660 paintings in monasteries, 1660 paintings in Old Church, Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 727 Palaemon, 1876 Palamon, 1876 Pambo, 1876—1877 Pamin, 1878 Pamphilus, 1879 Panesneu, 1880 Panine and Paneu, 1880—1881 Pantaleon, 1881—1882 Paphnutius, 1882 Paphnutius the Hermit, 1882—1883 Paphnutius of Pbow, 1883—1884 Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884 Patasius, 1908 Patermuthius, 1908 Paul of Benhadab, 1922 Paul the Simple, 1923 Paul of Tamma, 1923—1925 Paul of Thebes, 1925—1926 Peter II, 1947 Peter the Presbyter, 1951 Peter of Scetis, 1951 Petronius, 1952 Phib, 1953—1954 Philotheus of Antioch, 1960—1961 Phis, 1963 Pidjimi, 1966—1967 pilgrimages to sites of, 1968—1975 Pisentius of Armant, 1978 Pisentius of Hermonthis, 1978 Pisentius of Qift, 1978—1980 Pisura, 1980 Poemen, 1983—1984 poetry on, 1985, 1986 Polycarp, 1997—1998 portraits of, 2004 Proclus, 2016 Pshoi, 2028—2029 Pshoi of Tud, 2030 Psote of Psoï, 2031—2032 Regula, 2057 Samuel of Benhadab, 2091—2092 Samu’il of Qalamun, 2092-2093 Sarapamon of Scetis, 2094—2095 Sarapion of Tmuis, 2095—2096 Severian of Jabalah, 2122 Shenufe, 2130—2131 Shenute, 2131—2133 Silvanus of Scetis, 2137 Simon I, 2138—2139 Simon II, 2139 Sophia, 2143—2144 Takia Haymanot, 1049—1050 Tecla, 1865 Ter and Erai, 2209 Theodora, 2235 Theodorus, 2237—2238 Theodorus of Alexandria, 2238 Theodorus of Pherme, 2239 Theodorus of Tabennese, 2239—2240 Theodosius I, 2241 Theognosta, 2243—2244 Theophilus, 2253—2254 Thomas, 2256 Timotheus, 2262—2263 Timothy I, 2263 Tolemaus, 2271 Ursus of Solothurn, 2292—2293 Verena, 2299—2301, 2301 Victor of Shu, 2302 Victor Stratelates, 2303—2308 Victor of Tabennese, 2308 Yusab I, 2362 Zacharias, Bishop, 2368 Zar’a Ya‘qob, 1052—1053 see also Hagiography, Coptic; Martyrs Saints, Coptic, 2081-2087 Copto-Arabic Synaxarion list of, 2172—2190 Synaxarion list of, 2 173—2190 Synaxarion as source of knowledge of, 1044��1045 The Saints of Egypt in the Coptic Calendar (O’Leary), 1551, 2081 Sakha, 66, 2087-2088 Sakhirun of Qallin (martyr), 1558 Saklabaoth, 1618 Saklas (pagan deity), 1154 Saladin, 872, 1534—1535, 1536, 1097, 1615 see also Ayyubid Dynasty and the Copts Salah al-Din. See Saladin Salama I, Ethiopian prelate, 312—313, 990—991 Salama II, Ethiopian prelate, 1011—1012 Salama III, Ethiopian prelate, 1033—1036 Salama IV, Metropolitan, 1590 Salamah, Albert Barsum, 1911 Salamah Musa, 1996, 2011, 2088-2089 Salamuni, al-, pilgrimages to, 1974 Salfana. See Paul and Salfana (martyrs) Salib (new martyr), 1558 Salib Sami, 1991 Salih ibn Qala’un, al-, Sultan, 750 Salih Salah al-Din. See Saladin Salim, Bakhkhash, 1626 Salim ibn Yusuf al-Siba‘i al-Itfawi, 2089 Salippe, Mikarius, 2089-2090 Salome (mother of Zebedee’s children), 1117 Salvation Gnostic Christian homily on, 898 Origen on, 1849 Samalut Dayr Abu Bifam at, 696—697 Dayr al-‘Adhra’ at, 7 15—716 Samannud, 36, 925, 2090 Sami Gabra, 1230, 2090 Samson, 1618 Samuel, A. E., 1895 Samuel, Bishop, 1624, 2090-2091 and Cyril VI, 707 role in Coptic education, 933 and Yusab II, 2363 Samuel of Benhadab, Saint, 2086, 2091—2092, 2086 Samuel of Kalamun. See Samu’il of Qalamun, Saint Samuel Koui (the Small), 826 Samuel the Recluse, Anba, 1504 Samu’il of Qalamun, Saint, 1216, 1362, 1448, 2092-2093 feast day, 2086 monasteries, 707, 758, 759, 845, 1130 and Takinash, 2092—2093, 2199 see also Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun Samu’il al-Suryani, 1462 Sanabu, 2093-2094 monasteries around, 1654 Sanad, al-, 1656 Sanctuary askinah, 288 and candelabrum, 1469 communion table, 580 in Egyptian church architecture, 220—221, 552��553 Sanctuary of Philotheus (Antioch), 893 Sanctus, 1731 Sandals and shoes, 646, 1433 Sanders, H. A., 1895 Sandstone, Coptic sculpture in, 2115 Sandstorm, 1487 Sanhira, pilgrimages to, 1974 Sanhut, Bishop of Misr, 760— 761 Sani Abu al-Majd Butrus ibn al-Muhadhdhib Abu al-Faraj, al-, 1085 Sanquriyyah, al-, pilgrimages to, 1974 Sansno, Saint, 2087 Sanutios. See Shute I, Saint Saqqara and Coptic scupture in stone, 2112, 2115, 2116 Dayr Apa Jeremiah in, 772, 773, 776—777, 1659, 1660 decorations of monastery cells at, 525, 555, 556 inscriptions found at, 1293, 1294, 1295 monastery mural painting, 1873, 1874 pilgrims and travelers to, 1976 remains and representations of Coptic clothing. See Costume, civil Sara, Saint, 2087, 2094 Sarabaïtes (free monks), 702 Sarabam. See Dayr Abu Sarabam Saragossa, Council of, on regulations for nuns, 1822 Sarah. See Bahnam and Sarah (martyrs); Benam and Sarah (martyrs); Moses and Sarah (martyrs) Sarah and her children (martyrs), 1558 Sarapamon, Bishop of Beheira and al-Minufiyyah, 686 Sarapamon, Bishop of Minufiyyah, 1950 Sarapamon of Nikiou, 955, 1793 Sarapamon of Scetis, Saint, 1558, 2087, 2094 Sarapion, 2094—2095 see also Serapion Sarapion, Saint (martyr from Binusah), 1558, 2120—2121 Sarapion of Tmuis, Saint and Bishop, 1491, 2095, 2095-2096 anaphora of, 1539 anti-Manichaeism, 1522, 2096 as disciple of Antony, Saint, 149, 2096 feast day, 2087 Sarcophagus, wooden, 2330—2331 Sardica, Council of (351), 1089 Sarjiyus, Malati, 1465, 1466, 2096-2097 conflict with Yusab II, Patriarch, 2011, 2097, 2363 Sarmata. See Pamun and Sarmata (martyrs) Sarraj al-Warraq, al-, 1085 Sasht (Coptic textile term), 2221 Sassanid Empire. See Persians in Egypt Sassanid influences on Coptic art, 2097-2098 Sasso, François, Father, 1330 Satan and Antichrist, 143 Gabriel, Archangel, power over, 1136 Gregory of Nazianzus on sin of, 1184 Michael, Archangel, power over, 1617, 1618—1619 Raphael, Archangel, power over, 2053 see also Demons; Devil Saturday, 1901, 2098-2100 Holy Saturday, 1247—1249 Saturn (pagan deity), 1617 Sauneron, Serge, 2100 Savery Codex. See Crosby Schøyen Codex Savoyards, 1572 Sawadah Dayr Apa Hor at, 770—771 pilgrimages to, 1974 Sawam‘ah Sharq, al-, Dayr Anba Bakhum, 730—73 1 Sawiros, Ethiopian prelate, 1005—1006 Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 19, 21, 1573, 2100-2102 Abraham, Saint and Patriarch and, 11 on al-Afrajun, 64 and Alexander’s encomium on Peter I, 1943, 1944 on the Arab conquest of Egypt, 183— 189 and Bashmuric revolts, 350 and blessings, 404 and Book of Epact, 410 collected works of, 1779 on the Crusades, 664—665 al-Durr al-Thamin, 926 and Egyptian conscription of Christian sailors, 2286 and History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria, 1239 and John of Shmun, 1369 on Primus, 2016 on Saturdays during Lent, 2099 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247 and the Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2258—2259 and al-Wadih ibn Raja’, 2311 works by, 1460, 1461, 1779 and Yuhanna, 2356 Sayce, Archibald Henry, 856, 1090, 2102 Sayfayn, Abu. See Dayr Abu Sayfayn; Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint Sayyid, Ahmad Lutfi, al-, 1994, 1995, 1996 Sayyid, Mikha’il ‘Abd, al-, 1995, 2010 Scala magna (Kircher), 1415, 1267, 1748 Scarves, 643—644 Scenas Mandras, castrum of, 465 Scetis, 113, 120, 2102—2106 Abraham and George of, Saints, 12—13 Agathon of Alexandria and monastic cell construction, 65 Amun, Saint, and, 119 Apophthegmata patrum on monks of, 177—178 Arsenius, Saint, 240—241 Bedouin plunder of, 1534 Bessarion, Saint, of, 379 Cassian, John, on monks of, 462—463 and Damanhur bishopric, 687 Damian as monk at, 688 Daniel of, 1648 Daniel, Saint, of, 692 Dayr Abu Musa al-’Aswad, 708 Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 720, 722 Dayr Anba Bishoi, 734—736 Dayr Anba Helias, 747—748 Dayr Anba Maqar, 748—756 Dayr Apa Anub, 770 Dayr al-Arman, 782 Dayr al-Baramus, 789—794 Dayr al-Suryan in, 876—881 Dayr Yuhannis Kama at, 883 Ewostatewos, Ethiopian saint, of, 1050—1051 forty-nine martyrs of. See Forty-nine martyrs of Scetis Gabriel I, Saint and Patriarch in monastaries of, 1127 Hilaria, Saint, at, 1230—1231 Isaiah the Hermit at, 1305—1306 Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud link with, 1316 John Colobos at, 1360 John Colobos and Bishoi flight from, 701, 795 John Kama of, 1362 and Kellia site location, 1397, 1401 Krajon and Amun martyrdom at, 1419 as laura of hermitages, 1224—1225 Macarius Alexandrinus in, 1490 Macarius the Egyptian in, 1491 monasteries, 707, 714, 727, 835, 841, 1658, 1659 monastery libraries, 1449 monastic life, 1662 monastic population, 1663 monks and anthropomorphism, 143 Moses the Black in, 707, 708 and Nitria monastery, 1794—1796 Palladius at, 1877 papyrus discoveries, 1900 parekklesia, 1903 Peter of, 1951 Poemen and brothers as monks at, 1983, 1984 Pshoi of, 2029—2030 recluses in, 2055 Rufinus history of hermits of, 2068 Samu’l of Qalamun expulsion from, 2092 Silvanus of, 2137 Theodorus of Pherme of, 2239 Theophilus, Patriarch, and monks of, 2247, 2249—2250 travel reports of monasteries, 1977 al-Wadih ibn Raja’ in, 2311 Zacharias, Saint, in, 2368 Scevophilacion. See Pastophorium Schäfer, Heinrich, 2106 Schema. See Bishop, consecration of Schermann, Theodor, 2106 Schiller, A. Arthur, 1895, 1438, 2106 Schism. See Acacian schism; Chalcedon, Council of; Donatism; Melitian schism Schmidt, Carl, 1149, 1899, 2106-2107 Scholarios, 1114 Scholars ‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi, 5-7 ‘Abd al-Masih Salib al-Masu‘di, 7 Acta sanctorum, 56—57 Amélineau, Emile Clement, 112 Assemani family, 289 Bachatly, Charles, 323 Bajuri, Shaykh Ibrahim, al-, 330—331 Balestri, Giuseppe, 332 Bardenhewer, Otto, 345 Barns, John Wintour Baldwin, 347 Basset, René, 360 Bell, Harold Idris, 374 Bilabel, Friedrich, 390—39 1 Bodmer, Martin, 404—405 Boeser, Pieter Adriaan Art, 405 Borgia, Stefano, 412 Bourguet, Pierre du, S. J., 414 Bouriant, Urbain, 414—415 Breccia, A. Evaristo, 416 Brightman, Frank Edward, 416 Bruce, James, 422 Brugsch, Heinrich Ferdinand Karl, 422 Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis, 422—423 Burmester, Oswald Hugh Edward, 427 Burkitt, Francis Crawford, 426 Butcher, Edith L., 428 Butler, Alfred Joshua, 428 Cerny, Jaroslav, 511 Champollion, Jean François, 516 Chassinat, Emile Gaston, 516—517 Chiftichi, Yuhanna, 519—520 Clédat, Jean, 561 Cramer, Maria, 656—657 Curzon, Robert, 663-665 al-Damanhuri, Shaykh Ahmad, 687 Daressy, Georges Emile Jules, 693 Daumas, Franois, 694—695 Dévaud, Eugène Victor, 895 Didymus the Blind, 900 Dominicans in Egypt, 918 Drescher, James Anthony Bede, 924 Drioton, (Chanoine) Etienne, 924 Dulaurier, Jean Paul, 925 Erichsen, Wolja, 972—973 Erman, Adolf, 973 Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard, 1078 Evetts, Basil Thomas Alfred, 1078 Fortescue, Adrian, 1120 Galtier, Emile Joseph, 1138 Girgis Mattha, 1141 Graf, Georg, 1165 Graffin, René, 1165 Grapow, Hermann, 1165 Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, 1185 Groff, William N., 1185 Grohmann, Adolf, 1185—1186 Guidi, Ignazio, 1186—1187 Haase, Felix, 1189 Habib Jirjis, 1189 hagiography, 1191 Hall, Henry Reginald Holland, 1203 Hanna Salib Sa‘d, 1206 Hardy, Edward R., 1206 Hauser, Walter, 1210 Hebbelynck, Adolphe, 1215 Hefele, Karl Joseph, 1215 Hengstenberg, Wilhelm, 1217 Heuser, Gustav, 1227 Horner, George W., 1257 Huntington, Robert, 1260 Hyvernat, Henri Eugène Xavier Louis, 1263 Ibn Kabar, 1267—1268 Ibn Katib Qaysar, 1268 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, 1269—1270 Ibn Siba‘, Yuhanna ibn Abi Zakariyya, 1272 Ideler, Julius Ludwig, 1280 Ilyas Buqtur, 1284—1285 Iqladiyus Labib, 1302 ‘Iryan Jirjis Muftah, 1302— 1303 Jablonski, Paul Ernst, 1318 Jernstedt, Peter Viktorovich, 1323 Johann Georg, 1336 Jullien, Michel Marie, 1382—1383 Junker, Hermann, 1383 Kahle, Paul Eric, 1389 Karabacek, Joseph von, 1389 Keimer, Ludwig, 1396 Kenyon, Frederic George, 1410 Kircher, Athanasius, 1415 Krall, Jakob, 1419 Kuentz, Charles, 1419 Kühnel, Ernst, 1419—1420 Labib Habachi, 1423 Labib, Subhi Yanni, 1423 Lacau, Pierre, 1424 Lanormant, Charles, 1440 Lefort, Louis Théophile, 1437 Legrain, Georges, 1439 Leipoldt, Johannes, 1439 Lemm, Oskar Eduardovich Von, 1439 Lepsius, Karl Richard, 1444 Le Quien, Michel, 1444 Leroy, Jules, 1444 Letronne, Jean Antoine, 1444—1445 Lucian of Antioch, 1484 Malinine, Michel, 1516 Mallon, Marie Alexis, 1516 Marcel, Jean-Joseph, 1526 Marucchi, Orazio, 1559 Maspero, Gaston, 1561 Maspero, Jean (Jacques), 1561— 1562 Michalowski, Kazimierz, 1620 Miedema, Rein, 1620 Migne, Jacques-Paul, 1620 Monneret de Villard, Ugo, 1668—1669 Morenz, Siegfried, 1678 Muhammad Ramzi, 1695 al-Muhdi, Muhammad, 1695—1696 Munier, Adolphe Henri, 1698 Murad Kamil, 1698—1699 Murray, Margaret Alice, 1700—1701 musicologists, 1741—1742, 1743—1744 Muyser, Jacob Louis Lambert, 1749 Nau, François-Nicolas, 1783 Obicini, Thomas, 1823 Oriens Christianus, 1845 Palanque, (Henri Amedée) Charles, 1876 papyrologists, 1888—1889 Parthey, Gustav Friedrich Constantin, 1903 patristics, 1920—1921 Peeters, Paul, 1929 Peiresc, Nicolas Claude de Fabri, 1929 Pellegrini, Astorre, 1931 Petersen, Theodore, 1951 Petraeus, Theodor, 1951 Peyron, Amedeo Angelomaria, 1952 Piankoff, Alexandre, 1966 Piehl, Karl Fredrik, 1967 Porcher, Ernest, 2000—2001 prosopography use by, 2021—2022 Puech, Henri-Charles, 2032—2033 Quibell, James Edward, 2040 Qustantin ibn Abi al-Ma‘ali ibn Abi al-Fath Abu al-Fath, 2046—2047 Ramshausen, Franciscus Wilhelm von, 2052 Ranke, Hermann, 2052 Rémondon, Rogert, 2057 Renaudin, Paul, 2057 Renaudot, Eusebe, 2057 Revillout, Charles Eugene, 2058 Ricci, Seymour Montefiore Robert Rosso de, 2059 Rösch, Friedrich, 2067 Rossi, Francesco, 2067 Rückert, Friedrich, 2067 Rufa’il al-Tukhi, 2067—2068 Rufinus, 2068—2069 Saad, Zaki Yusef, 2071 Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de, 2073 Sauneron, Serge, 2100 Sayce, Archibald Henery, 2102 Schäfer, Heinrich, 2106 Schermann, Theodor, 2106 Schiller, A. Arthur, 2106 Schmidt, Carl, 2106—2107 Scholtz, Christian, 2107 Schubart, Wilhelm, 2107 Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, 2107 Sethe, Kurt Heinrich, 2121 Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125 Sicard, Claude, 2136—2137 Simon, Jean, 2140 Spiegelberg, Wilhelm, 1245 Stegemann, Viktor, 2148 Steindorff, Georg, 2148 Steinwenter, Artur, 2149 Stern, Ludwig, 2155—2156, 2155—2156 Strothmann, Rudolph, 2156 Strzygowski, Josef, 2156 Tattam, Henry, 2202 Teza, Emilio, 2230 Thompson, Henry Francis Herbert, 2257 Till, Walter Curt Franz Theodor Karl Alois, 2261 Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 2269 Tisserant, Eugne, 2270 Turaev, Boris Alexandrovitch, 2282 Van Lantschoot, Arnold, 2298 Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 2299 Villecourt, Louis, 2308 Wessely, Carl Franz Joseph, 2321 Whittemore, Thomas, 2321 Wiesmann, Hermann, 2321 Wiet, Gaston, 2321 Wilcken, Ulrich, 2322 Wilke, David, 2322 Woide, Charles Godfrey, 2324 Worrell, William Hoyt, 2348 Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand, 2348 Ya‘qub Nakhlah Rufaylah, 2353 Yassa ‘Abd al-Masih, 2353 Yusuf Abu Daqn, 2364-2365 Zoega, Georg (Jorgen), 2371 see also Coptological studies; Historians; Philosophers; Theologians Scholtz, Christian, 1424, 2107 School of Alexandria. See Catechetical School of Alexandria Schools, Coptic. See Education, Coptic; specific institutions Schubart, Wilhelm, 2107 Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, 1424, 2107 Schweinfurth, G., 1396 Screen. See Cancelli Screens, wooden, 2334, 2335 Scribes Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib, 33—34 accounting, 52—54 Caraccioli, Clement, 461 from Durunkah, 927 pen cases, 1933 Yuhanna, 2356 see also Manuscripts; Scriptorium Scriptores historiae Augustae, 904 Scriptorium, 577, 2108 role in Coptic education, 931—932 see also Manuscripts Scripture, canon of the, 2108-2111 see also Bible; New Testament; Old Testament Scrofula, 771, 1975 Sculpture, 266—267, 271—272 at Ahnas, 74—76, 2112, 2116 Arab conquest impact on, 275—276 at al-Ashmunayn, 74, 287-288 at Bawit, 74, 374, 66 figurines, 1607 in Louvre Museum, 1483 portraiture, Coptic, 2006 preservation of, 280 at Saqqara, 74 in State Museum of Berlin, 2146—2147 statuary, 2147—2148 stone relief of Shenute, 2132 of the Virgin Enthroned, 543—544 in woodworking, 2327 see also Architectural sculpture; Christian subjects in Coptic art; Metalwork, Coptic; Sculpture in stone Sculpture in stone, Coptic, 2112—2117, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2149 see also Architectural sculpture; Sculpture; Statuary; Stela “Seal of the Martyrs” (Peter I), 81 Seals rings, 1607 wooden, 2334, 2335—2336 see also Ceramics, Coptic; Stamps Seasons Coptic calendar and liturgy for, 443-444 depicted in Coptic art, 1767 Shamm al-Nasim spring festival, 2126 Sebaste, martyrdoms at, 1558, 1593 Second Coming and orientation toward the East, 1846 Origen on, 1850 see also Judgment, Last Second Henoticon of 571, 1676 Second Treatise of the Great Seth, 2117—2118 and Gospel of the Egyptians, 1154 Secret Gospel of Saint Mark, 2118—21 19 Carpocrates and, 461 Secret History (Procopius), 2019, 2020 Secundus, Bishop of Tigisis, 84, 920 See of Saint Mark. See Alexandria; Patriarchs of the See of Saint Mark Sehma, Ethiopian saint, 1047 Semi-Arians, 2119 Sem‘on, Ethiopian prelate, 1021—1022 Senouthios. See Shenute Sent. See Isna Sentences of Menandros, 2119 Sentences of Sextus, 2119-2120 Septimius Severus, Emperor, 1179, 1180, 1868 and Alexandria, 97 patriarch under, 1914 persecutions under, 892, 1846, 1936 visits to Egypt, 2062, 2066 Septuagint, 1865, 1867 Serapeum (Alexandria), 31—32, 100, 101, 134, 1869—1870, 2065, 2248 destruction of, 946 Seraphim. See Cherubim and seraphim Serapion. See Sarapion, Saint Serapion of Antioch, Bishop, 917 Serapion Sindonita. See Sarapion Serapis (pagan deity), 1531, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1936 popularity in Canopus, 31 Roman emperors’ veneration of, 2062, 2063 see also Serapeum (Alexandria) Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1666, 1667 Sergius of Atrib (martyr), 1558 Sergius and Bacchus (martyrs), 1558 The Services of the Deacon (ritual book), 1729. 1737 Seth (pagan deity), 1154, 1503, 1761 Seth (son of Adam), 1154, 1503 see also Sethianism Seth, Apa, 763, 2121 Sethe, Kurt Heinrich, 2121 Sethianism, 1154, 1222, 2117—2118, 2259—2260 Seti I, temple of at Abydos, 39—40, 41 Settlements. See Excavations; Toponymy, Coptic; Towns and settlements; specific names Seven Ascetics of Tunah, 2122 Seven Smaller Intercessions, 1567 Severan dynasty, 2062—2063 Severian of Jabalah (Gabala), Saint, 1138, 2122-2123 feast day, 2087 homily on Gabriel, Archangel, 1136 homily on Michael, Archangel, 1619 and Nestorian influence on Cosmas Indicopleustes, 640 Severians. See Severus; Theodosians Severianus. See Severian of Jabalah (Gabala), Saint Severus (martyr), 892 Severus, Emperor. See Septimius Severus, Emperor Severus Alexander, Emperor, 2063 Severus of Antioch, 592, 732, 876, 1455, 1931, 2123—2125 and Acacian schism, 44, 45, 55; see also subheads Christological dispute; monophysitism Athanasius of Antioch biography of, 304 in the Christian Topography, 640 Christological dispute with Julian of Halicarnassus, 70, 1379, 2125 Coptic texts on, 304, 1455 and Dioscorus II, Patriarch, 45—46, 915 doctrinal position, 734 Encomia, 1193, 1196 and Eutyches, 1075 and Flavius Apion, 155 hymn ascribed to, 1733 on Isidorus of Pelusium, 1308 and John II, Patriarch, 1337 and Justin I, Emperor, 1383 on Michael, Archangel, 1618 and monophysitism, 734, 1442, 1672—1673, 1674, 1675, 2263 Moses of Abydos prophecy on, 1679—1680 and Oktokaidekaton monastery, 1826—1827 on Philotheus, Saint, 1961 portraits of, 726 relics and shrine of, 95, 1976 and Scetis monks, 2104 and Theodosius I, Patriarch, 2241 and Timothy III, Patriarch, 2268 see also Dayr Anba Sawirus Severus of al-Ashmnayn. See Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘ Sextus, sentences of, 2119—2120 Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125 Shabehmot, 2126 Shadrach, 1092 Shaft. See Column Shahran. See Dayr Shahran Shalan ibn ‘Uthman, Abu al-Hasan, 1395 Shamlah. See Taylasan Shamm al-Nasim, 2126 Shams al-Din, 21b26-2127 plan of church at, 2127 Shamul (martyr), 1558 Shanasha, 1209, 2127-2128 Shapur, King of Persia, 14, 1519, 1558 Shapurakan (Mani), 1521 Shaqalqil, pilgrimages to, 1974 Shaqq al-haykal, niches, 216, 221 Sharaf al-Din Hibat-Allah ibn Sa‘id al-Fa’izi, 1517 Sharah (Sharat). See Theotokion Shard. See Ostracon Sharqiyyah Province, monasteries in, 1655—1656 Sharunah, 2128 Shata, 1649 Shats. See Khandaq, al- Shawar (Muslim governor), 2043—2044 Shaw, George Bernard, 1996, 2088 Shawls, 642—643 linen and tapestry, 2223 Shawl of Sabine, 1754, 1755 Shaykh ‘Abadah. See Antinoopolis; Hafn Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qurnah, 1078, 2128, 2129 monastery explored by Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard, 1078 tombs used as hermitages, 1225 see also Dayr Epiphanius Shaykh Abu al-Barakat ibn Abi Sa‘id, al-, 1535 Shaykh Hasan, al-, 2129 Shaykh al-Islam. See Bajuri, Shaykh Ibrahim, al- Shaykh Sa‘id, al-, 2130 Shekenda, King, 1514 Shem (son of Noah), 1901—1902 Paraphrase of, 166 Sheneset, 1859, 1860 Shen-hin. See Lecanoscopy Shenouda III, Patriarch, 2130 collected works of, 1782 consecration of Beirut, Lebanon, church, 1621 and Coptic Community Council, 582 and Coptic relations with Rome, 611 and Coptic youth movements, 2355 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Dayr al-Suryan, 879 on divorce, 1943 establishment of Coptic eparchy in France, 1623 and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 982 on funerary customs, 1125 on Mark, Saint, 1529 on patriarchal election, 1911 and personal status laws, 1942 and Rabitat al-Quds, 2049 reestablishment of See of Pentapolis, 1613 selection method, 1999 Shenoute. See Shenute Shenufe, Saint, 307, 1526, 1558, 1585—1587, 2130—2131 Shenute (fourteenth-century scribe), 927 Shenute (seventh-century “new martyr”), 1558 Shenute I, Patriarch, 1527, 2133—2135 and al-Balyana, 333 and al-Batanun, 361 condemnation of cheirotonia, 517 dates of patriarchy, 1916 and destruction of Tall Atrib, 2200 feast day, 2087 and monastery wall construction, 750, 1237 Sawirus biography of, 1461 successor, 1412—1413 and Yuhanna as scribe and biographer, 2356 Shenute II, Patriarch, 2135 and Church of Abu Sayfayn, 550 Damru residence, 689 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and al-Faram bishopric, 1089—1090 selection method, 1999 Shenute, Saint, 2131—2133, 2132 and Abu Bishai, 738 antipaganism, 1868, 1870 as archimandrite, 193, 378 on birth of Moses of Abydos, 1679, 1680 and convents, 1663, 1822 Coptic texts of, 1452—1453, 1456 Dayr Abu Sayfayn church dedicated to, 710 depicted in Coptic art, 538—540, 727, 2132 as desert father, 894 feast day, 2087 and Greek philosophy, 1958 Grohmann’s studies of, 1186 and John of Lycopolis, 1365 and Joseph, Saint, 1370 life of, 737, 762, 781 and medicine, 1886 monasteries of, 729, 1661 and monastery libraries, 1448 on mourning, 1686 and Nestorius, 1787 numbers of monks under, 1662—1663 and Pachomian monasticism, 1453, 1664 and Physiologos, 1966 and Pidjimi, Saint, 1966-1967, 2086 on pilgrimage abuses, 1968 pilgrimages to burial site of, 1969—1970 Pjol and, 1974, 1981 poetry on, 1985, 1986 prophecy of, 707, 1679 and Pshoi, Saint, 2029 relics, 764 on the Resurrection, 1697 and Seth, 2121 and Thomas, Saint, 2256 and Victor of Tabennese, 2308 writings in Coptic language, 1168 and Zenobios, 2371 see also Dayr Anba Shinudah Shenutean idiom. See Appendix Shenute the Archimandrite. See Shenute, Saint Shenute of Bahnasa (martyr), 1558 Shenute of Hermopolis (seventh-century notary), archive of, 226 Shenuti (recluse), 1648 Sheol. See Afterlife The Shepherd of Hermas, 62, 63, 898, 1223 Shewa, 1590 Shibab al-Din Ahmad Nuwayri, 2136 Shihat, 377, 1135 Shinshif. See Naj‘ al-Shinshifi Shinudah, Anba. See Dayr Anba Shinudah; Shenute, Saint Shipbuilding centers, Alexandria, 89 Shirkuh. See Ghuzz Shirt. See Liturgical vestments Shoes. See Sandals and shoes A Short History of the Copts and Their Church (Maqrizi), 1525 Shotep. See Shutb Shtit (Coptic textile term), 2221 Shube (martyr), 1558 Shubra Nabat (Shubra Damru) (village), 689—690 Shukrallah Jirjis, 2136 Shukri, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 1466 Shumayyil, Shibli, 1996 Shutb, 797, 2136 Shute I, Saint, 2087 Shuttle. See Textiles, Coptic, manufacturing techniques Sibirbay, 1969, 2136 Sibylla, 1136, 1867 Sibylline Oracles, 899, 1867 Sicard, Claude, 1330, 1977, 2136-2137 on Antinoopolis, 145 on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722 on Dayr Anb Bakhum, 729—730 on Dayr al-Baramus, 791 on Dayr al-Jabrawi on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 825 Sicily, 182, 1099 Sickness. See Communion of the sick; Healings in Coptic literature; Medicine; Unction of the sick Sidarus, Gabriel, 1206, 2137 Siderius, Bishop of Palaebisca and Hydrax, 1612 Sidfa, pilgrimages to, 1974 Sidhom Bishay (new martyr), 1558 Sidon, Council of (511), 1962 Sidqi Pasha, Isma‘il, 1992 Sign of the Cross. See Holy Cross Day Sign of life, Egyptian. See Ankh Silk, used in Coptic textiles, 22 12—2213, 2213—2214 Silko, King, 1171 Silvanus, Teachings of. See Teachings of Silvanus Silvanus of Scetis, Saint, 1733, 2087, 2137, 2369 Silver, 576, 1599 Simaikah, Marcos. See Murqus Simaykah Sim‘an ibn Abi Nasr al-Tamada’i, 2138 Simeon (new martyr), 1558 Simeon, Saint, 745, 1633, 1778, 2087 see also Dayr Anba Hadra Simeon the Armenian (martyr), 1558 Simeon the elder, 1106—1107 Simeon the Potter of Geshir, Theotokia melodies ascribed to, 1726—1727 Simeonstift Coptic Collection. See Museums, Coptic collections Simeon the Stylite. See Pseudo-Macarius, homilies of; Simeon, Saint Simon, Apostle and Saint, 57 \ Simon, Jean, 2140 Simon I, Saint and Patriarch, 20, 85, 93, 2138—2139 and bishops of Nikiou, 1794 dates of patriarchy, 1915 feast day, 2087 as monk at the Enaton, 958 and ordination of Zacharias as bishop, 2368 Simon II, Saint and Patriarch, 2139 dates of patriarchy, 1916 feast day, 2087 and Yohannes I, Ethiopian prelate, 1001 Yuhanna as biographer, 2356 Simon the Mad, Saint, collected miracles of, 1783 Simon Simeionis, 1977 Simony. See Cheirotonia Simon the Zealot, Saint, relics, 764 Simplicius, Pope (Rome), 42, 43, 1218, 1671 Simyen Mountains, 1425 Sin. See Absolution; Atonement; Confession and penitence; Original sin; Penance Sina (martyr), 1089, 1558 Sinai Peninsula Christian pilgrimages and travelers in, 1976 Pharan oasis, 1952—1953 Raithou, 2049—2050 on route of flight into Egypt, 1118 Sinan Pasha, 1134 Sinbillawayn, al-, 1648 Singing. See Cantors; Chant; Choral singing; Hymns; Music, Coptic Sinhira. See Pilgrimages Sinhut, Bishop of Misr, 1615 Sinjar, 1722, 2140 Sinoda, Ethiopian prelate, 1025— 1026 Sinuthius, Saint, monastery of. See Dayr Anba Shinudah Siricus, Pope, 2249 Sirmium, Council of (359), 1089 Sirri, Husayn, 1990 Siryaqus Dayr Apa Hor, 77 1—772 pilgrimages to, 1974—1975 Sisinnius, Saint, paintings of, 727 Sisoes, Abba, 758, 2141 Sistrum (musical instrument), 1740, 1740 Siti, King of Dotawo, 922 Sitt Dimyanah. See Dayr Sitt Dimyanah Sitt al-Mulk, 18, 1097, 1098, 1201 Sitt Rifqah, 1971 Siwa (oasis), 1659, 2141 Sixtus III, Pope, 1440 Siyar al-Bi‘ah al-Muqaddasah. See History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria Skin diseases, 1579—1580 Skins. See Hides and skins Slaves, Nubian in Egypt, 1099 Sleep, prayer of. See Compline Sleeves, 1477—1478 Slippers, 1478 Smaller Church in the Febrius (Pharos island), 93 Smith, Morton, 2118, 2119 Smyrna martyrs, 1997—1998 sacrifice to Roman gods at, 890 Sne. See Isna Snuffer, 1598 Soba, 2141-2142 as capital of the Nubian kingdom of ‘Alwa, 110, 111, 1797 as episcopal see of Nubia, 1813 and Nubian archaeology, medieval, 1804 Socialism, 1996, 2088—2089 Socialist Action Party, 1991 Socialist Party, 1996 Socialist Union, 1991 Société d’archéologie copte. See Society of Coptic Archaeology Société française des fouilles archéologiques, 1482 Société royale de géographie de l’Egypte, 1698 Society of the Bollandists. See Bollandists Society of Coptic Archaeology (Cairo), 1700, 1891, 1892, 2142 and Bachatly, Charles, 323 and excavation of Dayr Apa Phoibammon, 779 and Omar Toussoun, 1841 \ and Sami Gabra, 2090 Society of Jesus. See Jesuits and the Coptic Church Socks, 646 Socrates (church historian), 2068, 2142 on Athanasius I, 298 on feast of the Ascension, 1105 on Gallus Caesar’s vision of the Holy Cross, 1244 on Helena, Empress, discovery of Holy Cross of Christ, 1243 on Jovian, Emperor, 1376 and Sozomen, 2145 supplemented by Theodoret, 2236 on Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247, 2248, 2250, 2252 Soknopaiou Nesos, 1390 Soldier—martyrs, 1964 Sol Invictus (pagan deity), 1617 Sollerius, Jean Baptiste, 1330 Solomon (Old Testament) as author of Physiologos, 1966 and guardian angel concept, 1186 poetry on, 1985, 1986 Psalms of, 166 Solomon, King of Nubia, 1099 Solon (anchorite), 1650 Son of Grace, Ethiopian doctrinal conflict, 1033 Songs, nonliturgical, 1744 Songs of Isis and Nephthys, 1732 Song of the Three Young Men in the Furnace, 4 Sophia (gnosticism), 1148, 1150, 1151, 1156 Sophia (martyr and mother of Eudamon and Epistamon), 1558 Sophia (wife of Christian governor of Antioch), 1307 Sophia, Empress (Justin II), 1384, 1676 Sophia, Saint, 2143-2144 compared with Hilaria, Saint, 1231 feast day, 1558 relics, 95, 783 The Sopha of Jesus Christ. See Eugnostos the Blessed and the Sophia of Jesus Christ Sophronius, 1467, 1560, 1666, 1676, 1667, 1678 Sossianus Hierocles, 907, 1937, 2009 Soul Authentikos Logos on, 309 exegisis on the, 1080—1081 preexistence, Ethiopian controversy, 985—986 preexistence, creed of, 900, 2118 see also Sophia (gnosticism) Souros, 635, 2144 Soviet Union. See Russia; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Sozomen, 2068, 2145 on Athanasius I, 298 on Eucharistic fast, 1063 on flight into Egypt, 841 on Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud, 1316 on Mareotis monks, 1527 on Temple of Serapis, 134 and Theodoret, 2236 on Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247 and Timothy I, Patriarch, 2263 Sozousa, 1934 Spain, papyrus collection, 1895 Spells. See Magic Speos Artemidos. See Bani Hasan and Speos Artemidos Sphinx, 2065 Spiegelberg, Wilhelm, 2145 Spindles and spindle whorls, wooden, 2335, 2336 Spinning, in manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2213—2214 Spirit. See Holy Spirit Spiritual Homilies, 1491 Spoon Coptic metalwork, 1603 as Eucharistic vessel, 1065—1066 Sprang, used in manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2218 Spring Shamm al-Nasim feast, 2126 see also Easter; Pascha Springs. See Water supply Staatliches Museum (Berlin), 2060 Stack, Sir Lee, 1990 Staff, pastoral. See Liturgical insignia Stamps terra-cotta, 498—499 wooden bread, State Museum of Berlin collection of, 2147 State Hermitage Museum, Leningrad, USSR, 1601, 1895 State Library, Berlin, 1892 State Museum of Berlin, 74, 2146-2147 papyrus collection, 1893, 1899 pen cases at, 1933 State of the Provinces, on Dayr Abu Maqrufah, 704 State and University Library, Hamburg, Germany, 1893 State and University Library of Lower Saxony, Göttingen, Germany, 1893 Statuary, 2147—2148, 2148 military, 649—650, 649, 2147—2148 see also Ceramics, Coptic; Sculpture in stone Stefanski, E., 2022 Stegemann, Viktor, 2148 Steindorif, Georg, 405, 780, 973, 1165, 2148 Steiner, Rudolf, 1149 Steinwenter, Arthur, 902, 1438, 2149 Stela, 2149-2152, 2149—2152, 2161 at al-Duwayr, 928 Epimachus of Pelusium, 965—966 inscriptions, 1293 in Louvre Museum, 1483 symbols, 2161—2162 wood, 2335—2336 see also Tombs Stephanite. See Estifanosites Stephanos of Ahnasyah, Bishop, illuminated manuscript, 1282 Stephanus (architect), 1682 Stephen, Saint, 2153 churches dedicated to, 1870 as deacon, 885 depicted in Coptic art, 869 feast day, 2087 martyrdom, 1558 Stephen of Hnes, Bishop, 1455, 2154 Stephen the Theban, 2154—2155 Stephen the Younger, Saint (martyr), 1275 Stern, Ludwig, 2155-2156 Steward. See Oikonomos Stewart, Randall, 1891 Sticharion, 1478—1479, 1478 Stippourgós (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Stoicism, 512, 1148, 1957 Stone. See Sculpture in stone, Coptic; specific types Stoppers, ceramic, 499 Strabo, 95—96, 1613 Stratelates. See Theodorus Stratelates, Saint; Victor Stratelates, Saint Strothmann, Rudolph, 2156 Strzygowski, Josef, 2156 Stucco Coptic sculpture in, 2113 Copto-Muslim art, 1311 Subakhmimic. See Appendix Subdeacon, 2156 in church hierarchy, 1229 Subdialects. See Appendix Subordinationism, 2156—2157, 1484 Arianism link with, 23 1—232 Origen on, 471 Suchos (god), 1418 Sudan, 1990, 1992, 2097 \ see also Beja tribes; Nubia headings Sudan, Catholic Copts in the, 2157-2158 Sudan, Coptic Evangelical Church in the, 2158 Sudan, Copts in the, 2158 Sudan Antiquities Service, 1588 Sudan National Museum, 1091 Suez, Franciscan church in, 1123 Suez Canal, 1636, 1637, 1692 Suhaj Dayr Anba Bishoi, 736-740, 1654 Dayr Anba Shinudah, 761-770, 767, 1654 monasteries in region of, 884, 1650— 1651 Sullam. See Appendix Sullam al-Kabir, al-. See Scala Magna Sullam al-Muqaffa wa-al-Dhahab al-Musaffa, al- (Abu Ishaq), 1748 Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, 1517—1518 Summa theologiae (Abu Ishaq ibn al-‘Assal), 21, 1779 Sunbat, 2159 pilgrimages to, 1971 Sunday, 1901, 2159-2160 consecration of patriarch on, 1909 Easter, 1904, 1905 lectionary for, 1435—1436, 1437 Palm Sunday, 1103—1104 service for ordination of priest, 2013—2015 Sunday School movement, 933, 2090, 2091, 2355 Sunday of Thomas, feast of, 1108 Sunni Islam, 1097 Suq‘i Fadl Allah ibn Fakhr, al-, 2160 Surety, 1430 Suriel, Archangel, 190, 2160 Surur ibn Jirja, Archdeacon of Alexandria, 1960 Suryal. See Suriel, Archangel Suryal, Father Salib, 1623 Susinius, Saint, 2087 Suwwah (Arabic term). See Anchorites Swinburne, Thomas de, 1976—1977 Swiss Reformation, 1110 Switzerland archaeological activity in the Kellia, 1400—1406 Bibliotheca Bodmeriana (Bodmer Library), 404 Coptic churches in, 1624 Coptic collections, 1711—1712 Egyptology, 895 Mauritius, Saint, veneration, 1572 papyrus collection, 1895 sites of veneration, 1110 Theban Legion, 1082, 2231—2233 Syllabication. See Appendix Symbols in Coptic art, 270, 293, 1259, 2160-2171, 2161-2171 alpha and omega, 2160—2163 conch shell, 2163—2164 cross, 2164—2165 dolphins, 2168—2169 eagle, 2167—2169 fish, 2170—2171 nimbus, 2171 see also Cross, Triumph of the Symeon. See Pseudo-Macarius, homilies of, 2028 Symeon (martyr). See John and Symeon Symmachus, Pope (Rome), 44, 45 Symphronius. See Panine Synaxarion, Copto-Arabic, 2171-2190 authorship, 1626—1627 and lectionary, 1435 source of knowledge about saints, 1044—1045, 2173—2190 on Theotokos, 2256 translation into Ge’ez, 722 word apa in, 152 see also Hagiography, Coptic Synaxarion, Ethiopian, 2190-2191 Syncletica, 2192 Synesius, Bishop of Ptolemais, 100, 1612, 1935, 2192, 2247 Synod, Holy, 2193—2194 and bishop’s consecration, 395 patriarchal deputies in, 1911 see also Patriarch headings Synodicon (Damian), 1455 Synod of Diospolis, 1930 Synods, letters of, 2194 Synod of Tyre, 1962 Synoptic Gospels, 1157, 2195 see also Gospel of Saint Luke; Gospel of Saint Matthew; Gospel of Saint Mark Synthronon, 221—222 Syria and Acacian schism, 45, 46 anaphora of Saint Basil, 121—123 Ignatius IX, Patriarch, consecration in Egypt, 1131 influences on Coptic art, 2195 Mark II, Patriarch, relations with, 1533, 1534 monasteries, 876, 877, 878 monasticism origins in, 1663 monastic practices in, 1662 monophysites, 547—548, 1675, 1676, 1677 and origin of Gospel of Thomas, 1163 Syriac language inscriptions in, 1290 Philoxenus of Mabbug’s writings, 1962 Syriacos, Saint, 2087 Syrian influences on Coptic art, 2195 Syrian Orthodox church and Jacob Baradaeus, 1318—1319 and monophysitism, 547—548, 1675, 1676, 1677 see also Jacobites Syrian, the. See Ephraem Syrus, Saint T_______________________ Tabennese, 1976, 2197 Pachomian monastery, 685, 1657, 1662, 1859—1860, 1973—1974 Paphnutius at, 1882 and Pbow, 1927 Victor of, Saint, 2308 women’s monastery founded at, 1663 Tabennesiotes. See Metanoia, Monastery of the; Monasticism, Pachomian Tab‘i, Muhammad al-, 1991 Tablet loom, for manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2216, 2216, 2217 Tableware ceramic, 487—499 glass, 1143—1144, 1143, 1144, 1147 see also Missoria Tacitus, Emperor, patriarch under, 1914 Tadrus. See Theodorus of Tabennese, Saint Tadrus, Ramzi, 1466 Tadrus al-Mashriqi, 2197 Tadrus Shinudah al-Manqabadi, 2197-2198 Tadrus al-Shutbi (martyr), 1974 Tafa, 2198 as episcopal see of Nubia, 1813, 2200 Tafsir, 1687, 2198—2199 Taharqa temple, 2036, 2037 Tahrir al-Mar’ah (Amin), 1994 Tahtawi, Rifa‘ah al-, 1994 Taifa. See Tafa Taj. See Miter Taj al-Riyasah Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah, 20 Takinash, 758, 2199 Takla, Abuna, The Services of the Deacon, 1729, 1737 Takla Haymanot, Ethiopian saint, 1049—1050 Takla Haymot, chapel of. See Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo) Takritans, at Dayr al-Suryan, 876, 877 Tala‘i ibn Ruzzayj, 761 Tall al-‘Amarnah, 2199 Tall Atrib, 307, 1620, 2199-2200 Tall Brothers, 113, 916, 1357, 2249—2251 see also Ammonius; Dioscorus; Eusebius; Euthymius Tall al-Farama. See Farama, al- Talmis, 2200 Tambuq, 1648 Tamerlane (Timur), impact on Dayr al-Suryan, 877 Tamit, 2200—2201, 2201 example of Byzantine cross-in-square building at, 661 Tamnuh, 2201 Tamuh, Dayr al-Ahmar at, 716 Tamulawus, King (Greek island), 2253 Tamwayh, Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn at, 709—710 Tanaithis, 1657 Tanbida, 1653, 2201 Tapers, cross and, 1469 Tapestries, 264, 273, 1483 of Coptic icons, 2222—2230, 2309 Coptic weaving, 2217 dancers depicted in, 277, 2230 Harraniyyah workshops, 2051 Icon of the Virgin, 542, 543 Nilometer depicted in, 1794, 1795 Parthian horseman depicted in, 538 portraiture, 2005, 2006 State Museum of Berlin collection, 2146—2147 Triumph of the Cross, 658—659, 659 see also Symbols in Coptic art; Textiles, Coptic Taposiris Magna. See Abusir (Tapisiris Magna) Taqi al-Din Abu al-Baqa’ Salih ibn al-Husayn al-Ja‘fari, al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal reply to, 2078—2079 Taranim (songs), 1744 Tarasius of Constantinople, Patriarch, 1112, 1115 Tarbu, Abu, 1507 Tarh, 1479, 1726 hos paraphrase, 1727 and sab‘ah wa-arba‘ah, 2017 and tubh, 2279 and watus, 2320 Tarikh Batarikat al-Iskandariyyah al-Qibt. See History of the Patriarchs Tarikh al-Kana’is wa-al-Adyurah. See Abu al-Makarim; Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Neighboring Countries Tarminah (martyr), 1653 Tarnut, 1, 2202 Tarsikários (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Tartib mashat al-muluk. See Kings, anointing of Tasempoti. See Sunbat Tattam, Henry, 1148, 2202 Tawfiq. See Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty Tawfiq Coptic Society, 374, 933, 1465, 2198 Tawqi‘at al-Musiqiyyah li-Maraddat al-Kanisah al-Murqusiyyah, al-(Ghubriyal), 1743 Taxation accounting, 50, 52 apostolic canons on, 453 Arab conquest of Egypt and, 72, 85—86, 185, 1430 Blemmyes, 228 in Byzantine period in Alexandria, 98 of Dayr Anba Maqar, 749-750 of dhimmis, 72 by French in Egypt, 1417 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah on, 1269 and islamization of Egypt, 937—938 land and communal property (kharaj), 72, 85—86, 87, 189, 636, 656, 1413—1414, 2093, 2134—2135 Mamluk dynasty, 1517 of monasteries, 1643 Moses of Awsim resistance to, 1679 mubashirun (officials), 1687— 1688 pagarch role in, 1871—1872 poll (jizyah), 72, 85—87, 187, 189, 303, 622, 636, 656, 665, 2134—2135 Roman. See Taxation in Roman Egypt and Shenute I, 2134—2135 Umayyad administration, 2287—2288 Taxation in Roman Egypt, 98, 237—238, 904, 905, 945, 2009, 2202-2206 annona civica, 135 annona militaris, 135—136; see also Army: Roman boule, 414 Tayaban (martyr), 1553 Taylasan, 1479 Tbow, 2207 Petronius’s founding of monastery at, 1952 The Teaching of the Apostles. See Didache Teachings of Silvanus, 2207-2208 Tebtunis. See Monasteries of the Fayyum; Umm al-Barakat Tebtynis. See Umm al-Barakat Tecla, Saint. See Paese and Tecla, Saints Television, 1088 Tell Idfu, ceramics of. See Ceramics, Coptic Temple of Amun, 1484—1485 Temple of Hathor, 816, 817, 1656, 1874 Temple of Hatshepsut, 1874 see also Dayr al-Bahri Temple of Imhotep, 1874 Temple of Isis, 107, 1292, 1801, 1870, 1874, 1954, 1954 Temple in Jerusalem, Pentecost and, 1446 Temple of Karnak, 1392—1394, 1484 Temple of Kom Ombo, 1418 Temple of Luxor, 1870 Temple of Month, 1494 Temples altars, 106 churches built on sites of, 1292, 1870, 1874, 1954 Dandarah, 690, 691 Hawwarah, 1210—1211 Jewish (Leontopolis), 1866 pharaonic-style, 1865 Taharqa, 2036, 2037 Tud as cultic center, 2279—2280 Temples, Egyptian, 1496—1499 Temple of Seti I, 1874 Temples of Nectanebo II, 1653 Ten Canons. See Nomocanon Tentyra. See Dandarah Ter and Erai, Saints (martyrs), 1117, 1221, 1558, 2209 Termoute. See Patermuthius, Saint Terra-cotta. See Ceramics, Coptic Tertullian (apologist), 176, 177—178, 917, 1548, 1638 on abstinence practice, 17 on consubstantiality, 1253 on immersion, 1286 on incense use, 1472 on Last Judgment, 1379 on Nativity date, 1102 patristic writings, 1920, 1921 on prayers for the dead, 889 on remarriage of widows (digamy), 901 Tes. See Akhmim Tesmine. See Akhmim Testament of Abraham, 163, 164 Testament of Isaac, 164 Testament of Isaac, Coptic version of. See Coptic Testament of Isaac Testament of Jacob, 164 Testament of Job, 164 Testament of Joshua, 164 Testament of Moses, 164 Testaments of the Patriarchs, 163—164 Testamentum Domini, in the Octateuch of Clement, 1824 Testimony of Truth, 1301, 2209-2210 Tetraconch, 222 Tetradite, 688 Tetramorph, depicted in Coptic art, 539—540 Tetrapla. See Hexapla and Tetrapla Tewodros II, Emperor, 1590 Textiles, Coptic, 268—269, 273,276, 2210–2230, 2211, 2213–2214, 2216–2218, 2222-2230 Amazons depicted in, 1751 -- 1752 Arab conquest of Egypt impact on, 1311 clothing. See Costume, civil; Costume, military; Costume of the relgious dancers depicted in, 1756— 1757 Dionysus portraits, 1760 historiography of, 255—258 Louvre Museum collection of, 255—258, 1483 measurement, 1611 monastic weavers, 1641 Nubian, 1819—1820 pastoral scenes depicted in, 1766—1767 portraiture, 1760, 2001 preservation of, 279 production of fabrics, 2220—2221 Sassanid artistic influence, 2097—2098 and spindles and spindle whorls, 2335 State Museum of Berlin collection of, 2146—2147 see also Symbols in Coptic art; Tapestries Textiles, Nubian, 1819—1820 Textiles preservation. See Art preservation Teza, Emilio, 2230 Thais. See Sarapion Thalassius, Prefect of Illyricum, 2017 Thaleia (Arius), 82, 230, 232, 1253, 1733 Thanksgiving, prayer of, 1715, 2007, 2126 Tharwat, ‘Abd al-Khaliq, 1990 Thebaid, the. See Sa‘id Theban hermitages. See Hermitages, Theban Theban Legion, 1110, 1936, 2231—2233, 2232-2233 and Exuperantius, Saint, 1082 martyrdom, 1082, 1555, 1558, 1559, 2057 and Mauritius, Saint, 1572 and Regula, Saint, 2086 and Ursus of Solothurn, 2292 and Verena, Saint, 2087, 2299 and Victor of Solothurn and Geneva, Saint, 2302 Thebes end to institutionalized paganism in, 1870 hermitages, 1225 Luxor and, 1484 monasteries dedicated to Phoibammon at, 1964—1965 monasteries in region of, 1656, 1657 monastic murals at, 1874 papyrus collections, 1893, 1895 Persian occupation of, 1939 prosopography, 2022 Roman travelers in, 2065 Thecla, Saint church of, 1652 depicted in Coptic art, 540—54 1 martyrdom, 540, 892, 1558 relics and miracles of, 544, 1774 Thecla and Mudi (martyrs), 1559 Thekla al-Habishi (monk—painter), 753—754 Themistius (Alexandrian deacon), 70—71 Thenaud, Jean, 722, 1977, 2050 Theoclas, Saint. See Heraclas, Saint Theoclia (martyr), 1559 Theodora (fourth-century martyr), 31, 1554 Theodora, Empress, 944, 1046, 1682—1682, 2234—2235 and Abraham of Farshut, 11—12 and Anastasia, 125 and Jacob Baradaeus, 1319, 1386, 1675, 2235 and Monophysites, 1386, 1674, 1675 and Nubian evangelization, 1801 Procopius on, 2019, 2234, 2235 and Theodosius I, Patriarch, 2241 and Timothy III, Patriarch, 2268 Theodora, Saint (fifth century), 2235, 2087 and Oktokaidekaton monastery, 1826 Theodora, Saint (third century), 2087 Theodore (missionary), 1480 Theodore I, Pope (Rome), 1678 Theodore. See Theodorus Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus, 515, 914, 1672, 2068, 2235-2237 on Athanasius I, 298 and Justinian, Emperor, 1386 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247 Theodorus (recluse), 2055 Theodorus, Bishop of Pentapolis, 1559 Theodorus, Emperor (Ethiopia), 1693 Theodorus, Patriarch, 1589, 2237 dates of patriarchy, 1915 feast day, 2087 successor, 1410—1412 and Tamnuh, 2201 Theodorus, Saint, 2237—2238 Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 32, 1952, 2087, 2238 Theodorus Anatolius (martyr), 1559, 2238 Theodorus of Antioch (fictitious), 2032, 2268 Theodorus Balsamon, 1540 Theodorus the General. See Theodorus Stratelates, Saint Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 597, 2017, 1672, 2238—2239 on communicatio idiomatum, 578 and Constantinople, Second Council of, 595 and Cyril I, 673 Justinian, Emperor, condemnation of, 1386, 2239 on Kiss of Peace, 1416 on the nature of Christ, 547 opposition to Apollinarius, 174 Theodoret history of, 2236 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2249 Theodorus the Oriental, paintings of, 726, 727 Theodorus of Pherme, Saint, 56, 2087, 2239 Theodorus of Shotep. See Theodorus Stratelates, Saint Theodorus Stratelates, Saint, 727, 796—797, 1559, 1609, 2237-2238 relics at Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718 Theodorus of Tabennese, Saint, 1257, 1448, 1864, 1927, 2239-2240 Coptic texts of, 1451—1452 as desert father, 894 distinguished from Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 2238 feast day, 2087 founding of monasteries for women, 1663, 1822 and Letter of Ammon, 1445, 2030 as Pachomian disciple, 1664, 1860, 1861, 1862 papyrus collection of letters, 1894 personal characteristics, 2240 Theodorus and Timothy (martyrs), 1559 Theodosia of Alexandria (martyr), 1554, 1559 Theodosians (Severians), 734, 790, 876, 2240-2241 Theodosius (martyr), 1553 Theodosius (tax collector), 66 Theodosius I, Emperor on age of deaconesses, 888 antipaganism, 1869, 1870, 2248 and Constantinople, First Council of, 593—595 and Henoticon edict, 1218 and Maximus and Domitius, 789—790, 1577 and miracles of Phoibammon of Preht, 1963 patriarch under, 1914 and Raphael, Archangel, 2054 and Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 2238 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2248, 2251 Thessalonica, edict of (380), 1947 Theodosius II, Emperor and Chalcedon, Council of, 512—513 Codex Theodosianus, 571 and Elias, 748 Ephesus, First Council of, 959—960 and Ephesus, Second Council of, 913, 961—962, 1441, 1670 and Eutyches, 913, 1074—1075 on Holy Chrism ingredients, 522 Olympiodorus of Thebes on, 1840 patriarchs under, 1914—1915 and Proclus, 2017 Pulcheria as regent, 2033 and Scetis monks, 1120 and Victor of Tabennese, 2308 Theodosius I, Saint and Patriarch, 2241 Alexandrian church restoration, 93 Cosmas Indicopleustes and, 640 dates of patriarchy, 1915 and Dayr Anba Maqar, 749 deposition and return, 1674, 1675 feast day, 2087 and Gaianus as rival patriarch, 1138 homily on Michael, Archangel, 1619 and Julian, Evangelist, 1380 and Longinus’ missions, 1480 Moses of Abydos prophecy on, 1679—1680 and Severus of Antioch, 2104 and Theodosians, 2240—2241 Theodosius II, Patriarch, 94, 558, 1209, 2241-2242, 2359 burial site, 848 and the chrism at Church of Abu Sayfayn, 550 dates of patriarchy, 1917 as monk at Dayr Abu Fanah, 698 Theodosius of Jerusalem, Bishop, 2242, 2303 Theodota (martyr), 1554 Theodotus (Dynamic Monarchian), 1638 Theodotus (martyr and disciple of Athanasius), 1559 Theodotus (martyr under Valerian), 1552 Theodotus of Ancyra, Bishop, 2242—2243 Theodoxia (fourth-century martyr), 31, 1554 Theodulf of Orleans, 1115 Theognius of Nicaea, 84, 1484 Theognosta, Saint, 2087, 2243—2244, 2087 Theologians Abu Shakar ibn al-Rahib, 33 Agathonicus of Tarsus, 69-70 Clement of Alexandria, 562— 563 Draguet, René, 924 Duchesne, Louis, 925 Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070—1071 Hardy, Edward R., 1206 Hippolytus, 1235—1236 Horner, George W., 1257 Jablonski, Paul Ernst, 1318 John Chrysostom, 1357—1359 John of Parallos, Saint, 1367—1368 Leipoldt, Johannes, 1439 Lucian of Antioch, 1484 Mansi, Giovanni Domenico, 1523—1524 Origen, 1846—1855 patristics, 1920—1921 Schermann, Theodor, 2106 Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125 Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 2238—2239 Theodosius I, Saint and Patriarch, 2241 Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 2269 Wilke (Wilkius, Wilkins), David, 2322 see also Apologist; Scholars Theology Alexandrian, 103-104 Catechetical School of Alexandria, 469—472 Clerical College (Cairo), 563 —564 see also Chalcedon, Council of; Christology; Heresy; other specific councils and aspects Theonas (recluse), 2055 Theonas, Patriarch, 2244-2246 and Achillas, 55 and Alexandrian churches, 93, 102, 588 dates of patriarchy, 1914 and Manichaean asceticism, 88 and Peter I as successor, 1936, 1937 Theonas of Libya (dissenter), 84 Theone (martyr), 1559 Theopemptos of Antioch, panegyric on Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2306 Theophanes, Patriarch, 2247 dates of patriarchy, 1916 and Ethiopian prelates, 1002 successor, 1632 Theophanes the Chronicler, 2017, 2020, 2264 Theophila (martyr), 1 Theophilos I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1246—1247, 1325, 2049, 2247 Theophilus, Patriarch, 1978, 2247-2252 and Ammonius of Kellia, 113, 686 anthropomorphism rejection by, 143, 154, 1884, 2103, 2249—2250 and Antioch schisms, 2248—2249 and Bostra affair, 2249 church-building and consecrations by, 24, 93, 94, 101, 1969, 2248 collected works, 1782 and consecration of Holy Chrism, 521 cycle of, 667 and Cyril I, 671 dates of patriarchy, 1914 and Dioscorus, 915—916 feast day, 2087 and Gregory of Nyssa, 1185 and Hadra of Aswan, 1190 and John the Baptist, 1355 and John Chrysostom, 1357, 2250—2251, 2252 and Kellia monks, 1076, 1397 Letter of Ammon to, 1445 on miracles of George, Saint, 592 and Monastery of the Metanoia, 1608, 1611 and Nikiou, 1793 and Origenist teachings, 471—472, 916, 2249—2250, 2252 and Pachomian monks, 1861 pagan attacks on, 1869—1870 on Raphael, Archangel, 2053 reputation, 2252 and Scetis monks, 2103, 2249 Serapeum destruction order, 31—32, 134, 2248 on Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2258 writings, 2251—2252 Theophilus, Saint (monk), 2253-2254, 2087 Theophylact. See Cosmas Theophylact, Archbishop of Ochrida, 1113 Theopista, Saint (2nd century). See Eustathius and Theopista Theopista, Saint, and Macarius, Bishop of Nikiou, 1794 Theopista and Dorotheus, and Michael, Archangel, 1618, 1619 Theopiste (daughter of Zeno), 1230—1231 Theopiste (fourth-century martyr), 31, 1554 Theopistus of Alexandria, 2254 Theotokion, 900, 1687, 1724, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1986, 2254-2255 doxology, 924 lobsh as conclusion for, 1479 and tafsir, 2198 Virgin analogy with censer, 1470 and watus, 2320 Theotokos, 514, 528, 672, 883, 2026, 2255 Annunciation and, 528-529 Basil the Great catechesis, 351—352 Chalcedon, Council of, on, 514, 2255 communicatio idiomatum on, 578 and Constantinople, 1276 controversy over term, 475 Coptic position on, 101, 1785 Cyril I on, 270, 672 Dayr Apa Jeremiah wall paintings, 78 Dioscorus on, 525 Ephesus, First Council on, 960 Henoticon on, 1217—1218 intercession of, 108 John of Antioch on, 1354 mentioned at bishop’s consecration, 396 monasteries dedicated to, 714, 876 Monophysite, 1669 Nestorian opposition, 960 Nestorius on, 672 Proclus sermon on, 2017, 2018 Theodoret on, 2236 see also Annunciation; Christ, nature of; Christology Theotokos, Feasts of the, 2256 Therapeutae (Jewish ascetics), 1661 antiphon use, 148—149 and origin of antiphonal chanting, 148 Therenoutis. See Tarnut Theriac of the Understanding in the Science of the Fundamentals, 20—21 Thessalonica, Edict of (380), 1947 Thetis, depicted in Coptic art, 1767—1768, 1768 Theurgy. See Magic Thévenot, Jean de, 791, 1977 Thiqah ibn al-Duhayri. See Ibn al-Dahiri Thmius. See Tmuis Thmone as loanword in place-names, 2273 Thomas, Apostle and Saint and Assumption of Mary, 292 and missions in India, 708, 1635 Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria homily on, 2025—2026 Thomas, Bishop of Damascus (new martyr), 1559 Thomas, Saint, 2256 churches dedicated to, 835—836, 835 and Dayr al-Janadlah, 705 feast of, 1108 Thomas, Sunday of, 1108 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 1115, 1186 Thomas of Shinshif (hermit), 781 Thompson, Henry Francis Herbert, 2257 Thoth (pagan deity), 917, 1617 in Coptic calendar, 438 and Nawruz name derivation, 1784 shrine at al-Ashmunayn (Hermopolis Magna), 285 Thought of Norea (gnostic tractate), 2257 “Three Chapters” controversy, 1676 Three Graces, depicted in Coptic art, 1768 Three Hebrew Children (martyrs). See Three Hebrews in the Furnace Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 4, 1553, 1634, 2257—2259 Three Risen Saints. See Exuperantius, Saint; Felix, Saint; Regula, Saint Three Stelae of Seth, 2259-2260, 2007 and Gospel of the Egyptians, 1154 and Valentinian Exposition, 2295 and Zostrianus, 2372 Three Youths, sanctuary of (Dayr Anba Maqar), 752 Thu‘ban al-Rahib, al-. See al-Sani Abu al-Majd Butrus ibn al- Muhadhdhib Abu al-Faraj Thunder, Perfect Mind, 2260 Thursday. See Maundy Thursday Tibarcius. See Valerianus and Tibarcius Tiberius II, Emperor, 125—126, 688, 1675, 2061—2062 patriarch under, 1915 Tiberius Julius Alexander (prefect of Egypt), 2061 Tihna al-Jabal, 2260-2261 Tij. See Abu Tij Til, Apa (martyr), 1089, 1559, 2261 Till, Walter Curt Franz Theodor Karl Alois, 1891, 1894, 2022, 2261 life of Zenobios, 2371 work on Coptic law, 1438 Tilodj. See Pispir Tima, Dayr Abu Bifam at, 697 Timolaus (martyr), 1559 Timon, first deacon, 885 Timotheos I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 358, 1245—1246, 1325, 2262 and Haile Selassie I, 1198 Timotheus (pupil of Dionysius the Great), 909 Timotheus the Egyptian. See Timothy of Memphis (martyr) Timotheus, Saint, 1883, 2087, 2262-2263 Timothy (martyr), 1553 see also Theodorus and Timothy (martyrs) Timothy, Bishop of Antinoopolis (martyr without bloodshed), 1559 Timothy, Bishop of Ephesus, 1432, 2015 Timothy, Bishop of Qasr Ibrim, 829 Timothy I, Saint and Patriarch, 2263 on Abbaton, 2 dates of patriarchy, 1914 feast day, 2087 Timothy II Aelurus (“the Cat”), Patriarch, 24, 1609, 2263-2267 and Abu Mina church completion, 94, 2248 and Acacian schism, 42—47 Christology, 2266—2267 Coptic—Melchite split and disputed patriarchal succession, 1583, 1670, 1671, 1947, 1948, 2268 dates of patriarchy, 1915 as Dioscorus’s successor, 915, 1441, 1442 and Eikoston monks, 951 and Enaton monks, 956—957 and Ephesus, Third Council of, 962 exile of, 525 and family of Zeno, Emperor, 2369—2370 feast day, 2087 and History of the Patriarchs authorship, 1239 John of Mayuma on, 1366 life, 2264—2266 on Michael, Archangel, 1618—1619 writings, 2266 Timothy III, Patriarch, 2268 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 640, 2268 dates of patriarchy, 1915 Justin I, Emperor and, 1384 and Severus of Antioch, 2125 Theodosius I and, 2241 Timothy and Matthias (martyrs), 1559 Timothy of Memphis (martyr), 1559 Timothy Salofaciolus (“Wobble-Cap”), Patriarch, 42, 43, 1442, 1609, 1671, 1947, 2265, 2268—2269 Tinnis, 2269 Tiridates, King of Armenia, 1183 Tirsa, 2269 Tiryaq al-‘Uqul fi Ilm al-Usul, 1464 Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 1893, 1900, 2269 Tisserant, Eugène, 2270 Titkooh. See Bawit Titus, Bishop of Crete, 1432, 2015 Titus, Emperor and Josephus Flavius, 1375 patriarch under, 1913 visit to Egypt, 2062, 2066 Tkow, paganism in, 1870 Tmone. See Minya Tmoone as loanword in place-names, 2273 Tmoushons. See Bakhanis-Tmoushons Tmuis, 1648, 2270 Tobias, 2052—2053, 2054 Tobit, 2052—2053, 2054 Toilet articles, 2336—2338, 2337—2339 Tokoa. See Menarti Toledo, Third Synod of (589), 1112 Tolemaeus, Saint (martyr), 1559, 2271 see also Apaiule and Tolemaeus, Saints Tomb of the Martyr. See Abu Mina Tombs architecture and decoration of. See Sculpture in stone, Coptic Bani Hasan, 334—335 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint, 1683 Dayr al-‘Adhra’, 715 Dayr Anba Bisadah, 733 Dayr Anba Hiziqyal, 748 Dayr Apa Jeremiah (Saqqara), 776 Dayr al-Madinah, 8 17—818 Dayr al-Misaykrah, 840 Dayr al-Mutttin, 843 Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 850, 851, 851 Dayr al-Qusayr, 853 Dayr Rifah, 855—856 hermits’ at Asyut, 114 inscriptions, 1291, 1292, 1293— 1296 inscriptions, Nubian, 1814— 1815 inscriptions of visitors from Roman period, 2066 Jabal al-Tarif, 1657, 1771 Meir, 1583—1583 Menas the Miracle Maker, 24 mural paintings, 1873 Nag Hammadi codices find, 1771 oldest Coptic tombstones, 1294 pharaonic at Abydos, 39 pharaonic at Ahnas, 73—76 Phib, Saint, 1954 al-Shaykh Sa‘id, 2130 Speos Artemidos, 334—335 see also Cemeteries; Reclusion; Stela Tome of Leo, 514, 578, 961, 1075, 1441 and Acacian schism, 44—46, 1384 and Chalcedon, Council of, 514—515, 1441, 1442, 1675 communicatio idiomatum doctrine, 578 and Constantinople, Second Council, on, 595 Dioscorus I and, 913, 914, 915 Henoticon and, 1218 and monophysitism, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1674 Pulcheria and, 2033 Samu’il of Qalamun and, 2092 Tambuq monastery rejection of, 1648 Tome of Proclus, 2017 Tome of Union (633), 1667 Tomus of Lyons, 692 Tools, for woodworking, 2326 Topography Christian Topography, 640—641, 1635 al-Maqrizi study, 1525 Toponymy, Coptic, 2271-2274 Topos (place), 153 Topos al-Malak Mikha’il (Idfu). See Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Idfu) Topos al-Qiddis Yuhannis. See Dayr al-Saqiyah Torah, 2109, 2111 Toronto, Canada, 1621 Tóth, Margit, 1741, 1743 Toulon, France, Coptic congregations in, 1623 Toussoun, Omar. See Omar Toussoun Tower. See Keep Tower of Palaemon, 749 Towns and settlements ‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4 Abu Mina, 24—25 Abusir, 34 Abusir Bana, 36—37 Abusir al-Malaq, 37 Abu Tij, 38 Aflaqah, 64 Agharwah, 70 Ahnas, 73—76 Aphrodito, 153—154 Aqbat, 182—183 Aqfahs, 183 Ashmun Tanah, 288 Aswan, 294—296 Atris, 307—308 Awsim, 311—312 Azari, 315—316 Babij, 317 al-Bagawat, 326—329, 327, 328 Bahij, 330 Bahjurah, 330 Bakhanis-Timoushons, 331 al-Ballas, 333 al-Banawan, 334 Bani Kalb, 335 Barbish, 349 Bilad, 391 Biljay, 391 Birma, 392 Burah, 425 al-Burullus, 427 Bush, 427 Clysma, 565 confraternities in, 586—587 Dahlak, 685 Dahshur, 685 Dalas, 685 Damallu, 686 Damanhur, 686—687 Damanhur al-Wahsh, 688 Damru, 689—690 Dandarah, 690—69 1 Daqadus, 692 Daqahlah, 693 al-Dayr, 695 Dayr Rifah, 855—856 Dimayrah, 902—903 Dinushar, 903—904 Dush, 927—928 al-Duwayr, 928 Egyptian nome capitals, 1175, 1177, 1179 Elephantine, 951—952, 952 Faras, 1090—1091 Farshut, 1092-1093 Fishah, 1117 Greek towns in Egypt, 1179—1181 Hajir Idfu, 1200 at Hawwarah, 1210—1211 at Hawwariyyah, 1211, 1211—1212 Hilwan, 1233 Jabal ‘Adda, 1315 Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud, 1315—1316 Jabal al-Silsilah, 1316 Jirja, 1330—1331 Karanis, 1390 Karm al-Akhbariyyah, 1391—1392 al-Khandaq, 1413 Khirbat al-Filusiyyah, 1414 Khirbitah, 1415 Kom Ombo, 1418 Kom al-Rahib, 1418—1419 Laqqanah, 1426 Madamud, 1494—1495 Mahallat Abu ‘Ali, 1510 Mahallat al-Amir, 1511 Mahallat Minuf, 1511 Makhurah, 1512—1513 Malij, 1516 Marsafa, 1546 Mashtul, 1561 Masil, 1561 Meir, 1582—1583 Memnonia, 1586 Menarti, 1587—1588 Nabaruh, 1769 Nag Hammadi, 1770 Naqizah, 1774—1775 Nastaruh, 1775 Psoï, 2030—2031 Qararah, 2036 Qasr Ibrim, 2036—2037 Qus, 2043—2045 Raithou, 2049—2050 Sakha, 2087—2088 Shams al-Din, 2126—2127 Shanasha, 2127—2128 Sharunah, 2128 Shutb, 2136 Sibirbay, 2136 Sinjar, 2140 Sunbat, 2159 Tabennese, 2197 Tafa, 2198 Tall al-‘Amarnah, 2199 Talmis, 2200 Tamit, 2200—2201, 2201 Tarnut, 2202 Tbow, 2207 Tihna al-Jabal, 2260—2261 Tirsa, 2269 Tutun, 2283 Umm al-Barakat, 2289—2291, 2290 Umm Dabadib, 2291 see also Boule; Cities; Dayr headings; Fortresses; Greek towns in Egypt; Toponymy, Coptic Toys and games wooden, 2339, 2340 see also Ceramics, Coptic; Metalwork, Coptic; Ceramics, Coptic Tractatus in Joannem Evangelium (Augustine), 1115 Trajan, Emperor, patriarch under, 1913 Transept. See Basilica Transfiguration, Feast of the, 1108—1109 Transformation, Divine, 1058 Transitus Mariae, 1618, 1619 Transmigration of souls, 1521 Travelers in Egypt, 1975—1977 Pietro delle Valle, 1967 Roman, 2064—2066 see also Pilgrimages’ Pilgrims and travelers in Christian Egypt Treadle loom, Coptic textiles, 2215—2216 Treaties. See name, inverted Treatise on the Resurrection, 569, 2275 Treatise of the Ten Fundamentals (al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal), 2078 Trees. See Woodworking, Coptic Trent, Council of (1545—1547) on the canon of the Old and New Testaments, 2110 Gabriel VII, Patriarch, and, 1134 Triadelphus, Bishop of Prosopites, 1793 Triadon (poem), 1986 Triangle (musical instrument), 1738, 1739 Tribelon, 222 Tribune. See Synthronon Triconch, 222—223 Trimitários (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Trimorphic Protennoia, 2276-2277 Trinitarian theology, 688, 1637—1638, 2241 Coptic influence in Alexandria, 101 Dionysius on, 911 doxologies, 923 Origen, 1848—1850 Trinity ‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi on, 6 and Alexander I, 82 in Alexandrian theology, 103—104 and the Anomoeans, 141-142 and Apostles’ Creed, 178—179 Damian on, 689 and filioque, 1114—1116 and Nicene Creed, 82—84 Origen on the, 1848—1849, 1850, 1855 see also Trinitarian theology Tripartite Tractate, 569, 1151, 2277 and Valentinian Exposition, 2296 Triphiou. See Suhaj Tripoli, 1098 Trisagion, 1732, 2017, 2278-2279 and Acacian schism, 45 and consecration of church and altar, 108, 109, 548, 549 Tritheism. See Trinitarian theology Triumphal arch, 223—224 Triumph of Christ. See Christ, Triumph of Troparia, 1724 Trullo, Council of (691), 71, 918 Tsenti, monastery of, 757 Tubah (fifth month of Coptic calendar), 438—439, 441 Assumption of Mary celebration, 289—290 in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2179—2180 Tubh, 2279 and Watus, 2321 Tud, 2279-2280, 2280 Tukh, 1, 2 Tukhi, Raphael, and Arabic versions of Old Testament, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1834—1835 Tukh al-Nasara, pilgrimages to, 1975 Tukh Tanbisha, pilgrimages to, 1975 Tulunids and Ikhshids, Copts under the, 2280-2281 see also Abbasids Tuma ibn al-Najib Lutfallah al-Mahalli, 2281-2282 Tuma ibn al-Sa’igh, 1270 Tunah, 1649 seven ascetics of, 2122 Tunics, 644, 645, 648 Tunis. See Arsenal of Tunis Tur, al-, 2050 Turaev, Boris Alexandrovitch, 2282 Turah Dayr al-Qusayr, 853—855 papyrus discoveries, 1899 Turah, Saint, hymns attributed to, 1726 Turanshah, 1536 Turicum. See Zurich Turkey Coptic collections, 1712 see also Constantinople; Ottomans, Copts under the; Tulunids and Ikhshids, Copts under the Tut (first month of Coptic calendar), 438, 440 in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2174—2175 and Nawruz (Coptic New Year’s Day), 1784 Tutun, 2283 scriptoria of, 1651 Twelve Anathemas of Cyril, 1671 and Armenian church, 234 Twelve Apostles, as portrayed in Coptic art, 529 Twelve Patriarchs, Testament of the, 163 The Twelve Virtues, 2310 Twenty-Four Elders, depicted in Coptic art, 541—542 “The Two Ways”, 898 Tyloplókos, tylophántes (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Types, 2283-2284 Typikon of Saint Sabas (Qustantin translation), 1182, 2046-2047 Typology. See Types Typos of Constans II, 1678 Typos tes plerophorias (Anastasius). See Formula of Satisfaction U_______________________ Udrunkah. See Durunkah Uigurs, Kingdom of the, 1519 Ulphilas, 2285 Ulysses, 1867 ‘Umar. See Covenant of ‘Umar ‘Umar (Bey) Ghaytas, 1538 ‘Umar ibn Abd al-‘Aziz, 86—87 Umar Tussun. See Omar Toussoun Umayyad fleet, Coptic contribution to, 2286 Umayyads, Copts under the, 2286-2289 and Alexandria, 88, 89, 91 and Islamic-influenced Coptic art, 1311, 1311 and Islamization of Egypt, 937 Ummanah, al-. See Nation’s Party Umm al-Barakat, 2289—2291, 2290 Umm Dabadib, 2291 Unction of Christ, Ethiopian controversy, 986—987, 1023-1028 Unction of the sick, Holy Sacrament of the, 2291-2292 and anointing with oil, 139 use of candles in, 446 Undergarments, 645 UNESCO, 1300, 1771—1772, 1955, 2032 Uniatism. See Coptic Catholic Church Union of Christ dispute. See Unction of Christ Unionist Progressive party, 1991 Union party, 1992 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Coptic collections, 1712 papyrus collection, 1895 see also Russia United Arab Emirates, Coptic churches in, 1621 United Kingdom. See British Isles; Great Britain United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. See UNESCO United States of America Coptic churches in, 1621—1622 Coptic collections, 1712—1715 papyrus collection, 1895—1896 Universe. See Christian Topography (Cosmas Indicopleustes) Universität der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie of Cologne, 1892 Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 694 University College, London, 1893 University of Florence, 1894 University Library (Freiburg im Breisgau), 1892 University Library (Giessen), 1893 University Library (Graz), 1891 University Library (Heidelberg), 1893 University Library (Louvain), 1891 University Library (Strasbourg), 1892 University Library (Turin), 1894 University Library (Würzburg), 1893 University of Michigan Library, 1895 University of Mississippi, 1900 Unleavened bread, and Eucharist, 1060— 1061 Upper Egypt. See Sa‘id Upper Sa‘id monasteries of, 1656-1658, 1659 Qus as administrative center of, 2043 Uqsur, al-. See Luxor Uqsurayn, al-. See Luxor ‘Urabi revolution (1881—1882), 1637, 1693, 1995 Urban VIII, Pope (Rome), 610, 611 Uri. See Ari (martyr) Ursus of Solothurn, Saint, 1559, 2232, 2292-2293, 2302 Usaghniyus. See Eusignius (martyr) Usul Muqaddimat Sullam al-Lughah al-Qibtiyyah, 1463 V_______________________ Valais, canton of, 1572 Valens, Emperor, 1650, 1947, 1956 patriarch under, 1914 Valentinian I, Emperor, 790, 1576, 1577, 1578 Valentinian II, Emperor, 1577 patriarch under, 1914 Valentinian III, Emperor, 1440 Valentinian Exposition, 2295—2296 Valentinians. See Valentinus Valentinus, 1731, 1866, 2296-2297 and Basilides, 357 and gnosticism, 1147, 1148, 1150, 1151, 1156 and Gospel of Philip, 1157 and Gospel of Truth, 1151, 1164 and Heracleon, 1219 as heretic, 1222 myth of fall of Sophia linked with Authentilcos Logos, 309 Valeria (daughter of Diocletian), 2246 Valerian, Emperor, 1869, 2297-2298 patriarch under, 1914 persecutions of, 909, 910, 1552, 1575, 1785, 1936 Valerianus and Tibarcius (martyrs), 1559 Valesius (martyr), 1559 Valley of the Kings, festival of, 439 Valley of the Nile. See Nile valley Van Lantschoot, Arnold, 1895, 2298 Van Moorsel, Paul, 726 Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 23, 30, 613, 1462, 1892, 1977, 2299 on Antinoopolis, 145 on Asyut, 297 on Bush, 427 contribution to Coptological studies, 613 on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722 on Dayr Anba Bishoi, 738 on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 765 on Dayr al-Qusayr, 853 on Durunkah, 926 Vasco da Gama, 1636 Vatatzes, John, 1114 Vatican Arabic 123, 722 Vatican Coptic 9, on pillage of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722 Vatican Library, 6, 30, 31, 876 Assemani family and, 289 papyrus collections, 1894—1895 Vatican Museum, Coptic textile collection. See Museums, Coptic collections in Vault, 224—225 Veil, custom of women wearing, 641, 650 Veils. See Eucharistic veils Veneration. See Icons, Coptic; Saints Venice, and relics of Mark, Saint, 1532 Verena, Saint, 2087, 2232, 2299-2301, 2301 Vertical loom, Coptic textiles, 2215 Vespasian, Emperor, 2061, 2062 and Josephus Flavius, 1375 patriarch under, 1913 Vespers, 2301 Vestments. See Liturgical vestments Vestry. See Architectural elements of churches: Sacristy Viaud, Gérard, 1975 Victor (uncle of Anba Yuna), 744 Victor (martyr), 1559 Victor, Anba, 861, 2301 festal date of, 840 Victor of Asyut. See Victor of Shu Victor, Decius, and Eirene (martyrs), 1559 Victor the General. See Victor Stratelates, Saint Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 255 Victor of Pbow. See Victor of Tabennese Victor of Rome, 1905 Victor of Shu, Saint (martyr), 296, 370, 708, 2302 churches dedicated to, 797 confused with tribunal of Victor Stratelates, 2305 feast day, 1559, 2087 pilgrimages, 1971 Victor of Solothurn and Geneva, Saint, 1159, 2232, 2302-2303 and Ursus of Solothurn, Saint, 2293 and Verena, Saint, 2300 Victor Stratelates, Saint, 1159, 2303—2308, 2303—2308 Celestinus of Rome panegyric on, 2305—2306 Cyriacus, Bishop, panegynic on, 670, 2305 Demetrius of Antioch on, 2306—2307 Demetrius of Antioch panegyric on, 2305 and Eusebius, 1070 Michael of Atrib and Malij on, 2306 monasteries of, 810, 1657—1658, 2307—2308 Theopemptos of Antioch panegyric on, 2306 Victor of Tabennese, Saint, 1455, 2308 Victor of Tunnuna, 1609 Vienna, University of, 1389, 1419 Vienna Academy of Sciences, 815 Vies des saints pères des déserts (d’Andilly), 894 Vigil, 2308 Village of the Monastery. See Naj‘ al-Dayr Villecourt, Louis, 1735, 2308 Villoteau, Guillaume André, 1742 Virgil, 1867 Virgin Enthroned (Virgin and Child) depicted in Coptic art, 270, 277, 281, 542-544, 868, 869, 1660 in Nubian church art, 1812 see also Virgo Lactans Virgin Mary Annunciation, 1102 apparitions of. See Virgin Mary, apparition of the chapels dedicated to, 754 churches dedicated to, 704—705, 710, 716, 721, 741, 806, 813, 815, 820, 821, 856, 924, 1118, 1975 encomium on, 1956 Fast of the Virgin Mary, 1096 Feast of the Virgin, 1111 Gabriel, Archangel, and, 1135 Hail Mary, 1199 iconography, 243—244, 1276, 1279 icons at Bawit, 368—369 and Immaculate Conception, 1285 and Incarnation, 1287—1290 incense as analogy for, 1470 intercessional character of, 1107 manuscript collection on, 1778 miraculous appearances of. See Virgin Mary, apparition of the monasteries dedicated to, 714, 715—716, 734, 799, 835 as Mother of God. See Theotokos paintings of, 1875 pilgrimage centers in Egypt, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973 portraits of, 726—727, 778, 794 Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria homily on, 2025—2026 Theotokia (hymns to), 1724, 1726, 1727, 1986 see also Annunciation; Assumption; Flight into Egypt; Joseph the Carpenter, Saint; Theotokos; Virgin Enthroned Virgin Mary, apparition of the, 681, 840, 871, 1969, 2308-2310, 2309 Virgins, communities of. See Nuns: Women’s religious communities Virgo lactans, 243—244, 531, 543 Virtues, the Twelve, 2310 Virtues of Saint Macarius, 1984 Visio Isaiae, Coptic translations, 1451 Vitae patrum (Rosweyde), 56 Vita Gregorii Thaumaturgi (Gregory of Nyssa), 1184 Vitalian, 45 Vita Pauli. See Life of Saint Paul the First Hermit Vitellius, Emperor, patriarch under, 1913 Vitruvius (Roman architect), 1872 Vocabulary. See Appendix Vocalise (Coptic musical characteristic), 1720, 1721, 1732 Vocal music. See Cantors; Choral singing; Hymns Volbach, W. F., 256, 257 Volusianus, 2017 Vows, and pilgrimages, 1968 Voyage nouveau de la Terre Sainte (Nau), on Dayr al-Sultan, 872 Vulgate, 1323 W_______________________ Wadi ‘Arabah, 728 Wadi bir al-‘Ayn, Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857 Wadi Ghazali, 1817—1818 Wadi Habib. See Scetis Wadi Hannebah, hermitages, 728 Wadih ibn Raja’, al-, 2311 and al-Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 2102 Wadi al-Jilbanah, 700 Wadi al-Muluk, Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857—858 Wadi al-Nakhlah, 795 Wadi Natfah, hermitages, 728 Wadi al-Natrun Dayr al-Suryan in, 876—881 Dayr Yuhannis, al-Qasir at, 883—884 Dayr Yuhannis Kama at, 883 keep construction, 1395—1396 see also Scetis Wadi al-Nil (publication), 1990 Wadi al-Rayyan, 755, 755, 2311 Wadi‘ Sa‘id (Dawud al-Maqari), 1307 Wadi Sarjah, 2312 deuteranios term, 895 Monastery of the Virgin near, 704 Wadi Shaykh ‘Ali, 2312—2313 Wa-al-Durr al-Farid fima ba‘d Tarikh ibn al-‘Amid (al-Assal), 1463 Wafdist bloc, 1993 Wafd al-Misri, al- (publication), 1990 Wafd party, 1515, 1516, 1628, 1989—1991, 1993, 2323 Sa‘d Zaghlul leadership, 2074—2075 Waham, 2313 Wahbi, Tadrus, 1465, 1467 Walid ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, al-, Caliph, 86 Walid ibn Yazid, al-, Caliph, 1410—1411 Wall decorations Coptic glass, 1145—1146 see also Painting, Coptic mural Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland, 1599, 1600, 1601 Wansleben, Johann. See Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael Waqa’i‘ al-Misriyyah (publication), 1993, 1074 Waq‘at al-Kana’is, 2313—2316 Waq‘at al-Nasara, 2316—2319 Waqf, Coptic, 2319 Warp-weighted loom, Coptic textiles, 2215 Warriors in Coptic art, 649—650,2319-2320 Warshanufyus. See Barsanuphius (martyr) Warshenufe, Saint, 2087 Wars (Procopius), 2019, 2020 Washing. See Ablution; Feet, washing of; Hands, washing of Wasif, ‘Awad, 1466 Wasif Butrus Ghali, 1990 Wasilidas. See Basilidas (martyr) Wassef, Wissa. See Wissa Wassef Wasserkirche (Zurich), 1082, 1110, 2057 Watan, al- (publication), 1465, 1466, 1628, 1989, 1993-1996, 2010-2012 Water into wine, 1107 liturgical instruments for, 1469 for spells, 1500 see also Ablution; Baptism; Immersion Water jugs and stands, 491—492, 2148, 2320 Water supply irrigation aqueducts at Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 709 Karanis, 1390 in keep, 1396 Kellia site, 1401 spring at Dayr Abu Halbanah spring, 700 spring at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 725 spring at Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857, 858 spring of Saint Antony, 721 well at Dayr al-Jarnus (Maghagha), 813 well at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Qamulah), 827 Water vessels. See Water jugs and stands Watus, 63, 1425, 1479, 1722, 1724, 1726, 1727, 1728, 2320—2321 hymns for, 901 and Tubh, 2279 Weather, in the Nile Valley, 440—443 Weaving, 1641 combs and shuttles, 2340—2341, 2341 techniques in manufacture of Coptic textiles, 2217—2218 see also Tapestries Weddings. See Betrothal customs; Marriage Wednesday and Friday fast days, 1096 Week, seven-day. See Calendar, Coptic; Days of the week; specific days Weights and balances, 1603—1604, 1605 boxes made of wood, 2328 Wessely, Carl Franz Joseph, 1891, 2321 Shenute text-editing, 1452 West Bank. See Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id Western Desert, monasteries of the, 1658—1659 Wheat crop. See Annona White Monastery of Shenute (Suhaj). See Dayr Anba Shinudah Whitsunday. See Pentecost Whittemore, Thomas, 2321 visit to Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 726 Widows Didascalia on, 899 digamy (remarriage), 901 Wiesmann, Hermann, 2321 Wiet, Gaston, 2321 Wilcken, Ulrich, 2322 Wilke (Wilkius, Wilkins), David, 1424, 2322 Wills and inheritance, 1429, 1941 Window glass, 1145 Wine amphorae, 490—49 1 Dionysius as god of, 1758 Eucharistic, 1066 Feast of the Martyr, 1548 as medicine, 1524—1527 miracle of water into, 1107 offertory, 1824—1825 Saladin’s prohibitions against, 1535 storage, 2330 Wisdom literature, Didache compared with, 898 Wissa Wassef, 1466, 1738, 2988, 2051, 2322-2324 Woide, Charles Godfrey, 1424, 1428, 2324 Women absolution in baptism, 339 Alexandra, Saint, 88 Anastasia, Saint, 125 Bayt al-Nisa’ (reserved area in church), 373, 703 birth rites and customs, 393—393 Catherine, Saint, Mount Sinai Monastery of, 1681—1685 communion regulations, 579 Coptic education of, 932, 933 Coptic equality measures for, 1465 Coptic headdress, 641 Coptic ideals, 1086—1087 deaconess, 888 Dimyanah and her forty virgins, 903 doctors, 1581 Erai, Saint, 2209 Eudoxia, Saint, 1067 Euphemia, Saint, 1073 Euphrosyna, Saint, 1069 Febronia, Saint, 1109—1110 first full-time Egyptologist, 1701 funerary customs, 1124 and gnosticism, 1081, 1148, 1150, 1155 Herai, Saint, 1221 Hilaria, Saint, 1230—1231 Mariyyah the Copt, 1528 martyrs, 903, 1552—1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1558, 1559; see also specific names Mary of Alexandria, 1560 Mary the Egyptian, 1560 mourning customs, 1686 Nabdunah, 1769 personifying soul in Gnostic literature, 1081 Pulcheria, 2033 recluses, 88, 1663, 2055 Regula, Saint, 2057 rights in ancient Egypt, 1086 rights in modern Egypt, 1088, 1944 role in Ethiopian church, 1044—1045 Salamah Musa on equal rights for, 2089 Sara, Saint, 2094 Sophia, Saint, 2143—2144 Syncletica, 2192 Theodora, Empress, 2235 Theognosta, Saint, 2243—2244 Theopista, Saint, 1072—1073 veil-wearing, 641—650 Verena, Saint, 2299—2301, 2301 see also Betrothal customs; Birth rites and customs; Costume, civil; Marriage; Widows; Women’s religious communities Women’s religious communities, 1663, 2324—2325 amma in, 2, 3 Anastasia, Saint, founding, 125 convent and nunnery organization, 1663 at Dayr Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 710 at Dayr al-Banat, 788—789, 789 Dimyanah and her forty virgins, 903 al-Hamidat, 1205 Moses of Abydos founding, 707 nuns, 1822 origins in Egypt, 1663 Pachomian community, 1663, 1822, 1860, 2325 Woodwork, Coptic, 2325-2347, 2328-2346 altar ban, 580 painted icons, 293 portraiture, 2001 preservation of wood, 279 under Muslim rule, 1311, 1312 see also Art, historiography of Coptic Wool, used in Coptic textiles, 2212—2213, 2213 Word, Liturgy of the. See Catechumens, Liturgy of the Words, magical, 1500—1502 World Chronicle (John of Nikiou), 2060 World Council of Churches, 2091 World War I, 1694 Worrell, William Hoyt, 1895, 2348 Writing surfaces. See Ostracon; Papyrus; Parchment Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand, 2348 X_______________________ Xenedochou. See Pimandjoili Xois. See Sakha Y_______________________ Yacobos II, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1245, 1325, 2349 Yacoub, Jacob. See Ya‘qub, General Yahya, ‘Abd al-Fattah, 1992 Yahya ibn ‘Adi, 6, 1779 Yahya ibn Sa‘id al-Antaki, 1266, 1460, 1524 Yalbogha al-Samiri, 1570 Yale University Nag Hammadi Codices, 1771 papyrus collection, 1895 Ya‘qob, Ethiopian prelate, 1011 Ya‘qub, Abu. See Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Nastas Ya‘qub, General, 15 11—1512, 1524, 1539, 2349—2352 and Chiftichi, Yuhanna, 520 and Coptic Legion, 1417 and Egyptian national identity, 948 and French expedition in Egypt, 1284 and Jirjis al-Jawhari, 1333 and Menou, Jacques, 1591 and Salippe, Mikarius, 2089 and Shukrallah Jirjis, 2136 and Sidarus, Gabriel, 2137 Ya‘qub Hanna, 1688 Ya‘qub ibn Killis, 11 Ya‘qub Nakhlab Rufaylah, 415, 2353 Yared, Ethiopian saint, 1047 Yashu‘. See Joshua and Joseph (ascetics and martyrs) Yassa ‘Abd al-Masih, 1700, 1727, 2353 Yazid II, Caliph, 87 Year. See Calendar, Coptic Yeken, ‘Adli, 1990, 1991 Yem’ata, Ethiopian saint, 1046 Yemen, 1134 Yeshaq, Ethiopian saint, 1046 Yeshaq I, Ethiopian prelate, 1008 Yeshaq II, Ethiopian prelate, 1015—1016 Yohannes I, Ethiopian prelate, 1001 Yohannes II, Ethiopian prelate, 1010 Yohannes III, Ethiopian prelate, 1028—1030 Yohannes IV, Emperor, 1590—1591 Yosab I, Ethiopian prelate, 1017—1018 Yosab II, Ethiopian prelate, 1030—1032 Youel, 105 Youna (martyr), 1554 Young, D. W., 1448 Young, Thomas, 1445 Young Egypt (Misr al-Fatah), 1694 Youssef, Fatmah al-, 1991 Youth of Egypt, 2354 Youth movements, 2354-2355 Ypantes (Coptic textile term), 2221 Yu’anna. See Junia (martyr) Yu’annis, see also John Yu’annis, Anba (head of Dayr Anba Maqar), 69, 749 Yu’annis, Bishop of Asyut, 2355 Yu’annis, Bishop of Durunkah, 927 Yu’annis, Bishop of Misr, 1613 Yu’annis, Bishop of Samnnud, 1748 Yu’annis, Metropolitan of al-Minufiyyah, 1614 Yuhanna. See also Dayr Yuhannis headings; John Yuhanna (scribe), 2356 Yuhanna, Bishop of Samannud, 686, 2355—2356 Yuhanna al-Armani al-Qudsi (icon painter), 1278, 1279 Yuhanna the Deacon, 2356-2357 Yuhanna al-Hadhiq al-Qibti (Mu’allim), 2357 Yuhanna ibn Abi Zakariyya ibn Siba, 1735 Yuhanna ibn Masawayh, 1273 Yuhanna ibn Moesis. See Yuhanna the Deacon Yuhanna ibn Sawirus, 2357-2358 Yuhanna ibn Zakariyya ibn Abi Siba‘. See Ibn Siba‘ Yuhanna Ibn Abi Zakariyya Yuhanna al-Maqsi, 2358 Yuhanna ibn Sa‘id, 1573 Yuhannis, Bishop of Asyut, 297 Yuhannis ibn Buqtur al-Dimyati, 2358 Yuna, Anba, 744, 805 Yunus ibn Kadran, 1615, 1616 Yusab, Bishop of Damanhur, 686 Yusab, Bishop of Akhmim (13th century), 2359 Yusab, Bishop of Akhmim (15th century), 2359-2360 Yusab, Bishop of Akhmim (18th century), 2360-2361 Yusab I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Yusab I, Saint and Patriarch, 361, 2362-2363 and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 558 and Church of Sitt Maryam, 320 dates of patriarchy, 1916 feast day, 2087 and first portable altar, 144 and the Martyr Church at Abu Mina, 94 successor, 1412 and Yohannes I, Ethiopian prelate, 1001 Yuhanna biography of, 2356 Yusab II, Patriarch, 1911, 2363 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Ethiopian church autonomy, 981-982, 1043-1044, 1613 and Haile Selassie I, 1198 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2011, 2097 translation as bishop, 399 Yusab of Qift, Saint, 2087 Yustus Maraghi, 1122 Yusuf Abu Daqn, 2364-2365 Yusuf al-Qibti, 2365 Yusuf the Syrian (recluse), 1128 Z_______________________ Zacharias I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Zacharias, Patriarch, 2367-2368 and church restorations, 94, 558 and continued use of Coptic language, 1734 Damru residence, 689 dates of patriarchy, 1916 and Dayr Shahran restoration, 862 feast day, 2087 Zacharias, Saint and Bishop of Sa, 12, 2087 Zacharias, Saint and Bishop of Sakha, 12, 840, 1456, 2087, 2368 Zacharias of Scetis, 1681, 2369 Zadok and his companions (martyrs), 1559 Zaghlul, Sa‘d. See Sa‘d Zaghlul Zagwe dynasty, 1425 Zahir, Caliph, 1097, 1098, 1099 Zambia, Coptic church in, 1622 Zamika’el, Ethiopian saint, 1046 Zamika’elites, 985 Zananiq, 1650 Zanetti, U., 1435, 1626 Zanufius, Saint, 2087 Zar’a Ya‘qob, King of Ethiopia, 1052—1053, 1054 Zawditu, Empress, 1040, 1041 Zawiyah, al- (village), 884 Zaytun, Apparition of the Virgin Mary at, 2308—2309 Zechariah, 1102, 1135 Zechariah (Didymus), 900 Zechariah, Bishop of Sakha, 840 Zechariah, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Holy Cross, 1243 Zeno (martyr). See Paul, Longinus, and Zeno (martyrs) Zeno, Emperor, 2369—2370 Alexander of Lycopolis on, 87—88 endowment of Dayr Anba Maqar, 749, 1642 as father of Hilaria, Saint, 1230 Henoticon edict. See Henoticon and Monophysites, 1671, 1673 patriarch under, 1915 and Timothy Salofaciolus, Patriarch, 1671, 2269 Zenobios, 762, 2371 Zephaniah, Apocalypse of, 165 Zephyrinus, Bishop of Rome, 1638 Zeus Ammonios (desert oracle), 1180 Zimbabwe, Coptic church in, 1622 Ziniyyah. See Coptic language, spoken Ziyadah ibn Yahya ibn al-Rasi, 2079 Zo, Empress, 1099 Zoega, Georg (Jorgen), 2371 Zoilus (scribe), 1467 Zoroaster (pagan deity), 1520, 1617 Zosima, Anba, 130 Zosimus, Saint (monk-priest from Palestine) on Apophthegmata patrum, 177 feast day, 2087 and Mary the Egyptian, 1560 Zosimus of Panopolis, 1735, 2371 Zostrianus, 2295, 2371—2372 Zubayr ibn al-`Awwam, al-, 186 Zubdat al-Fikrah fi Tarikh al-Hijrah, 1464 Zukayr (Yu’annis), 1573 Zuni, 22 Zurich, Switzerland, 1082, 1110, 2057 see also Switzerland; Theban Legion |
| Original Publisher | Macmillan |
| Digital Publisher | Claremont Graduate University. School of Religion |
| Date | 1991 |
| Language | eng |
| Collection | Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia - http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/col/cce |
| Rights | Copyright 1991 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Type | Text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Object File Name | cce01972.pdf |
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