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[Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372]
L_______________________
Labib, Claudius. See Iqladiyus Labib
Labib, Subhi Yanni, 1423
Labib Habachi, 1423
Labla. See Monasteries of the Fayyum
Labor contracts, 1429
Lacaron, Saint, 1423-1424
see also Krajon and Amun
Lacau, Pierre, 694, 1424
Lacbat. See Aqbat, al-
La Croze-Veyssière, Mathurin, 1424, 2324
Lactantius
criticism of Diocletian’s policies, 906
on incense use, 1472
Ladder of Divine Ascent (John Climacus), 2050
Ladeuze, Paulin, 1424, 1452
Ladles, 1603
Laetentur coeli, 1119
Laferrière, P-H., study of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 726
L’Africain, Jean Léon, 826
Lagarde, Paul Anton de, 1424-1425, 2067
Lahn (musical term), 63, 1425, 1722, 1727, 1729
and waham, 2313
Lahn Idribi, 1722
Lahn Sinjari, 1722
Lake Bardawil, 1650
Lake al-Burullus, 818, 837
Lake al-Habash, 848, 881
Lake al-Manzalah, 1648-1649
Lake Mareotis, 24, 1526, 1527, 1931
Lake Maryut, 34, 837
Lalibala (community), 975, 1425-1426
Lalibala, Ethiopian king and saint, 1008, 1047-1048
Lalibela. See Lalibala
Lamp of Darkness (Ibn Kabar). See Misbah al-Zulmah (Ibn Kabar)
Lamps
altar lights, 109-110
dolphin-shaped, 2169
glass, 1144-1145, 1144
metalwork, 1596-1598, 1597
terra-cotta, 494-497
see also Candles
Lanapourgós (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Lanários (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Lance tips, 1605
Land acquisitions, monastic, 1642
Land tax. See Kharaj
Land tenure, under Umayyad administration, 2287-2288
Lane-Poole, Stanley, 1733-1734
Language, Coptic
Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib, 33-34
Arab conquest of Egypt and decline in use of, 1460
Arabic-Coptic dictionary, 1302
Athanasius’ Copto-Arabic grammar, 2045
Champollion, Jean François, scholarship, 516, 614
Coptic melody relationship, 1730-1731, 1734-1735
decline of, 1459, 1464
dialects, 1389
dictionary, 1424
grammars, 1266, 1268, 1302, 2045
Greek characters use, 1167, 1169
Ibn Kabar lexical work, 1267
inscriptions in, 1290-1296, 1408
inscriptions in the Kellia, 1408
Iqladiyus Labib studies and promotion of, 1302
‘Iryan Jirjis Muftah modernization efforts, 1302-1303
Life of Paul of Thebes in, 1926
linguistics, 33-34
literature in, 1450-1459
liturgical texts in, 1734-1735
Lives of Pachomius in, 1860, 1861-1862, 1863
magical words, 1500-1502
medieval Nubian clergy use of, 1813, 1816
as medium for Christianization, 1167, 1169, 1177
modern studies of, 1630
monasticism and diffusion of, 1168
Old Testament translations, 1836-1838
papyrus collections, 1890- 1896
papyrus discoveries, 1898-1900
patristics and, 1920-1921
Plato’s Republic translation, 1981
role in Alexandria, 101
Rückert, Friedrich, studies, 2067
spoken, 604-606
teachers of, 1962
see also Appendix; Bohairic dialect; Coptic language, spoken;
Literature, Coptic; Literature, Copto-Arabic; Sahidic dialect;
Toponymy, Coptic
Languages. See Arabic language; Dictionaries; Grammars; Greek
language; Language, Coptic; Latin language; Meroitic language;
Nubian languages and literature
Lantschoot, A. van, 1965-1966
Laodicea, Council of, on observances during Lent, 2099
Laographia (poll tax), Alexandrian exemptions, 1180
Laqqan, 1107-1108, 1252, 1426-1427
Laqqanah, 1427
bishopric of Damanhur union with, 686
Lascaris, Theodore, 1114
Lascarpis. See Ya‘qub, General
Last Judgment. See Judgment, Last
Last Supper
and fraction rite, 1121
leavened vs. unleavened bread at, 1060-1061
Later Prophets, in Jewish canon, 2108
Latin fathers (patristics), 1920
Latin language
Egyptian papyri, 1889
impact on Greek language in Egypt, 1167-1168, 1169,1176
Jerome, Saint, biblical translations into, 1323
Life of Paul of Thebes in, 1926
Life and Rules of Pachomius translation, 1663, 1861, 1862, 1863
papyrus collections, 1890
patristics in, 1920
Rufinus’ translation and writings, 1237-1238, 2068-2069
Latopolis. See Isna
Latrocinium. See Ephesus, Second Council of
Latson, Apa, saint, 1427, 2085
Launtiyus (Valentinus), 1577
Laura, 1428
and Dayr al-Jabrawi, 810, 811, 812
diaconia center, 896
keep construction, 1395-1396
and the monastery of Oktokaidekaton, 1826-1827
see also Hermitage
Laurentius, Saint, monasteries dedicated to, 850
Lausiac History (Palladius), 1733, 1862
on Ansina (Antinoopolis), 142-143
on Scetis monks, 2103
Law
Codex Justinianus, 569-570, 905
Codex Theodosianus, 571
defensor ecclesiae, 891
dikaion term, 902
Dioscorus of Aphrodito, 916
on monastery assets, 1640
Muslim interpretations, 687
prefect’s administration of, 2009
register, 1089
Law, canon. See Canon law
Law, Coptic, 1428-1431
legal sources, 1438
Schiller, A. Arthur, as specialist in, 2106
Steinwenter, Artur, as historian of, 2149
Law, Egyptian, on Coptic Waqf, 2319
Law, Islamic, 951
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah encyclopedia on, 1269-1270
Law, Mosaic
ablution prescribed by, 8-9
Augustine, Saint, on, 1930
on confession, 585-585
Law of obligations, 1429-1430, 1641
Law of persons, 1428-1429
Law of things, 1429
Laying-on of hands, 1432-1433, 1910
at bishop’s consecration, 397
Lay members of church. See Archon
Layton, B., 1893
Lead collars. See Alexander, II
Leases, 1429
Leatherwork, Coptic, 1433
in Louvre Museum, 1483
pen cases, 1933
preservation, 280
see also Bookbinding
Leavened bread, and Eucharist, 1060-1061
Lebanon
Coptic churches in, 1621
monasteries, 877
Lebna Dengel, 1016-1017
Lecanoscopy, 1507-1508
Lectern, 1434-1435
Lectionary, 1435-1437, 1449
for Church of Mu‘allaqah, 1775
and evangeliary, 1077
Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri copies, 1273
manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1778
Mass of the Catechumens, 1562
Leda, depicted in Coptic art, 1763
Leeder, S. H., 1466
Lefebvre, Gustave
on Dayr Anba Bakhum, 729
students of, 694
Lefort, Louis Théophile, 1437, 1448, 1453
on Letter of Ammon, 1445
on Life of Pachomius, 1860, 1861, 1863
Mark II homily discovery, 1534
Left Bank (Nile). See Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id
Legal procedure, Coptic, 1430-1431
Legal sources, Coptic, 1438
Legion. See Army, Roman
LeGrain, Georges, 1439
Leiden, University of, 1424
Leipoldt, Johannes, 614, 1439, 1452
Lemm, Oskar Eduardovich von, 1439, 14448
Lenormant, Charles, 1440
Lent
Dionysius the Great on, 912
fasting during, 1093, 1094- 1095
fasting on Saturday during, 2098, 2099
and genuflection, 1139
lectionary for, 1437
Palm Sunday and, 1103-1104
see also Good Friday; Great Lent; Maundy Thursday
Leo III, Emperor, edict banning images, 1275, 1276, 1277
Leo I, Emperor
patriarch under, 1915
and relics of the Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2259
and Timothy Aelurus, 1441, 1671, 2264
Zeno as successor, 2369
Leo V, Emperor, 1275
Leo I the Great, Pope (Rome), 1440-1442
and Chalcedon, Council of, 512, 513-515
Christology, 1670, 1671, 1672
on communicatio idiomatum, 578
as Coptic saint, 2085
and Dioscorus I, 525, 913, 914, 915
and Ephesus, Second Council of, 961-962
and Ephesus, Third Council of, 962
and Eutyches, 1074-1075
and Henoticon, 1218
and paschal controversy, 1906
and Pulcheria, 2033
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247, 2251
and Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch, 2264, 2267
see also Tome of Leo
Leo II, Pope (Rome), on filioque, 1112-1113
Leo IV the Khazar, Emperor, 1275
Leonidas (martyr and Origen’s father), 892, 1846, 1936
Leontius of Antioch, and Lucian of Antioch, 1484
Leontius of Byzantium, 1455, 1676
Leontius of Tripoli, Saint (martyr), 1442-1444, 1556
Leprosy, 1581
Lepsius, Karl Richard, 717, 1444
Le Quien, Michel, 1444
Leroy, Jules, 726, 868, 1444
Letronne, Jean Antoine, 1444- 1445
Letter of Ammon, 894, 1445
on Antinoopolis, 144
and Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 2238
Letter of Peter to Philip, 1446
and Interpretation of Knowledge, 1301
Letters. See Epistolography
Letters (Dionysius), 911-912
Letters of synods. See Synods, letters of
Lewata (Berber tribe), 1652
Libanius, 1308, 1447
Libanos (Matta), Ethiopian saint, 1045
Libellus de processione Spiritus Sancti, 1115
Liberal Constitutional Party, 1991-1992
Liberal Socialists Center, 1991
Libraries, 1447-1449
Alexandria, 100, 1447
Bodmer (Bibliotheca Bodmeriana), 404
in colophons, 577
Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 723
Dayr Anba Maqar, 749, 750
Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun, 758
Dayr Anba Shinudah, 763
Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 824
Dayr Nahya, 843
Dayr al-Suryan, 876, 877, 878
monastic medical literature, 1578-1579
Nag Hammadi Library, 1771-1773
patriarchal, 1532
travelers’ interest in, 1977
see also Archives; Literature, Coptic; Manuscripts; Museums,
Coptic collections in; specific libraries
Library of the Coptic Patriarchate, 901
Library of Karl Marx University (Leipzig), 1893
Libri Carolini (790), 1112
Libya
Coptic churches in, 1621
see also Pentapolis
Libyan massif. See Western Desert
Lichtheim, M., 2022
Licinius, Emperor, 588-589, 1869
conflict with Constantine, 81
Neocaesarea, Council of, in reign of, 1785
patriarch under, 1914
persecutions under, 1937
Licinius (Roman officer), 1558
Lif, Abu. See Dayr Abu al-Lif
Lifafah, 1472
Life of Abba Paul, the Holy Anchorite (Amélineau), 1926
Life of Basil (Amphilochius), 1593
Life of Dioscorus (Theopistus of Alexandria), 2254
Life of Eusebius of Samosata, 1593
Life of Hilarion, 1664
Life of Isidore (Damascius), 1221, 1222
Life of Longinus, on the Enaton, 955, 956
Life of Patape, 1907-1908
Life of Phib, 1953
Life of Pisentius (John the Presbyter), 1368, 1455-1456
Life of Poemen, 1983-1984
Life of Saint Antony (Athanasius), 101, 116, 119, 300, 302, 728, 1663
on anachoresis, 119
circulated in Gaul, 255
collected manuscript of, 1782
on devil as black, 248
Latin translation in Ireland, 418
Life of Saint Jimyanah/Dimyanah (John of Parallos), 871
Life of Saint Pachomius, 1663, 1859, 1860-1861, 1952, 2207
collected manuscripts of, 1782
Letter of Ammon, 1445
on Theodorus of Tabennese, 2240
Life of Saint Paul the First Hermit (Jerome), 1925-1926
Life of Saint Sabas, 894
Life of Samu’il of Qalamun, 758
Life of Shenute, 898
Lighting equipment. See Candles; Lamps
Lime, 1402
Limestone, Coptic sculpture in, 2113, 2115
Linen, use in Coptic textiles, 2211, 2211-2212
Lingua aegyptiaca restituta: Scala Magna, hoc est nomenclator
aegyptiaco-arabicus. See Scala Magna
Linguistics, Coptic, 33-34
see also Appendix; Language, Coptic; specific dialects
Linoplygtes (Coptic textile term), 2221
Linouphos (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Lintels, wooden, 2342-2344, 2343
Liqanos, Ethiopian saint, 1047
Listener-penitents, 1932
Literacy, under Roman administration of Egypt, 1168
Literary, scholarly, and religious offices or titles. See Copts in late medieval Egypt
Literature. See Apocalyptic literature; Apocryphal literature; Ethiopian Christian literature; Literature, Coptic; Literature, Copto-Arabic; Literature, Nubian; Literature, pagan Christian; Poetry; specific languages and works
Literature, Christian, patristics, 1920-1921
Literature, Coptic, 1450-1459
on Alexander I, 84-85
beginnings of, 1450-1452
cycle, 666-668
Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070-1071
fourth- and fifth-century translations, 1453-1454
Gabriel, Archangel in, 1136-1137
Gabriel II, Patriarch, contribution, 1129
Gregory of Nazianzus’s works, 1183-1184
Gregory of Nyssa’s works, 1184-1185
healings in, 1212-1214
on John the Baptist, 1356
John Chrysostom’s works, 459-460, 1356, 1357-1359, 1454
Life of Pachomius, 1860
Mark II homily, 1534
on martyrdom of Philotheus of Antioch, 1961
on martyrs, 1881
medical, 1578-1579, 1581, 1582
on Michael, Archangel, 1618- 1619
Mikha’il, Bishop of Atrib and Malij, 1626
ninth-to-eleventh-century decline, 1458-1459
Patrologia orientalis, 1921
poetry, 1985-1986
Proclus’ works, 1356, 1454, 2017-2019
romances, 2059-2060
seventh- and eighth-century, 1458- 1458
Shenute texts, 1452-1453
sixth-century, 1454-1455
tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2303-2304
see also Cycles; Hagiography; Homilies; Language, Coptic;
Papyri, Coptic literary; Poetry; Scholars
Literature, Copto-Arabic, 1460-1467
Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah works, 19-20
Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib’s works, 33-34
first works in Arabic language, 19-20
al-Maqrizi works, 1268-1269
modern Egyptian liberal trends in, 1995
al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal, 2075-2079
Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 2100-2102
tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2305-2308
Literature, Ethiopian Christian. See Ethiopian Christian literature
Literature, Greek. See Greek language
Literature, Nubian, 1815-1816
Literature, pagan classical
Libanius, 1447
Physiologos stories, 1965-1966
Lithargoel, 61-62
Lithazomenon and Saint Peter’s Bridge (monasteries), 1467
Liturgical insignia, 1468-1469
Liturgical instruments, 1469-1474
for ablution, 9
deacon’s role, 885
Eucharistic, 1063-1066
metalwork, 1595, 1595-1596
wood coffers for, 2329-2330, 2330
Liturgical vestments, 1475-1479
for bishop’s consecration, 395-396
for consecration of patriarchs, 1910
Muslim restrictions, 1130
used in Epiphany, Liturgy of the, 967-968
see also Costume of the religious
Liturgy
ablution during, 9
Arabic translations, 1464
Coptic commentary on, 1267, 1272
deacon as response leader, 885
epiclesis, 964
Epiphany, 967-968; see also subheads Mass of the Catechumens;
Mass of the Faithful
Epiphany, 967-968
Ethiopian, 987-990, 997-998
eucharistic, 120-121, 1058-1060
fraction in, 1121
Gabriel, Archangel in, 1137
and genuflection, 1139
Gloria in excelsis and, 1147
Good Friday, 1152-1153
for hegumenos ordination, 1216
Holy Saturday, 1247-1249, 1249
hosanna use in, 1258
hymn of the Twelve Virtues, 2310
Incarnation references, 1287
Kyrie eleison in baptism, 343
language of, 1134
Lord’s Prayer in, 1480-148 1
marriage service, 1543-1545
Mass of the Catechumens, 1562-1565
Mass of the Faithful, 1565-1568
of matins, 1568-1569
music and, 1715-1729, 1743, 2058
Nubian, 1816-1817
penitents and, 1932
physical accessories, 1434-1437
prayers of absolution in, 16-17
prayers for the dead in, 889
and Psalmodia, 2024
on Saturday, 2099-2100
seasons and, 443-444
Sunday worship, 2159
Trisagion, 2278-2279
and Typikon of Saint Sabas, 2046
see also Anaphora headings; Feasts; Hail Mary
Liturgy of Saint Basil, 1540, 1715, 1716, 1721, 1716-1723, 1733, 1737, 1742
Liturgy of Saint Cyril, 1716
Liturgy of Saint Gregory, 120-121, 967-968, 1715-1716
Liturgy of Saint Mark, 120-121, 1539-1540
see also Liturgy of Saint Cyril
Lives of the Eastern Saints (John of Ephesus), 1362
The Lives of the Desert Fathers, 1238
Lives of Pachomius, 1663, 1782, 1859, 1860-1861, 1928, 1952, 2207
Lives of the Prophets, 166
see also Paralipomena Jeremiou
Livinus (Franciscan martyr), 1122
Le Livre des perles enfouies. See Book of the Hidden Pearls
Liwa’, al- (publication), 1748, 2011
Loans. See Law, Coptic: Law of obligations; Private Law
Lobsh (musical term), 63, 900, 1479, 1726, 1727
and tafsir, 2199
and Theotokion, 2255
and Watus, 2320
Lobsh Adam, 1479
Lobsh Watus, 1479
Logia, 1531
Logos
in Alexandrian theology, 103-104
Apollinarianism and, 173-174
Arius and Arianism on, 232, 240
Authentikos Logos, 309
Damian discourse on, 689
Origen on, 103, 1638, 1790-1791, 1848, 1849-1850
Philo on, 1957
see also Christ, nature of; Gnosticism
Longinus (martyr). See Paul, Longinus, and Zeno (martyrs)
Longinus, Bishop, 688, 1479-1480, 1948
and Beja tribes, 373
and conversion of ‘Alwa, 110
and conversion of Nubia, 1797, 1801- 1802
and Theodosius I, 2241
Longinus of Enaton, Saint, 360, 955, 956-957, 1196
feast day, 2085
Looms, Coptic textile, 2215-2217
Lord’s Day. See Sunday
Lord’s Prayer, 122, 123, 124, 1480-1481, 1568, 1569
and apa title, 152
in Book of Canonical Hours, 446-449
Evagrius Ponticus Coptic paraphrase, 1077
music for, 1721
Lord’s Supper. See Eucharist
Lot, 1618
Louis IX, saint and king of France, 314-315, 925, 1524
Louis the German, 1110
Louis the Pious, 1110
Louvain, University of, 1424, 1452
Louvre Museum, Paris, France, 1139, 1452, 1481-1483, 1509, 1588,
1589, 1596, 1598, 1601
letters of Pisentius in, 1979
papyrus collection, 1892
pen cases at, 1933
see also Art, historiography of Coptic
Love charms, 1504-1506
Lower Sa‘id, monasteries of, 1652-1653
Lucas, Paul, 1973, 1977
Lucchesi, E., 1892
Lucian of Antioch, 1484
and Arius, 231, 1790
and the school of Antioch, 231-232
Lucianus, 2245
Lucilianus and four companions (martyrs), 1556
Lucinius, Governor, 1554
Lucius (Arian presbyter), 1947
Lucius of Enaton. See Enaton, The
Lucius Septimius Severus. See Septimius Severus
Luke, Apostle and Saint
on the Ascension of Christ, 244
see also Gospel of Saint Luke
Lusterware, 1146, 1146, 1147, 1311, 1312
Lute, 1740-1741, 1741
Lutfallah (archon), 722, 1949-1950
Luther, Martin (and Lutheranism), 578, 597, 2110
Luxor, 1484
castrum of, 237, 465-466, 466
Coptic churches on temple sites, 1870
martyrs at, 1553
monasteries near, 717, 785-786, 1657
monastic murals at, 1874
stelae from, 2149
tombstone material, 1295
Luxor temples, 196, 1484-1485, 1870, 1865
Luzah al-Asyuti, Nasr, 1465
Lycopolis. See Asyut
Lycopolitan dialect
in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1837-1838
see also Appendix
Lyons, Second Council of (1274), 1114, 1115
M_______________________
Ma‘adi, pilgrimages to, 1973
Mabari, Shaykh, tomb of, 853
Macarius, homilies of Pseudo-. See Pseudo-Macarius, homilies of
Macarius I, Saint and Patriarch, 1487
and consecration of holy chrism, 521
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and Ethiopian prelates, 1002
feast day, 2085
Macarius II, Saint and Patriarch, 1487-1488, 1652
in Azari, 315-316
burial, 1128
dates of patriarchy, 1917
feast day, 2085
and Mika’el I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006
Macarius III, Patriarch, 1488-1489, 1911
dates of patriarchy, 1919
on divorce, 1943
and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 980-981
and Ethiopian prelates, 1043
as monk at Dayr Anba Bishoi, 735
and performance of Liturgy of Saint Cyril, 1716
and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2011, 2096, 2097
successor, 2363
Macarius, Saint (martyr son of Basilides), 892, 1489, 1556
Macarius Alexandrinus, Saint, 1876, 1489-1490, 1491, 2085, 2239
as desert father, 894
and Evagrius Ponticus, 1076
and Kellia community, 1397
Paphnutius of Scetis as disciple of, 1883, 1884
Macarius the Canonist, 1490-1491
canonical collection of, 1780
and Canons of Epiphanius, 456-457
and Canons of Hippolytus, 458
and canons of Nicaea, 1789
and Octateuch of Clement, 1824
Macarius the Egyptian, Saint, 1491
and Antony, Saint, 150
and Bessarion, Saint, 2082
churches dedicated to, 1969
and Dayr al-Baramus, 789, 790
as desert father, 894
and Evagrius Ponticus, 1076
feast day, 2085
and Gregory of Nyssa writings, 1184
and homily of Amphilochius of Iconium, 115
and Macarius Alexandrinus, 1490
and Maximus and Domitius, Saints, 1576-1577, 1967
monastic settlement, 748-756
and Onophrius, Saint, 1842
and Pambo, Saint, 1878
Paphnutius the Hermit as disciple of, 1883
and Poemen, Saint, 1983-1984
and Pseudo-Macarius, 2027-2028
on respect for one’s body, 958-959
and Scetis, 2102-2103
and Silvanus of Scetis, Saint, 2087, 2137
as subject in Coptic art, 270, 1842
see also Dayr Anba Maqar
Macarius the Great. See Macarius the Egyptian, Saint
Macarius of Nikiou, Bishop, 1794, 1794
Macarius the Painter. See Macarius II, Saint and Patriarch
Macarius of Scetis. See Macarius the Egyptian, Saint
Macarius of Tkow, Saint and Bishop, 1492-1494
on the Assumption, 290
Dioscorus encomium on, 400
feast day, 2085
funeral of, 1610, 1611
martyrdom, 1556, 1617
on Michael, Archangel, 1618
and Monastery of the Metanoia, 1609
panegyric, 1455, 1882
Maccabees, Books of the, 166
MacCoull, L. S. B., 1895, 1896, 2022
Macedonia. See Greek headings
Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 43, 44, 1672-1674
Macrina, Saint, 1468
Macrobius, Saint and Bishop, 1494
and Dayr Abu Maqrufah and Dayr al-Janadlah, 704, 705
feast day, 2085
martyrdom, 1494, 1556
panegyric on, 1456
Madamud, 1494-1495, 1495
Madaris al-Aqbat al-Kubra. See Education
Madinat Ghuran, excavations, 1651
Madinat Habu, 53, 1496-1497, 1496, 1586, 2022
ampullae from, 534
Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 717, 1656
Dayr al-Rumi, 856-857, 1656
Dayr al-Shahid Tadrus al-Muharib, 862
hermitages found nearby, 1225
pharaonic temple of, 196
Madinat Madi, 1497-1499, 1497
monastery of Saint George at, 824
papyrus discoveries, 1899
Madness, theme of simulated, 1541
Madonna and Child. See Virgin Enthroned
Maghagha, Dayr al-Jarnus, 813
Magic, 1499-1508
abraxas (word with numerical value), 14
Gabriel, Archangel, role, 1137
Gnostic vowels, 1732, 1735
lamblichus defense of, 1265
in Islamic period, 1504-1506
Plotinus refutation of, 1982
spell elements, 1502-1504
Stegemann, Viktor, texts on Coptic, 2148
Magical objects, 1509-1510
Nubian hijabs, 1814
see also Amulets
Magician, 1500
Magnentius (Diocletian courtier), 1140
Magnus Maximus, Emperor 1964
Mahallah al-Kubra, al-, 1510
Mahallat Abu ‘Ali, 1510
Mahallat al-Amir, 1511
Mahallat Daniyal, patriarchal residence at, 1633, 1912, 1959
Mahallat Minuf, 1511
Mahammah, al-, 1118
Maharati (martyr), 1556
Mahir, Ahmad, 1992, 1993
Mahmud Sulayman Pasha, 1987
Maiestas Domini (icon), 778, 1278
Majallah al-Jadidah, al- (journal), 2088
Majla ibn Nasturus, 1097
Majlis Milli, al-. See Community Council, Coptic
Majma‘ (term), 819
Majmu‘ al-Mubarak, al-, 1513
Majmu‘ al-Safawi, al- (al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal), 1106, 1462, 1545, 2076
Majmu‘ Usul al-Din (Compendium of the Fundamentals of
Religion), 1511
Makari al-Suryani, Father. See Samuel, Bishop
Makarius Salib. See Salippe Mikarius
Makaryus Hunayn, 1511-1512
Makhurah (Mareotis), 1512-1513
Makin, ibn al-‘Amid, al- (thirteenth century), 977, 1463, 1513
Makin Jirjis, al- (hegumenos), 1513
Makin Jirjis ibn al-‘Amid, al- (fourteenth century), collected
histories of, 1780-1781
Makouria, 38, 923, 1420, 1513-1515, 1588
and ‘Alwa, 110
and Banu al-Kanz, 336
and Baqt treaty, 343
Beja tribe attacks, 373
Chalcedon conversion, 1675
Dongola as capital, 921-922
Jabal ‘Adda fortress, 1315
and Nobatia, 1797, 1798, 1800
and Nubian evangelization, 1801, 1813
and Nubian Islamization, 1802, 1803
and Nubian languages and literature, 1815-1816
Shibab al-Din Ahmad Nuwayri on, 2136
Tafa settlement, 2198
travel writing on, 127 1-1272
Makram Agha, 1636
Makramallah the Hegumenos, 1335, 1515
Makram Ebeid, 1466, 1515-1516, 1990, 1993, 2011
Malabar. See India
Malachi, 22
Malak Mikha’il of Sibirbay, al-, 1969
Malan, S. C., 1525
Malati Yusuf, 1516, 1539
Malchion (Antiochean theologian), 1575
Malih,Abu al-, 1268
Malij, 1516, 1655
Malik al-Kamil ibn ‘Adil, al-, sultan, 833, 1524, 1691, 1749
Malik al-Mu‘azzam, al-, 1691
Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din, al-, 1691
Malik al-Salih Salah al-Din Hajji, al-, 1548
Malinine, Michel, 1516
Mallawi, Dayr Abu Hinnis at, 701-703
Mallidis. See Manqabad
Mallon, Marie Alexis, 1516
Mama (martyr), 1556
Mamluks, 1517-1518, 1856, 1857
‘Alwa and, 110
Bulus al-Habis rescue of Dhimmis, 424-425, 1517
Christian tensions and encounters, 2317-2319
Ibrahim al-Jawhari, 1857
Islamization and, 940, 2313-2319
Jirjis al-Jawhari role, 1332-1333
Makouria and, 1514
Mark VII patriarchy, 1538
Matthew I patriarchy, 1570
occupations, offices, and titles under. See Copts in late medieval Egypt
patriarchs and rulers, 1917- 1918
persecutions, 941, 1343, 1517-1518, 1535, 1949, 2314-2316
Peter VI patriarchy, 1949-1950
Rizq Agha and, 2059
Waq‘at al-Kana‘is (Incident of the Churches), 2313-2316
Waq‘at al-Nasara (Christian encounter), 2316-2319
see also French expedition in Egypt
Man-, as prefix to place-names, 2273
Manar, al- (publication), 1996
Manarah al-Misriyyah, al- (publication), 2010
Manassa Yuhanna, 1518
Manasseh, Saint, 11, 1518, 2085
Mandaean gnostics, 917
Mandal. See Lecanoscopy
Mandorla. See Symbols in Coptic Art
Mandouze, A., 2022
Mani
canon of sacred writings, 1149, 1519, 1520, 1521
and Maximus the Confessor, 1575
papyrus discoveries, 1899
see also Manichaeism
Manichaeism, 1519-1522
abstinence practice, 17
Alexander of Lycopolis and, 87-88
in Alexandria, 98-99
on celibacy, 1543
Diocletian edict against, 905, 1936
and gnosticism, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1162
Greco-Coptic adherents, 1177
Hieracas of Leontopolis and, 1229
Maximus the Confessor and, 1575
Neoplatonism and, 1982
and origins of monasticism in Egypt, 1661
papyri collections and discoveries, 519, 1885, 1889, 1894
Sarapion of Tmuis work attacking, 2096
on Satan, 1184
scholarship on, 2032, 2033
Le Manichéisme, son fondateur, sa doctrine (Puech), 2032
Manqabad, 1523
Manqabadi, Nabil al-, 730
Manqabadi, Tadrus Shinudah al-, 2011
Mansah, al-. See Psoï
Manshubiyyas (dwellings for groups of monks), 749
Mansi, Giovanni Domenico, 347, 1523-1524
Mansur, ‘Abdallah, 1524
Mansur, Boktor, 1524
Mansur, Mikha’il, 1467
Mansur, Yussuf, 1737
Mansurah, al-, 1524, 1648, 2270
Mansur ibn Sahlan ibn Muqashshir, 6, 1524-1525
Mansuri, Mustafa Hasanayn al-, 1996
Mansur Qalawun, king of Egypt, 1630
Mansur al-Tilbani, 872
Manual cross. See Cross, manual
Manufacturing techniques, Coptic textiles, 2213-2218, 2216-2218
Manuscripts
of ‘Abdallah ibn Musa, 3-4
of ‘Abd al-Masih, 5
of Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah, 19-20
Abu al-Muna acquisitions, 29
of Agathon of Homs, 67-68
archives, 226-227
Bodmer Papyrus, 380-382
cataloging of Coptic, 1138, 1700
Chester Beatty collection, 380-381, 382, 518-5 19
codex, 565-566
codex cover, 409
codicology, 572-573
colophon, 577
copied by Abib ibn Nasr, 8
copied by Abu al-Muna, 30
copied by Abu Nasr ibn Harun ibn ‘Abd al-Masih, 31
copied by Abu Sa‘id ibn Sayyid al-Dar ibn Abi al-Fadl al-Masihi, 32
copied by Antuniyus Mulukhiyyah, 151-152
copied by Gregory II, patriarch, 1182
copied by Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri, 1273
copied by Ibrahim ibn Sim‘an, 1515
copied by Jirjis ibn al-Qass Abi al-Mufaddal, 1270
copied by Tuma ibn al-Najib Lutfallah, 2281-2282
copied by Tuma ibn al-Sa’igh, 1270
Coptic literature, 1450-1459
copying at Dayr al-Baramus, 791
copying at Dayr Durunkab, 799
from Dayr Anba Sawirus, 760
from Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 824
from Dayr al-Nastur, 848
difnar, 901
Dumyat as copying center, 926
of early Greek musical notation, 1731-1732
Egerton Gospel, 933-934
Gabriel II as copyist, compiler, and translator, 1129
Greek Bible, 380-382
Hamburg Papyrus, 380-382, 1204-1205
illuminated. See Illumination, Coptic
Liturgy of Saint Mark texts, 1539-1540
in Louvre Museum, 1483
Macarius the Canonist collection, 1490-1491
modern, at Dayr Anba Maqar, 756
Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 1857-1858
Petersen scholarship, 1951
Pietro delle Valle collection, 1967
preservation, 279
restoration by Ibscher, Hugo, 1274-1275
from Scetis, 748
see also Archives; Bookbinding; Libraries; Nag Hammadi Library; National Library, Paris; Papyri, Coptic headings; Papyrus collections; Papyrus discoveries; Scribes; Scriptorium; specific titles
Manyal Shihah, pilgrimages to, 1973
Manzalah, al-, 1648
see also Monasteries of the province of Daqahliyyah
Maqarah, Abba. See Macarius II
Maqarah, Anba. See Macarius I
Maqarah of Scetis. See Macarius the Egyptian, Saint
Maqrizi, Taqiy al-Din al-, 1525
on Armenian and Coptic churches, 234
on Babylonian churches, 318
on Baqt treaty, 343, 1099
on Christodoulus, 546-547
on churches in Hiw, 1242-1243
on Church of Saint Michael, 1617
on church in Tanbida, 2201
on convents, 2325
on Coptic Christian tensions and encounters under the Mamluks, 2317-2319
on Coptic revolts, 50
on Cyril III ibn Laqlaq, Patriarch, 675
on Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn (Tamwayh), 712
on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722
on Dayr Anba Bishoi, 738
on Dayr Anba Helias, 748
on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 764
on Dayr Apa Anub, 770
on Dayr Apa Hor, 770-77 1
on Dayr al-Arman, 782
on Dayr al-‘Askar, 783
on Dayr Balujah, 788
on Dayr Durunkah, 799
on Dayr al-Ju‘, 814
on Dayr al-Khadim location, 145
on Dayr al-Maghtis
on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 823
on Dayr Mar Mina (Jabal Abu Fudah), 834
on Dayr al-Maymah (Gharbiyyah), 835, 837
on Dayr al-Muharraq, 840
on Dayr al-Muttin, 842-843
on Dayr al-Qurqas, 852
on Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857
on Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 870-871
on Durunkah, 926-927
on the Enaton, 957-958
family and accomplishments, 1268- 1269
on Feast of the Martyr, 1548
on Feast of Saint John, 882
on Gabriel V, Patriarch, 1131
on Ibn Mammati, 1462
and Ibn Salim al-Aswani’s Nubian account, 1271
on Idfa, 1280
on Islamic persecutions of Copts. See subhead on persecution of Copts
on Islamization of Egypt, 938
on John VI, 1341
on Mamluk persecutions. See subhead on persecution of Copts
on Mareotis, 1527
on Nawruz, 1784
on persecution of Copts, 1343, 1535, 1949, 2314-23 16
Maqsurah, 213
Maqta’. See Altar-board
Maraghah, Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 826
Mar’ah al-Jadidah, al- (Amin), 1994
Mar Awjin (Eugene), 565
Marble, Coptic sculpture in, 2113, 2115
Mar Buqtur. See Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn
Marcel, Jean-Joseph, 1526, 1696
Marcellus, Bishop of Ancyra, 178, 1526, 1791
Marcellus, Saint (Scetis ascetic), 2085
Marcian, Emperor, 914, 1441, 1670, 2033
and Chalcedon, Council of, 512-513, 514, 515
patriarch under, 1915
Marcianus, Patriarch, 1526
dates of patriarchy, 1914
Marcinus, Emperor, patriarch under, 1914
Marcion (Docetist), 917, 1148
Marco Polo, 1635
Marcus. See Mark I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch
Marcus (monk), 692
Marcus (Roman governor), 903
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor
patriarch under, 72, 1914
visit to Egypt, 2062
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. See Caracalla, Emperor
Marea. See Hawariyyah
Mareotis, 1526-1527
see also Makhurah; Maryut
Mareotis, Coptic paintings at, 1527-1528
Marian Homily I (Proclus), 2017
Mariette, A., 780
Marina, Saint, 2085
Maris of Chalcedon, 84, 1484
Mariyyah the Copt, 1528
Mar Jirjis. See George, Saint
Mark, Liturgy of Saint, 120-121, 1539-1540
Mark, Secret Gospel of. See Secret Gospel of Saint Mark
Mark I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch, 1528-1533
Alexandrian apostolic succession from, 181
anaphora used in Ethiopian liturgy, 988
and Anianus, 133
on Ascension of Christ, 244
burial site, 92
and the Catechetical School of Alexandria, 469, 474
churches dedicated to, 92, 1532-1533; see also specific churches
contribution to Coptic church, 1532- 1533
dates of patriarchy, 1913
and Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783
and Divine Liturgy of the Eucharist, 120-121
as Evangelist Mark, 1078
feast day, 2085
as first patriarch of Coptic Church, 134, 2193
introduction of Christianity into Egypt, 103, 1866
and Jerusalem, 1324
and John of Shmun writings, 1369
Liturgy of. See Liturgy of Saint Cyril; Liturgy of Saint Mark
martyrdom and relics, 546, 678, 1131, 1531-1532, 1556, 1573, 1646, 1910
and Metropolitan See of Pentapolis, 1612
Monastery of Mark the Evangelist (Qurnat Mar‘i), 2042
paintings of, 1532
panegyrics on, 1456
relics. See subhead martyrdom and relics
relics returned to Anba Ruways Cathedral, 678
sanctuary of, 751
Venetian acquisition of relics of, 1131
see also Cathedral of Saint Mark; Gospel of Saint Mark; Mark,
Liturgy of; Secret Gospel of Saint Mark
Mark II, Saint and Patriarch, 427, 1533-1534
and Barsanuphians, 347
and Church of the Savior (Alexandria), 94
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and Enaton visit requirement, 958
and Eucharist heresy, 1057
feast day, 2085
Nabaruh residency, 1769
successor, 1318
Yuhanna biography of, 2356
and Yusab I, 2362
Mark III, Saint and Patriarch, 1534-1536
and Bastah church, 361
on canon law, 450
Coptic texts of, 1456, 1461
dates of patriarchy, 1917
and Dayr al-Nastur, 848
feast day, 2085
successor, 1341
Mark IV, Patriarch, 1536-1537
dates of patriarchy, 1918
and Jirjis ibn al-Qass Abi al-Mufaddal, 1332
Mark V, Patriarch, 1537
dates of patriarchy, 1919
Mark VI, Patriarch, 1537
dates of patriarchy, 1919
as monk at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722
Mark VII, Patriarch, 1537-1538
and Coptic relations with Rome, 610-611
dates of patriarchy, 1919
death at Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah church, 713
and Ethiopian prelate, 1029-1030
as monk at Dayr Anba Bula, 742
successor, 1350
Mark VIII, Patriarch, 1274, 1538-1539
dates of patriarchy, 1919
liturgical music, 1736
as monk at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 723
patriarchal residence, 1913
and property of Jirjis al-Jawhari, 1334
successor, 1950
Mark of Ephesus, 1114
Mark the Evangelist. See Mark I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch
Mark of al-Farama, Bishop, 1089
Mark ibn Qanbar, collected commentaries of, 1776-1777 Mark the
Mad (monk), 1931
Mark (Murqus) of the Beheirah, Bishop, 1911
Markos, Apa, 2042
Marks, funerary. See Portraiture
Mark the Simple, Saint, 1540-1541, 2085
Mar Mina Cultural Association, 1541
Marqos I, Ethiopian prelate, 1016-1017
Marqos II, Ethiopian prelate, 1019
Marqos III, Ethiopian prelate, 1022-1023
Marqos IV, Ethiopian prelate, 1026-1027
Marqurah. See Mercurius of Caesarea
Mar Qurus, 1593
Marqus, Bishop of Damietta, 1541-1542, 2046
Marqus, Bishop of Qusqam and al-Qusiyyah, 840
Marqus, Bishop of Sinai, 2046
Marqus al-Antuni, 30, 1542
Marqus ibn Qanbar, 1652
Marriage, 1542-1546
in ancient Egyptian, 1086
and anointing, 139
church-state legal issues, 1941, 1942-1943
Coptic, 1087
Coptic ceremonial celebration on Saturday or Sunday, 2159
Coptic ceremony, 1543-1545
Coptic customs, 1545-1546
Coptic law and legal documents, 1428, 1438
as Coptic sacrament, 1107, 1542-1543, 2139
digamy (remarriage) practice, 901, 1545
and excommunication grounds, 1079
Greek-Egyptian, prohibited, 1180, 1181
Lord’s Prayer in Services of Engagement and Betrothal, 1481
ritual books for, 1729
Roman law on, 905
Valentinian theory, 1156-1157
see also Betrothal customs; Celibacy; Divorce
Marriage at Cana, Feast of the, 1107, 1542-1543
The Marriage Sacrament in the Eastern Church (papal encyclical), 1942
Marrou, H. I., 2022
Marsafa, 1546
Marsafi, Shaykh Husayn al-, 1994
Marsa Matruh. See Paraetonium
Marsanes, 1547, 2372
Marseille, France, Coptic congregations in, 1623
Martha the Egyptian, Saint, 2085
Martin I, Pope (Rome), 1112
Martin of Braga, 418
Martin Luther University (Halle-Wittenberg), 1893
Martin of Tours, Saint, 253
Martyr, Feast of the, 1547-1548
Martyr Church. See Abu Mina
Martyrdom, 1548-1549
Didascalia on, 899
Stephen as first, 885, 2153
see also Martyrology; Martyrs, Coptic
Martyria (Christian woman of Antioch), 1117
Martyrium of the Apostle Simon, 1136
Martyrium and monastery of Saint Colluthus, 701, 702
Martyrium of Paese and Thecla, 1136-1137
Martyrius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 43
Martyrology, 1549-1550
Donatist acceptance of role in church, 920
shrines, 1976
Stephen as first Christian martyr, 885, 2153
Synaxarion as source, 2173-2190
Martyrs, Coptic, 1550-1559
Abamun of Tarnut, 1
Abamun of Tukh, 1-2
Acta Alexandrinorum, 56, 1889
Agathon and his brothers, 66-67
in Alexandria, 890
in Ansina, 142
Arianus, 230-23 1
Ascla, 283
Besamon, 379
burial rites, 425
canonization, 449
in Canopus (Abuqir), 32
Copres, 598
Coptic hymns for, 1728
Cosmas and Damian, 636-640
Cyriacus and Julitta, 671
Damanhur al-Wahsh, 688
Dayr Abu Anub, 696
Dayr Abu Bifam, 297, 696
Dayr Abu Hinnis, 701, 702
Dayr Abu Musha, 708
Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718
Dayr Anba Abshay, 718, 719
Dayr Anba Bakhum, 730
Dayr Anba Bisadah, 732
Dayr Anba Maqar, 718
Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783
Dayr Buqtur of Shu, 797
Dayr Mar Jirjis al-Hadidi, 831
Dayr al-Sham‘, 863
Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Isna), 865, 866, 868, 870
Demetrius of Antioch on, 893-894
in Dimayrah, 902-903
Dimyanah, 903
and Diocletian’s persecutions, 905-908, 1937
during Dionysius the Great’s patriarchy, 909-910, 911
in Durunkah, 927
Elias, 1282
Epima, 965, 965
Epimachus of Pelusium, 965-966
era of, 434, 972
Eusebius, 1069-1070
Eusignius, 1071-1072
al-Farama association, 1089
in the Fayyum, 845
feasts of the, 1101
Febronia, 1109-1110
Felix, 1110
forty monks at Raithou, 2049, 2050
forty-nine elders of Scetis, 1120-1121
Gabriel, Archangel, and, 136-137
George, Saint, and, 1140
Gobidlaha, Dado, and Caxo, 1151-1152
Gregory the Illuminator, 1183
hagiographers, 1921
Hamai of Kahyor, 1203-1204
Heraclides, 1220- 1221
Herai, 1221
of Herakleopolis, 73-74
Herpaese, 1225-1226
Hesychius, 1226
iconoclastic measures and, 1275
Isaac of Tiphre, 1304-1305
Isidorus, 1307
James, Saint and Disciple, 1109
James Intercisus, 1321
James the Persian, 324
Jirjis al-Muzahim, Saint, 1335-1336
John and Symeon, 1370
Joore, 1370
Julianus, 1225-1226
Justus, 1386-1387
and al-Khandaq, 1413
Krajon and Amun, 1419
Lacaron, 1423-1424
Leontius of Tripoli, 1442-1444
Lucian of Antioch, 1484
Macarius, 1489
Macrobius, 1494
in Mareotis, 1526-1527
Mark, 1531-1532
Menas of al-Ashmunayn, 1589
Menas the Miracle Maker, 24, 1589-1590, 1937
Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592-1594
Michael, Archangel, and, 1619
Moses the Black, 1681
Mui, 1696
in Nikiou, 1793
Olympius, 1840
Paese and Tecla, 1865
Pamphilus, 1879
Panesneu, 1880
Panine and Paneu, 1880-1881
Pantaleon, 1881-1882
Patape, 1907-1908
Peter I, Patriarch, and, 1117, 1467
Philotheus of Antioch, 1960-1961
Phoibammon of Preht, 1963-1965
Pisura, 1980
poetry on, 1985, 1986
Polycarp, 1997-1998
Psote of Psoï, 2030, 2031-2032
Ptolemaus church in Dintishar, 903
recanters from Islam, 1570
Regula, 2057
and Roman persecutions, 892, 1935- 1937; see also Persecutions
seven ascetics of Tunah, 2122
Stephen, 2153
at Sunbat, 2159
Symeon, 1370
Tecla. See Paese and Tecla
Ter and Erai, 2209
Theban Legion, 2231-2233
Theodorus, 2237-2238
Til, 2261
Tolemaus, 2271
Ursus of Solothurn, 2292-2293
Victor of Shu, 2302
Victor Stratelates, 2303-2308
see also Cycle; Persecutions; Pilgrimages; Saints, Coptic
The Martyrs of Palestine (Eusebius), 1071, 1549
Marucchi, Orazio, 1559
Marutha (Takritan), 876
Marwan II (Umayyad caliph), 37, 695, 1411
Mary (mother of Mark), 1529
Mary, Mother of God. See Annunciation; Theotokos; Virgin Mary
Mary of Alexandria, Saint, 1560, 1085
Mary the Egyptian, Saint, 1560, 2085
as anchorite, 129, 130
site of repentance, 1324
and Zosimus, Saint, 2087
Mary Magdalene, 897, 1155
Mar Yuhanna, 881
Maryut
Dayr Abu Mina, 706-707
kilns at, 481
pilgrimages to, 1968, 1970
see also ‘Abu Mina; ‘Amriyyah; Mareotis
Mashat al-marda. See Unction of the sick
Mashtul, 1561
Masil, 1561
Maximus (martyr), 1556
Masjid al-Shaykh ‘Abadah, 1528
Masks. See Portraiture, Coptic
Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles, 112, 1448, 1561, 1900
and Crum, Walter Ewing, 661
and historiography of Coptic art, 255-256, 1700
students of, 414, 1184
Maspero, Jean (Jacques) Gaston, 694, 1482, 1561-1562, 1891, 1967
Massacre of the Innocents, depicted in Coptic art, 533
Mass of the Catechumens, 1562-1565
Mass of the Faithful, 1562, 1565-1568
Mastema. See Satan
Matariyyah
pilgrimages to, 1970, 1973, 1977
tree at, 1118
Matewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1038-1040, 1591
Matins, Liturgy of, 1568-1569
Matra. See Batra (martyr)
Matrilineal succession, 1514
Matrimony. See Betrothal customs; Marriage
Matta. See Libanos (Matta), Ethiopian saint
Matthew, Apostle and Saint, 897
see also Gospel of Saint Matthew
Matthew I, Patriarch, 1569-1570
and Bartalomewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1013
burial site, 815
dates of patriarchy, 1918
and Dayr Abu Fanah, 698
as monk at Dayr Anba Antsuniyus, 722
prophecy on successor, 1130
relics removed from Birma, 392
Matthew II, Patriarch, 1571
dates of patriarchy, 1918
successor, 1133
Matthew III, Patriarch, 1571, 1975, 610
consecration of Ethiopian prelates by, 1022, 1023
dates of patriarchy, 1919
as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791
patriarchal residence, 1913
Matthew IV, Patriarch, 1571, 1913
and Coptic relations with Rome, 610
dates of patriarchy, 1919
and Ethiopian prelates, 1024, 1025
as last patriarch residing in Harit Zuwaylah, 1208
as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791
profession of faith, 1780
successor, 1347
and Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 2299
Matthew the Poor, Saint, 802, 1571-1572
Coptic accounts of, 1455
Encomia on, 1196
feast day, 2085
Matthias. See Timothy and Matthias (martyrs)
Matunah (martyr), 1556
Maundy Thursday, 1107-1108, 1426, 1904
and chrism consecration, 522
lectern placement, 1435
music for, 1721
Maurice, Emperor, 125-126, 688, 1676
patriarch under, 1915
Mauritius, Saint, 1082, 1110, 1572, 2085, 2231-2233
Mausoleums. See Tombs
Mawa‘iz wa-al-I‘tibar fi Dhikr al-Khitat wa-al-Athar, al-(al-
Maqrizi), 1525
Mawhub ibn Mansur ibn Mufarrij al-Iskandarani, 782, 1239, 1573-1574
Maxentius, Emperor, 919-920
Maximian, Bishop of Ravenna, 915
Maximian, Emperor
persecutions of, 907, 1082, 1110, 1552, 1936, 1937, 1943, 2057
and Theban Legion martyrdom, 2231
and uprisings in Gaul, 904
Maximinus, Emperor
patriarch under, 1914
persecutions of, 912, 1937
Maximus, Saint and Patriarch, 93, 1574-1575
dates of patriarchy, 1914
feast day, 2085
Maximus the Confessor (monk), 1575-1576, 1678
Maximus and Domitius, Saints, 1576-1578, 1491, 1967, 2085
Arabic tradition of, 1577-1578
Coptic tradition of, 789-790, 1576-1577
Mazar al-Sayyidah al-‘Adhra’ (rock church), 853
Mazmur Idribi (Psalm Idribi), melody, 1722
Measurement. See Metrology, Coptic
Medallions. See Ampulla
Medamud, Dayr Anba Bakhum near, 729-730
Medhane Alem (savior of the world) (Lalibala church), 1425
Medical instruments, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1605
Medicine, 1578-1582
Abu Hulayqah, 19, 2055
Ahrun ibn A’yan al-Qass, 77
in Alexandria, 91, 2065
Coptic, Sahan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan and, 2079-2080
Cosmas and Damian, 636-640, 1213
at Dayr Apa Hor, 77 1-772
healings in Coptic literature, 1212-1214
Ibn al-Bitriq brothers, 1265-1266
Ibrahim ibn ‘Isa, 1273
instruments. See Medical instruments
Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Nastas, 1306
Kaysan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan, 1395
magic spells, 1504
Mansur ibn Sahlan ibn Muqashshir, 1524
al-Mufaddal ibn Majid ibn al-Bishr, 1689
Muhadhdhab al-Din Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi Sulayman, 1691
Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Shakir ibn Abi Sulayman Dawud, 1749
Naguib Mahfouz, 1773
Nastas ibn Jurayj, 1775-1776
Olympius, Saint, 1840
onions to ward off disease, 2126
papyri, 1886-1888
Paul of Aigina, 1922
Raphael, Archangel, as patron of, 2053, 2054
Rashid al-Din Abu Sa‘id, 2055
Sahlan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan, 2079-2080
Sa‘id ibn Tufayl, 2080
see also Birth rites and customs; Pilgrimages
Meinardus, O.
on churches at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Naqadah), 827
on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 823
on Dayr al-Muharraq, 841
Melania the Elder, 1663, 1877, 1878, 1884
Melania the Younger, 2017
Melas (anchorite), 1650
Melchites and Copts, 1583
in Alexandria, 90-92, 93-94, 95
Canon of Clement, 445
conflict in Cathedral Church of the Jacobites, 93-94
and Greek language in Egypt, 1177
Ibn al-Bitriq patriarchy, 1265-1266
monks, 720
Murqus ibn Qanbar, 1699-1700
and Nubian evangelization, 1797, 1801-1802, 1813
Qustantin ibn Abi al-Ma‘ali ibn Abi al-Fath Abu al-Fath, 2046-2047
Melchizedek
depicted in Coptic art, 383, 793-794, 793
Hieracas of Leontopolis on, 1229
paintings of, 793-794, 793
Meletius. See Melitius, Bishop of Lycopolis
Melisma (Coptic musical characteristic), 1721, 1732
Melitian schism, 37, 919, 1584, 1585
Alexander I and, 8 1-84
in Alexandria, 97, 99
and Arianism, 591-592, 1878
and Athanasius, 590
and Constantine of Asyut, 591
Damian and, 689
Hesychius and, 1226
Nicaea, Council of, and, 81, 84, 1792
and Roman persecutions, 1935
and Sabellianism, 2072
Melitius, Bishop of Antioch Christology of, 1376
and Constantinople, First Council of, 594
Melitius, Bishop of Lycopolis, 296, 1584, 1585
and Alexander I, 81, 84
and appointments of bishops, 686
and Hesychius, 1226
Peter I and, 1585, 1943, 1944, 1945
see also Melitian schism
Melito of Sardis, 1585-1586
Coptic translations, 1451
and “godly monarch” concept, 1957
Melodies. See Adam; Music, Coptic; Oktoechos; Watus
Memnon, Bishop of Ephesus, 960
Memnon, colossuses of, 2065-2066
Memnonia, 1586
Memnonion of Strabo, 729
Memoirs (Paul of Aigina), 1922
Memphis, 1586-1587
as capital of Egypt, 95
end to institutionalized paganism in, 1870
Greek population, 1166
katochoi (recluses), 2055-2056
Roman travelers in, 2065
Memphitic. See Appendix
Menander, 1889
Menandros, sentences of, 2119
Ménard, René, 1730, 1743
Menarti, 1587-1588
Nubian monastery at, 1817
Menas (Dayr Apa Apollo superior), 1588-1589
icons at Bawit, 370-371, 1588
Menas (Greek martyr), 1556
Menas I. See Mina, Saint and Patriarch
Menas (town), as pilgrimage way station, 2066
Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1674
Menas, Saint (soldier martyr under Diocletian), 1936-1937
Menas, Saint and Bishop of Pshati
feast day, 2085
panegyrics by, 1456
Menas, Saint and Bishop of Tmuis, 1589
and Damru, 689
as monk at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 721
Menas the Ascetic. See Menas of al-Ashmunayn, Saint
Menas of al-Ashmunayn, Saint (martyr), 1556, 1589
Menas and Hasina (martyrs), 1557
Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint, 955, 1411, 1541, 1589-1590
ampullae, 116-118, 534, 537, 541
churches dedicated to, 116-117, 808, 833
depicted in Coptic art, 270, 534, 535, 1527, 2004-2005, 2006
feast day, 1557, 2085
monasteries dedicated to, 833, 834, 853, 1622, 1974
and Nikiou, 1793, 1794
see also Abu Mina
Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1039, 1590-1591
Mennas, Bishop of Memphis, 1587
Mennufer. See Memphis
Menophantus of Ephesus, and Lucian of Antioch, 1484
Menou, Jacques François ‘Abdallah, 1591-1592
Mensurius of Carthage, Bishop, 919-920
Menuthis, paganism in, 1870
Mercurius (monk painter), 737-738, 764, 804, 1291, 1589
Mercurius, Saint (ascetic and recluse), 833, 2085
Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint, 1557, 1592-1594, 2085
and Church of Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 11,549-551
churches dedicated to, 92, 710, 711, 713, 741, 743, 757, 814, 839, 1427, 1593-1594, 1613
cycle manuscripts, 1782
feast day, 1557, 2085
linked with Julian the Apostate’s death, 1382
monasteries of, 825, 1653, 1654
in Nubian liturgy, 1816-1817
portraits of, 726
relics at Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718
Mercurius and Ephraem (martyrs), 1557
Mercurius at Shahran. See Dayr Shahran
Merkabah mysticism, 1148
Meroë (Kush capital city), 1420
Meroites, and Qasr Ibrim, 2036, 2037
Meroitic language, 1170-1171, 1185, 1420
Merovingians, 1572
Meshach, 1092
Mesodialect. See Appendix
Mesokemic. See Appendix
Mesopotamia, 1663, 1675
Messalian movement, 2027
Metadialect. See Appendix
Metalwork, Coptic, 1594-1607
earliest works, 269
on Gospel caskets, 1153
in Louvre Museum, 1483
preservation of, 280
techniques, 1595
see also Art, historiography of Coptic
Metanoia, Monastery of the (Canopus), 32, 850, 1608-1611, 1646,
1861, 1862, 2066
post-Chalcedon, 1609-1610
Metras, Saint (martyr), 837
Metrology, Coptic, 53, 1611
Metropolitan, 1611-1612
as abun, 30
authority over bishops, 190
in ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2015
in Nubian church organization, 1813
ordained by bishop, 2193, 2194
role in church hierarchy, 1229
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, 780, 800, 1210, 1714, 1895
Metropolitan Sees, 1612-1614
Micah, 22
Michael. For names not found here, see also Kha’il; Mikha’il
Michael I. See Kha’il I, saint and Patriarch
Michael II. See Kha’il II, Patriarch
Michael IV, Saint and Patriarch, 761, 863, 1099, 1614-1615
and Church of al-Mu’allaqah (Old Cairo), 558
and Church of Sitt Maryam, 320
dates of patriarchy, 1917
feast day, 2085
and Giyorgis I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006
Michael V, Patriarch, 1615-1616, 1912
birthplace, 1970
dates of patriarchy, 1917
and Dayr al-Sham‘, 863
feast day, 2085
and Mika’el I, Ethiopian
prelate, 1006-1007
successor, 1340
Michael VI, Patriarch, 1616
dates of patriarchy, 1918
Michael VIII Palaeologos, 1114
Michael III. See Kha’il III, Patriarch
Michael, Bishop of Damietta. See Mikha’il, Bishop of Damietta;
Nomocanon (Michael of Damietta)
Michael, Bishop of Sandafa, 819
Michael, Saint and Bishop of Naqadah, 2085
Michael the Archangel, Saint, 1, 93, 190, 1092, 1616-1619
and Anatolius, Saint, 128
and Anub, Saint, 152
in Apocryphon of Jeremiah, 170
and Ari, Saint, 229
and the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 292, 293
churches dedicated to, 92, 93, 355, 1617-1618
confraternities of, 586-587
in the Coptic Testament of Isaac, 612
and Cosmas and Damian, Saints, 639
depicted in Coptic art, 250, 270, 794, 868, 869
and Elias of Samhud, Saint, 953
and Epima, Saint, 965
feast of, 1111
funerary customs, 1125
and Gabriel, Archangel, 1136
iconography of, 250
investiture in Heaven, 1618- 1619
and Isidorus martyrdom, 1307
and John of Parallos homily, 1368
and Lacaron, Saint, 1424
in magical texts, 1501, 1502
monasteries dedicated to, 1974
in Nubian church art, 1812
in Nubian liturgy, 1816
in Nubian medieval inscription, 1805
patron of church at Bani Kalb, 335
Peter I Encomium on, 1946
and Satan, 1184
in Testament of Abraham, 164
in Testaments of the Patriarchs, 164
and Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2304, 2306
see also Chapel of the Archangel Michael; Dayr al-Malak
Mikha’il
Michael bar Elias, Chronicle, 97-98
Michael Cerularius, 1113
Michael of Damietta (twelfth-century “new” martyr), 1557
Michael al-Ghamri, Bishop of Samannud, 1131
Michael of Qamulah, Saint, 2085
Michael the Syrian, on Nubian evangelization, 1801-1802
Michalowski, Kazimierz, 613, 1091, 1092, 1620, 1812
Michigan papyrus of Acts. See Acts, Michigan papyrus of
Middle Egyptian dialect
in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1837-1838
see also Appendix; Oxyrhynchite dialect
Middle Platonism, and Origen, 1847
Middle Sa‘id, monasteries of, 1654-1655
Miedema, Rein, 1620
Migne, Jacques-Paul, 1620
Migration, Coptic, 1620-1624
Mika’el I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006-1007
Mika’el II, Ethiopian prelate, 1007- 1008
Mika’el III, Ethiopian prelate, 1013-1014
Mika’el IV, Ethiopian prelate, 1023-1024
Mikha’il I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325
Mikha’il I, II, III, patriarchs. See Kha’il I, II, III
Mikha’il IV, V. See Michael IV, Michael V
Mikha’il, Bishop of Asyut, 755
Mikha’il, Bishop of Atrib and Malij, 1-2, 458-459, 1625-1627
on cheirotonia, 517
on Maximus and Domitius, Saints, 1577-1578
Mikha’il, Bishop of Damietta, 1613, 1624-1625
and blessing styles, 404
on Canons of Gregory of Nyssa, 457
collected Nomocanon of, 1781
on communion of the sick, 580
on incense, 1290
nomocanon of, 1129
opposition to Murqus ibn Qanbar, 1624, 1625, 1699
succeeded by Butrus Sawirus al-Jamil, Bishop, 431
Mikha’il, Bishop of Dumyat, 926
Mikha’il, Kyriakos, 1627-1628
Mikha’il ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 1628, 1993
Mikha’il al-Bahrawi, 1628
Mikha’il ibn Butrus, 1629
Mikha’il ibn Danashtari. See Michael V, Patriarch
Mikha’il ibn Ghazi, 1629
Mikha’il ibn Ya‘qub ‘Ubayd al-Misri, 1630
Mikha’il Jirjis, Mu‘allim, 1629-1630, 1737, 1737, 1742
Mikha’il of Misr (al-Fustat), Bishop, 1533
Mikha’il al-Misri (monk), 1630
Mikha’il Sharubim, 1630-1631
and British occupation of Egypt, 419
private collection in Coptic Museum (Old Cairo), 608
Milan, Edict of (313), 81, 208, 298, 588-589, 902
Mileham, G. 5., 1091
Milik al-Kamil, al-, Sultan, 1121
Military. See Army, Roman; Castrum; Costume, military; Warriors in Coptic art
Military-executive offices in Mamluk state. See Copts in late
medieval Egypt
Milius (martyr), 1557
Millenarians, 911
Millet, 1087, 1631
Milner, Lord, 1990, 1991, 2074
Milvian Bridge, battle of (312), 81, 588, 1869
Mina, al-, 895
Mina, Bishop of Sanabu, 1631
Mina I, Saint and Patriarch, 1631-1632
dates of patriarchy, 1916
feast day, 2085
and Yuhanna, 2356
Mina II, Patriarch, 1632-1633, 1912
and chrism consecration, 521
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and Ethiopian prelates, 1001
successor, 10
Mina, Saint. See Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint
Minas, Ethiopian prelate, 1000-1001
Mina the Solitary. See Cyril VI, Patriarch
Minbar, al- (publication), 1990
Mingarelli, A., 1895
Minor Doxology, 923-924
Minsha’at al-Shaykh. See Dayr al-Zawiyah
Minshah, al-. See Psoï
Mint. See Coinage in Egypt
Mintash (Mamluk amir), 1570
Minufiyyah Province, monasteries in, 1655
Minuf al-Sufla. See Mahallat Minuf
Minuf al-‘Ulyah, 1633, 2362
Minya, 1634
Dayr Abu Sarabam at, 709-710
Dayr Apa Hor at, 770-771
hermitages in, 1654
memorial to Abu Fis at, 716
See also Sanabu
Minya al-Qamh, pilgrimages to, 1973
Minyat al-Shammas, Dayr al-Sham‘, 863
Minyat al-Sudan, Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah, 712
Miracles
Basil, Saint, 115-116
at Dayr Abu Musa, 707
at Dayr al-Maghtis, 818
at Dayr al-Muharraq, 840
Demetrius of Antioch on, 893-894
first of Jesus Christ, 1107
in Gregory V patriarchy, 1130-1131
healings in Coptic literature, 1212-1213
and laying-on of hands, 1433
of Marqus al-Antuni, 1542
of Maximus and Domitius, 1576-1577, 1578
of Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592, 1593
of Michael the Archangel, 1618
of Moses of Abydos, 1680
moving of Muqattam hill, 1095
of Pantaleon, 1882
of Patasius, 1908
in Peter VII patriarchy, 1950
of Phoibammon of Preht, 1964
of Pshoi of Scetis, 2029
at Qalamun, 758
of Thomas, Apostle and Saint, 1635
Virgin Mary, apparition of The, 681, 840, 871, 969, 2308-23 10, 2309
Miracles of Ptolemy, on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 765
Miracula Coluthi, 893
Miracula Victoris (Demetrius of Antioch), 894
Mirhom, ‘Aziz, 1996
Misr al-Qahirah, 1312
Mirrors, 1509, 1606, 1607
supported by wood frame, 2338
Mirza, ‘Aziz, 2011
Misa’il, Saint, 1634, 2085
Misas, Dayr Abu Musa at, 707
Misbah al-Zulmah (Ibn Kabar), 1267, 1272, 1463-1464, 1634, 1735
on Books of Chronicles, 1827
on Canons of Epiphanius, 456-457
on canons of Nicaea, 1789
on Ezra, 1829
manuscript in Paris, 1779
on Nomocanon of Gabriel II ibn Turayk, 1799
on Ruth, 1835
Misr, al- (publication), 1465, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2011, 2020, 2198
Misr, Metropolitan See of, 761, 1613, 1912
Misr Bank, 1694
Misra (twelfth month of Coptic calendar), 439, 2189-2190
Mission archéologique française de Caire, 693
Missionaries
Anglican in Egypt, 133
in India, 1635-1636, 1881
liturgy spread by early Coptic, 1733
Longinus, 1479-1480
Manichaean, 1520, 1521
Mark, Saint, 1529-1530
monophysites, 1673, 1674-1675
Nubian evangelization, 1801- 1802
Nubian Islamization, 1802-1804
Protestant in Egypt, 1693
Roman Catholic to Copts, 1330, 1349, 1538
Theban Legion in Switzerland, 2231-2233
Ulphilas, Apostle to the Goths, 2285
see also Evangeliary
Missionaries in India, Coptic, 1635-1636, 1881
Mississippi Coptic Codex I. See Crosby Schøyen Codex
Missoria, 1607
Mistrih, Vincentio, 1464
Mit Damsis
churches dedicated to Saint George at, 1140
pilgrimages to, 1968, 1970- 1971
Miter, 1469, 1476, 1477
Mithra (pagan deity), 1617-1618, 1866
Mithraism, Michael the Archangel’s link with, 1617- 1618
Mit Rahinah, 1586
Mit Shammas, Dayr al-Sham‘ at, 865
Modalist Monarchians, 1637, 1638
on nature of Christ, 547
see also Monarchianism; Sabellianism
Modern Egypt, Copts in, 1636- 1637
political thought, 1993-1996
Moftah, Ragheb, 1730, 1737-1738, 1742, 1743
Monarchianism, 1637-1338
Eusebius of Caesarea opposition to, 1070-1071
and homoiousion controversy, 1253
Sabellianism and, 2072
Monarchs. See Kings, anointing of; specific names
Monasteries
abbots, 2-3
in Alexandria, 95; see also specific names
Anba Orion, 12
in Ansina, 142
Arab conquest impact on, 693-694
archives, 227-228
attitudes toward music in, 1733
canonical hours, 1724
Church of Saint George (Jerusalem), 1327-1328
and Coptic literature, 1458-1459
in Damanhur bishopric, 687
dedicated to Phoibammon, 1964-1965
deuterarios term, 895
diaconia term, 896
in Diolkos province, 908
donation of children to, 918-919
donations to, 1430
in Durunkah, 927
economic activities of
and Egyptian economy, 1643-1645
income-producing work, 802
and oikonomos, 1825-1826
outlays, 1642-1643
economic influence of, 1676, 1677
Eikoston, 951
the Enaton, 954-958, 957
at Faras, 1090
Farshut, 12
Farshut vicinity, 1093
Fatimid rule impact on, 1098
Fayyum as early center, 1100
of free monks (“sarabaïtes”), 702
hisn fortification, 1237
inscriptions found at, 1291, 1292
involuntary reclusion, 2055
at Karnak, 1393, 1393
keep construction, 1395-1396
Kellia grouping, 1396-1409
khizanah (hiding place), 1415
laura, 1428
libraries, 1448, 1977
library of medical literature, 1578-1579, 1886-1888
Lithazomenon and Saint Peter’s Bridge, 1467
al-Makarim listing of, 1462
Maqrizi history on, 1525
medical papyri, 1886-1888
most isolated in Egypt, 758
mummification, 1697
murals in, 1873-1874, 1875
of Nitria, 1794-1796
nursing practices, 1581-1582
Oktokaidekaton, 1826-1827
paintings, 1659-1660
in Pbow, 126, 1927-1929
in Pempton region, 1931
Persian conquests of, 1938, 1939
in Philae, 1955-1956
pilgrims and travelers to, 1976-1977
Pisentius of Hermonthis founding, 1978
proestos term, 2021
provost, 2024
Raithou, 2050
restorations by Gabriel VII, Patriarch, 1133
in Scetis, 2102-2106
Takinash, 2199
Tall Atrib, 2 199-2200
Tamnuh, 2201
Tanbida, 2201
Theotokos duplicates, 714
travelers’ interest under Roman empire, 2066
vigils, 2308
see also Dayr headings; Ethiopian monasticism; Hermitage; Hermitages, Theban; Monasticism; Monasticism, Pachomian; Monks; Nubian monasticism; specific monasteries
Monasteries, economic activities of, 1638-1645
Monasteries, Nubian. See Nubian monasteries
Monasteries in and around Alexandria, 1645-1646
Monasteries in and around Cairo, 1646-1647
Monasteries in the Beheirah Province, 1646
Monasteries in Cyprus, 1647-1648
Monasteries in the Daqahliyyah Province, 1648-1649
Monasteries of the Eastern Desert, 1649-1650, 1659
Monasteries of the Eastern Desert of the Delta and Sinai, 1650
Monasteries of the Fayyum, 1650-1651
Monasteries in the Gharbiyyah Province, 1651-1652
Monasteries of the Lower Sa‘id, 1652-1654
Monasteries of the Middle Sa‘id, 1654-1655
Monasteries in the Minufiyyah Province, 1655
Monasteries in the Qalyubiyyah Province, 835, 1655
Monasteries of the Sharqiyyah Province, 1655-1656
Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id, 1656-1658, 1659
Monasteries of the Western Desert, 1658-1659
Monastery of the Abyssinians, 1654
Monastery of Anba Hiziqyal. See Dayr Anba Hiziqyal
Monastery of Andrew. See Dayr Abu al-Lif
Monastery of Apa Harun, 1652
Monastery of Apollo. See Bawit
Monastery of the Archangel Michael (Sopehes), 1449
Monastery of the Armenians. See Dayr al-Arman
Monastery of the Bones. See Dayr al-‘Izam
Monastery of the Brothers. See Dayr al-Ikhwah
Monastery of the Brothers of Siyalah. See Dayr al-Ikhwah
Monastery of Brucheum (Alexandria), 1646
Monastery of Canopus. See Metanoia, Monastery of the
Monastery of the Crosses. See Dayr Abu Fanah
Monastery of Enaton. See Enaton, The
Monastery of the Epiphany. See Dayr Ebifania
Monastery of the Ethiopians. See Dayr al-Muharraq
Monastery of the Exchange. See Dayr al-Maymun
Monastery of Ezekiel. See Dayr al-Saqiyah
Monastery of the Forty Saints (Alexandria), 1646
Monastery of the Greeks. See Dayr Anba Bakhum; Dayr al-Rumi
Monastery of Heraclius. See Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah)
Monastery of the Hermits, 38
Monastery of the Holy Cross. See Dayr al-Salib
Monastery of the Holy Virgin at al-‘Adawiyyah. See Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah
Monastery of Hunger. See Dayr al-Ju‘
Monastery of the Island. See Dayr al-Rumaniyyah
Monastery of John Colobos, 734, 790, 2103, 2105
Monastery of John Kama, 1270, 2104
Monastery of John the Short. See Monastery of John Colobos
Monastery of Mark the Evangelist, 2041, 2042
Monastery of the Martyrs. See Dayr al-Shuhada’
Monastery of Matthew the Poor. See Dayr al-Fakhuri
Monastery of the Metanoia. See Metanoia, Monastery of the
Monastery of Michael and Cosmas, 1588
Monastery of the Mother of God (Alexandria), 1646
Monastery of the Mountain of the Bird. See Dayr al-‘Adhra (Samalut)
Monastery of the Mule. See Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah)
Monastery of al-Nur, 1653
Monastery “of the Mother of God of the Syrians”, 876
Monastery of Saint John. See Dayr al-Saqiyah
Monastery of Pachomius. See Dayr Anba Bakhum
Monastery paintings, Coptic, 1659-1660
Dayr Anb Hadra, 747
Monastery of Pamin, 1649
Monastery of the Patrician, 125, 955, 1931
Monastery of Paul the Leper (Alexandria), 1646
Monastery of the Pool. See Dayr al-Maghtis
Monastery of the Potter. See Dayr al-Fakhuri
Monastery of the Pulley. See Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (Samalut); Dayr Mar Mina (Jabal Abu Fudah)
Monastery in the quarter of the Ethiopians. See Dayr bi’l-Habash
Monastery of Saint Antony. See also Dayr Anba Antuniyus
Monastery of Saint Antony (Famagusta), 1647
Monastery of Saint Antony (Nairobi), 1622
Monastery of Saint Antony (Nicosia), 1648
Monastery of Saint Catherine. See Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine
Monastery of Saint Elias. See Dayr Anba Helias
Monastery of Saint Epima of Pshante, 824
Monastery of Saint Gabriel. See Dayr al-Naqlun
Monastery of Saint George, 824, 1649, 1653
see also Dayr Mar Jirjis
Monastery of Saint Jeremiah (Saqqara). See Dayr Apa Jeremiah
Monastery of Saint John the Baptist. See Holy Land, churches of the
Monastery of Saint John Kama, 1270, 2104
Monastery of Saint Macarius. See Dayr Anba Maqar
Monastery of Saint Macarius (Klima), 1647
Monastery of Saint Macarius (Platani), 1647- 1648
Monastery of Saint Mark (Alexandria), 1646
Monastery of Saint Menas, 707
Monastery of Saint Menas the Recluse. See Dayr Mar Mina (Gharbiyyah)
Monastery of Saint Michael (Hamuli), 1619
Monastery of Saint Paul. See Dayr Anba Bula
Monastery of Saint Simeon. See Dayr Anba Hadra
Monastery of Saint Sinuthius. See Dayr Anba Shinudah
Monastery of Saint Victor. See Dayr al-Jabrawi
Monastery of Samuel. See Dayr al-Sanad
Monastery of the Seven Mountains. See Dayr al-‘Izam (Asyut); Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal
Monastery of Shenute. See Dayr al-Salib
Monastery of Stone. See Dayr al-Hajar
Monastery of the Tabennesiotes. See Metanoia, Monastery of the
Monastery of the Tigers. See Dayr Anba Bula
Monastery of the Town. See Dayr al-Madinah
Monastery of the Vine-Dresser. See Dayr Nahya
Monastery of the Virgin, 7, 704, 927; see also Dayr al-‘Adhra
Monastery of the Virgin of Baramus, 790
Monasticism
British Isles, 417-418
Ethiopian, 990-994
Nubian, 1817-1818
twentieth-century revival of, 1668
Monasticism, Egyptian, 1661-1664
anachoresis, 118-120, 1320-1321, 1661, 1958
Antony of Egypt influence on, 150
Apophthegmata patrum on, 177- 178
cell, 477-478
Coptic influence on, 101
and Coptic language diffusion, 1168, 1177
Coptic text translations on, 1454
desert fathers and, 894; see also Desert fathers
early beginnings in Dalas, 685
Ebionite influence on, 930
Evagrius Ponticus works on, 1076-1077
al-Farama as center, 1089
Gangra, Council of, on asceticism, 1138
Historia monachorum in Aegypto on, 1237-1238, 2068-2069
in Mareotis, 1527
martyrs and, 1881
Melitian, 1584
in Memphis, 1587
as model in other areas, 1663-1664
origins, 1661-1664
Palladius text on, 1876-1877
proestos term, 2021
reclusion as fundamental element of, 2055-2056
refectory elements and usage, 2056
Roman papal acceptance of, 299
and Roman taxation, 2204
see also Asceticism; Anachoresis; Anchorites; Dayr headings; Desert fathers; Hermitage; Hermits; Monk; Monasteries; specific personal and place names
Monasticism, Pachomian, 26, 32, 41, 78-80, 126, 1661, 1662-1663, 1664-1665
Abraham of Farshut and, 11
anchorite contrasted with, 725
cell, 477
and Claudius, Saint, 561
convents, 1663, 1822, 1860, 2325
and Cornelius as “ancient brother,” 635
definition, 1667
deuterarios term, 895
diaconia term, 896
in Diolkos province, 908
and Hamai of Kahyor, Saint, 1204
Horsiesios and, 1257
and Joseph of Tsenti, Saint, 1374
Monastery of the Metanoia, 1608, 1610-1611
monastery sites, 1657
mourning rites, 1686
numbers of monks, 1662- 1663
oikonomos at, 1826
opposition to, 1138
organization of, 1664-1665
Pachomius as founder, 1661, 1664, 1859-1863
Pachomius the Younger, 1864
Palladius on, 1877
Paphnutius and, 1882
Pbow, 1926-1929
Petronius, Saint, and, 1952
and pilgrimages, 1973-1974
proestos term, 2021
Pseudo-Macarius homilies addressed to, 2027
at Raithou, 2049-2050
refectory as standard architectural element, 2056
Rules of Saint Pachomius, 1861-1862
Souros, 2144
Tabennese site, 2197
and Theodorus of Tabennese, 2239-2240
and Victor of Tabennese, 2308
see also Pbow
Monastic vestments. See Monks, vestments
Mond, R., 861
Monde Copte, Le (publication), 1666
Monenergism, 1666, 1676
Monk, 1667-1668
see also Dayr headings; Hermits; Monasticism; Monasteries;
specific names
Monks
abbots, 2-3
Abraham of Farshut, 11-12
anchorite way of life compared with cenobite, 724-725
in church hierarchy, 1229
Coptic in Ireland, 253
Coptic texts on, 1455
Cornelius, 635
Ethiopian, 747-748
and genuflection, 1139
iconoclastic measures against, 1275
manshubiyyas dwellings, 749
Moses of Abydos, 1679-1681
Moses the Black, 1681
Paphnutius, 1882
Paphnutius of Pbow, 1883-1884
Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884
and patriarchal election, 1911
as patriarchs, 1999
portraits in Old Church of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 727
Pshoi of Scetis, 2029-2030
simulating madness for God, 1541
tasks and trades, 1641-1643
total number in the Wadi Habib area in the year, 1088, 2135
vestments, 650-655, 1477
Victor, 2301
Victor of Tabennese, 2308
see also Anchorites; Desert fathers; Hermitage; Hermits;
Monasticism; specific names
Monneret de Villard, Ugo, 1668-1669
on Nubian archaeology, medieval, 1804
and Nubian church art, 1811
and Tamit, 2200
Monophysitism, 1669-1677
Acacian schism, 42-47, 1671- 1672
Alexandrian, 101, 102
and Arab conquest of Egypt, 188
and Assumption, 290
and Chalcedon, Council of, 512-515, 663-664
and Christian subjects in Coptic art, 528
Christology, 547, 548, 679
and communicatio idiomatum, 578
consolidation of, 1672-1673, 1675
and Constantinople, Second Council of, 596
and Copts, 599-600
and Dyophysites in Alexandria, 97, 99
and ecthesis edict, 682
and Egypt in late antiquity, 100, 944-947
in Ethiopia, 986-987
and Greek-speakers in Egypt, 1177
and iconoclasm, 1275, 1276
influence on Coptic education, 931-932
and Jacob Baradaeus, 1318-1319
and Jacob of Saruj, 13 19-1320
John of Ephesus writings on, 1362
and Julian, Bishop of Halicarnassus, 1379
and Justin II, Emperor, 1384-1385
and Justinian, Emperor, 1385
Longinus, 1480
and Makourian Christian conversion, 1513
missions, 1674-1675
monasteries’ economic impact, 1676, 1677
monenergism and, 1666-1667
on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology
and Nubian evangelization, 1797, 1800, 1801-1802, 1813, 1817
and Nubian liturgy, 1817
and Paul the Black patriarchy, 1922-1923
and persecution, 125-126, 165, 1676
and Peter III Mongus patriarchy, 1947-1948
and Philoxenus of Mabbug, 1672-1673, 1961-1962
pre-Chalcedon, 1669-1670
Roman Empire relations, 1675-1677; see also specific rulers
and Sabellianism, 2072
and Scetis monks, 2104
Severan/Alexandrian rift, 1673
and Severus of Antioch, 1673, 1674, 2123-2125
and Theodora, Empress, 2234
and Theodoret, 2236
Theodosians, 2240-2241
and Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch, 2264, 2266-2267
see also Acacian schism; Cyril I, Saint; Monotheletism
Monotheletism, 1678
and Constantinople, Third Council of, 595-597
and ecthesis edict, 682, 932
monenergist merger with, 1667
Mons Porphyrites, 1649
Monte Corvino, 1635
Months of Coptic calendar. See Calendar, months of Coptic; specific months
Monuments
dating of, 693-694
Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 851-852
Morenz, Siegfried, 614, 1439, 1678, 2186
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 824
Morgan Library. See Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City
Morning Offering of Incense, music with, 1719, 1721, 1739
Morning prayer. See Matins, Liturgy of, 1568
Mosaic law. See Law, Mosaic
Mosaics, Copto-Muslim, 311
Moschus, John. See John Moschus
Moses (hermit). See Daniel and Moses
Moses (monk of Scetis), Cassian on, 462
Moses (Old Testament)
Apocalypse of, 165
and fasting as spiritual preparation, 1095
and liturgical instruments, 1469, 1470
pagan deity linked with, 1868
Philo on, 1957
and site of Mount Sinai Monastery of Catherine, 1681
Testament of, 163
Moses, Bishop of Awsim, 843, 1631, 1678-1679
Moses of Abydos, 1679-1681
as archimandrite, 193
as desert father, 894
monasteries linked with, 707, 729
Moses of Balyana, Coptic
accounts of, 1455
Moses the Black, Saint, 1681
Anba Bishoi confused with, 738
as anchorite, 129, 130
as black man, 248
depicted in wall paintings, 727
martyrdom, 1557
monastery of, 707, 708
Zacharias of Scetis and, 1681, 2369
Moses of Nisibis, abbot of Dayr al-Suryan, 876
Moses of Qift, 1368, 1455
Moses and Sarah (martyrs), 1557
Moslem Brotherhood, 951
Mosques
‘Amr at al-Fustat, 92
al-Aqmar, 810, 814
Dayr Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 711
at Dongola, 922
Jerusalem, 1098, 1099
Mountain of Isis. See Dayr al-Kubaniyyah
Mountain of the Palm. See Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (Samalut)
Mount Casios. See Katib al-Qals
Mount of Olives, 1446
Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine, 1539, 1593, 1681-1685, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1900, 1903
capital at, 777
and Catherine, Saint, 2325
Codex Sinaiticus discovered at, 570-571
keeps in lauras of, 1395, 1396
as laura of hermitages, 1224-1225
manuscript microfilming project, 2353
manuscripts of hymn and psalm texts found at, 1735
oldest icons from, 1277
pilgrimages to, 1976
Qustantin ibn Abi al-Ma‘ali ibn Abi al-Fath Abu al-Fath
retirement to, 2046, 2047
Mount Tabor, Jesus Christ’s transfiguration on, 1109
Mourner-penitents, 1932
Mourning in early Christian times, 1125, 1686
Mouseion (Alexandria), 1167
Mu‘allaqah Church. See Church of al-Mu‘allaqah
Mu‘aqqab, 1687, 2198
Mu‘ayyad, al- (publication), 1465, 1466, 1988, 2011
Mu‘ayyad, al-, Sultan, 1130
Mubarak, Husni, president of Egypt, 1991
Mubashirun, 168b7-1688
Mudji. See Thecla and Mudi (martyrs)
Mufaddal ibn Majid ibn al-Bishr, al-, 1689
Muftah, Raghib, 1630
Muhadhdhab Abu al-Malih Zakariyya, 1268
Muhadhdhab al-Din Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi Sulayman, 1691
Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, 72, 184-185, 1331
Coptic consort of, 1528
Muhammad ‘Adbu, Shaykh al-Islam, 1465
Muhammad ‘Ali, Viceroy, 1691-1692
Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty, 1691-1694
and administrative organization of Egypt, 935
and Consultative Council founding, 598
Coptic education under, 932
Copts under, 2314
and Cyril V, Patriarch, 677
Ghali as finance minister, 1141
Jirjis al-Jawhari and, 1334
Republican Party opposition, 1987
Rizq Agha and, 2059
and societal modernization, 1993
Muhammad Bey al-Alfi, 1141
Muhammad Bey Zadeh, 1538
Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, 1922
Muhammad Ramzi, 1695
Muhdi, Muhammad al-, 1695-1696
Muhtasib, al-. See al-Hisbah
Mui, Saint (martyr), 1557, 1696
Mu‘izz, al-, Caliph
and Abraham, Saint and Patriarch, 10, 11
Fatimid dynasty policies, 1095, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1632-1633
Mukhtar, Mahmud, 1995
Mumarah. See Censer
Mummification, 1696-1697, 1865, 1868
funerary portraiture, 2001-2003
Mummy labels, 1698
Muna, al-. See Kellia
Muna al-Amir, Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718
Munier, Adolphe Henri, 1698
Dayr Abu Lifah inscriptions, 704
Muqaddimah, See Appendix
Muqatta‘, al-. See James Intercisus
Muqattam hill (Cairo), moving of, 1095
Muqawqas, al-. See Cyrus al-Muqawqas
Muqtataf, al- (publication), 1996
Murad Bey, 1274
Murad Kamil, 1197, 1206, 1230, 1698-1699
Murals. See Painting, Coptic mural
Muratorian Canon, 1158
Muriel. See Abbaton
Murqus. See also Mark; Marqos
Murqus, Archbishop of Alexandria, 893
Murqus al-Antuni, Saint, 722, 1621, 1699
Murqus of Beheira, Metropolitan, 1614
Murqus Hanna, 1990
Murqus ibn Qanbar, 1699-1700
and blessings, 404
and Book of Spiritual Medicine authorship, 1626
death at Dayr al-Qusayr, 854
and al-Durr al-Thamin authorship, 926
exiled to Dayr Anb Antuniyus, 722
Mikha’il, Bishop of Damietta, as adversary, 1624-1625
Murqus ibn Zar‘ah. See Mark III, Saint and Patriarch
Murqusiyyah, patriarchal residence at, 1913
Murqus al-Mashriqi al-Mallawani, 1700
Murqus of Matay, Abuna, 1737
Murqus Simaykah, 1700, 1892
Coptic collections, 256
Murray, Margaret Alice, 1700-1701
Musa (martyr), 1553
Musa, Salama, 1995, 1996
Musa al-Aswad. See Moses the Black, Saint
Museum of Art and History, Fribourg, Switzerland, 1603, 1604
Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary, 4
Museums, Coptic collections in, 1701-1715
at Dayr Anba Maqar, 756
Louvre, 1481-1483
State Museum of Berlin, 2146-2147
see also Art, historiography of Coptic; Papyrus collections; names
of specific countries, museums, types of art and artifacts
Musha (site), 708, 797
Music, Coptic, 1715-1744
Adam and Watus, 63, 1722, 1724, 2320-2321
antiphon, 148-149
canonical hours, 1724, 1733
canticles, 1729, 1733
cantors, 460, 564, 1732, 1736-1738, 1742
chanters and singers, 1629-1630
characteristic phenomenon, 1721
corpus and present practice, 1715-1729
description of corpus, 2024
in Epiphany, Liturgy of the, 967-968
history, 1731-1736
for Holy Week, 1251
hymns, 900-901, 2254-2255
instruments. See Musical instruments
lahn, 1425, 1722
language relationship to melody, 1730-1731
liturgical prayer of Trisagion, 2017
musicologists, 1741-1742, 1743- 1744
nonliturgical, 1744
oral tradition of, 1730
and poetry, 1985-1986
Psalmodia service, 1725-1729
responsory, 2058
transcriptions in Western notations, 1742-1744
waham, 2313
Watus, 2320-2321
Musical instruments, 1604-1605, 1605, 1732, 1738-1739
Clement of Alexander’s disapproval of, 1733
Coptic link with Irish harp, 1734, 1740
wooden, 2333-2334, 2334
see also specific kinds
Musicologists, 1741-1742, 1743-1744
Muslim Brethren (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun), 1694, 1996
Muslim Brotherhoods, 1991, 2313-2316
Muslim Copts. See Copts in late medieval Egypt
Muslims. See Islam
Mustafa Fahmi Pasha, 1693
Mustafa Kamil, 1747-1748, 1987-1988, 1994, 2011, 2322, 2333
Mustafa al-Nahhas, 1515-1516, 2323
Mustansir, al-, Caliph, 324, 1097, 1099, 1574
Musturud, pilgrimages to, 1968, 1970
Mu‘taman Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-‘Assal, 1266, 1268, 1511, 1748, 2356
Mutawakkil, al-, Caliph, 1412
Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Shakir ibn Abi Sulaymn Dawud, 1749
Muwaffaq al-Din ibn Sa‘id al-Dawlah. See Hibat Allah ‘Abd-allah
Ibn Sa‘id al-Dawlah al-Qibti
Muyser, Jacob Louis Lambert, 1749, 1975
Myers, 0. H., 861
Myron procession, 1474
see also Chrism
Mystagogia (Photius), 1113
Mysteries of Greek Letters (treatise), 1749-1750
Mysticism
and Coptic doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 1249
of desert fathers, 113
of Dionysius (Saint Denis of Paris), 908
and gnosticism, 1149-1151
of Philo of Alexandria, 1957
of Plotinus, 1982
symbolic interpretation of Greek letters, 1749-1750
see also Magic
Mythological subjects in Coptic art, 265-266, 281-282, 1659, 1660, 1750-1768
Amazons, 1750-1751
Aphrodite, 1752-1753, 1752, 1753
Apollo and Daphne, 1753-1754, 1754
Ariadne, 1754, 1755
Bellerophon and the Chimera, 1754-1755
dancers, 1755-1757, 1756
Daphne, 1753-1754, 1754, 1757-1758, 1758
Dionysus, 1758-1760, 1759, 1760
Hercules, 1761, 1762
historiography, 258-260
Horus, 1761-1762
and hunting theme, 1259
Jason, 1762-1763
Leda, 1763
Nereids, 1763, 1763-1764, 1763, 1764
Nile God, 1764, 1765-1765, 1765
Nilotic scenes, 1765-1766, 1766
pastoral scenes, 1766-1767
seasons, 1767
Thetis, 1767-1768, 1768
Three Graces, 1768
see also Symbols in Coptic art
N_______________________
Nabaruh, 1769
Nabataeans, traces at Dayr Abu Daraj, 697
Nabdunah, 1769
Naber. See Onophrius, Saint
Nabis, Bishop, 1769-1770
Nabraha, Saint, 1557, 1770
Nadim, ‘Abdallah al-, 1994, 1995
Nag Hammadi, 1770
see also Jabal al-Taarit
Nag Hammadi codices, 1149-1150, 1300
Dayr Anba Palaemon, 757
Dayr Mar Mina, 833-834
see also Nag Hammadi Library; specific names
Nag Hammadi Library, 1770-1773, 1771, 1772, 1892, 1893, 1899
Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, 61
Allogenes, 105
Apocrypha of John, 1771
Apocryphon of James, 169
Asclepius 21-29, 284
Authentilcos Logos, 1153
Book of Thomas the Contender, 411-412
Codex Jung, 568-569
Dialogue of the Savior, 897
and Encratites, 958-959
Eugnostos the Blessed, 1068-1069
Exegesis on the Soul, 1080-1081
Gnostic codices linked with Upper Egyptian monastic setting, 1453
Gospel of the Egyptians, 1153
Gospel of Philip, 1156
Gospel of Thomas, 1162, 1771
Gospel of Truth, 1164
Hypostasis of the Archons, 1261
Hypsiphrone, 1262
Interpretation of Knowledge, 1301
Letter of Peter to Philip, 1446
Marsanes (Codex X), 1547
Melchizedek, 1583
and Pachomius the Younger, 1864
Paraphrase of Shem, 1901
Plato’s Republic excerpt, 1981
Prayer of the Apostle Paul, 2007
Prayer of Thanksgiving, 2007
and Puech, Henri-Charles, 2032
Second Treatise of the Great Seth, 21 17-2118
Sentences of Sextus, 2119-2120
sixth tractate, 916-917
Sophia of Jesus Christ, 1068-1069
Teachings of Silvanus, 2207-2208
Testimonium veritatis (Testimony of Truth), 1229, 2209-2210
Thought of Norea, 2257
Three Stelae of Seth, 2259-2260
Thunder, Perfect Mind, 2260
Treatise on the Resurrection, 2275
Trimorphic Protennoia, 2276
Tripartite Tractate, 2277
Valentinian Exposition, 2295-2296
Zostrianus, 2371-2372
Naguib, Muhammad, 1123
Naguib Mahfouz, 1773
Naharua (martyr), 1557
Nahhas, Mustafa al-, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992-1993
Nahj al-Sabil fi al-Radd ‘ala man Qadaha al-Injil, al-, 1463
Nahya. See Dayr Nahya
Naj ‘Abu ‘Azizah, 740
Naj‘ al-Dayr (village of the monastery), 825, 826-827, 861, 1657
see also Dayr al-Shahid Philuthawaus
Naj‘ al-Hajar, 1773-1774
Naj‘ Qurqutan, 1658
Naj‘ al-Shinshifi, 781
Nakhlah, Rufa’il, 1465, 1467
Nakiti. See Nicetas (martyr)
Names
magical elements, 1500-1501
place names (Coptic toponomy), 2271-2274
Nanaia (pagan deity), 1866
Naos, 213, 221, 222
Naou (martyr), 1552
Napata (Kush capital city), 1420
Napoleon Bonaparte, 1206, 1284, 1416, 1417, 1511, 1526, 1591,
1688, 1977
and Jirjis al-Jawhari, 1332-1334
Napoleon III, Emperor, 1481
Napoleonic Wars, 1512
Naqadah, 1774
monasteries at, 747, 819, 827, 860, 1656
Naq‘ al-Ghalal wa naf‘ al-‘alal (al-Mufaddal), 1689
Naqizah, 1774-1775
Naqlun, al-, shrine dedicated to Gabriel, Archangel, 1137
Naqus (term), 1738-1739
Narcissus, Saint, 2085
Narses, King of Persia, 906, 2344
Narses (Persarmenian general), 2341
Narthex, 213-214, 222
Nashi’ al-Akbar, al-, al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal reply to, 2077
Nash Papyrus, 1775
Nasim Abu Sa‘d ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 8, 1775
Nasir ibn Qalawun, al-, Sultan, 935, 940, 1517-1518
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, president of Egypt, 948-949, 1637, 1971
Nastaruh (Nastarawah), 1775
Nastas ibn Jurayj, 1306, 1775-1776
Natalius, Bishop, 1638
Nathaniel, Saint, 2085
National Antiquities Museum, Leiden, 4, 227, 1895
National Democratic Party, 1991
Nationalist Party (al-Hizb al-Watani), 1627, 1748, 1987-1988, 1992, 2322- 2323
National Library, Cairo, 1993
National Library, Naples, 1894
National Library, Paris, Arabic manuscripts of Coptic provenance
in, 876, 1776-1783, 1862
Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib autographed work, 33
life of Paul of Tamma, 1925
National Library, Vienna, 1891
see also Papyrus collections
National Marcan Library, Venice, 1895
National Museum, Pisa, 1894
National Museum, Warsaw, 1091
Nation’s Party, 1748, 1987, 1988-1989, 1991, 1994, 1995
Nativity
and Advent, 63
depicted in Coptic art, 534-536, 535
Fast of the, 1095-1096
Feast of the, 1102-1103
festal day, 1111
Gabriel, Archangel, and, 1136
iconography in Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 559
Proclus homilies on, 2017, 2018
Natural disasters, 1633
Nature of Christ. See Christ, nature of; Christology
Nau, François-Nicolas, 1435, 1783
on Dayr al-Sultan, 872
and Graffin, René, 1165
Naucratis, 1783-1784
cult of Homeric gods, 1865
Greek colony at, 1166, 1174, 1179, 1180
Nave, 215, 552-553
Naville, A., 780
Nawaha. See Monasteries of the province of Daqahliyyah
Nawasa, 1648
Naway, 1654
Nawruz, 1784, 2198
Nazim, Mahmud Ramzi, 1466
Nazm al-Jawhar (Ibn al-Bitriq), 1266
Neale, John Mason, 1784
Neander, Johann August Wilhelm, 1784-1785
Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Assyria, 1618, 2060
Necklaces, 1606
Necropolis painting. See Funerary customs, murals, and portraiture
Nehemiah, and Old Testament, Arabic versions of the, 1832-1833
Nelson-Atkins Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, 1598
Neo-Arianism, 230
Neocaesarea, Council of (313-c. 321), 1785
on chorepiscopus, 521, 1785
Neoplatonism
Alexander of Lycopolis and, 87-88
Ammonius Saccas and, 470, 1981
anti-Manichaeism, 1521
apologia countering, 177
Asclepiades, 283
Chaldean Oracles and, 516
Egyptian pagan converts, 1868
gnosticism and, 1151
Heraiscus, 1221-1222
Horapollon, 1255-1256
Iamblichus and, 1265
and Julian the Apostate, 1380
Plotinus and, 1981-1982
Synetius and, 2192
Nepos, Bishop of Arsinoë, 845, 911
Nereids
depicted in Coptic art, 267, 1763-1764, 1763, 1764
depicted in tapestry, 274, 2227
Nero, Emperor Titus Claudius, 1785
as Antichrist, 143, 1785
intent to visit Egypt, 2062
patriarch under, 1913
Nerva, Emperor, patriarch under, 1913
Nestorianism
as Antichrist, 143
apologetic literature, 5
Armenian church rejection of, 234
Cosmas Indicopleustes and, 640-641
Eutyches and, 913, 1074-1075, 1786
John Sabas, 1369
Leo I the Great, opposition to, 1440, 1441
on nature of Christ, 547, 913, 1575, 1669, 1785-1786, 1787
and Obicini, Thomas, 1823
patriarch selection procedure and, 1999
and Severus of Antioch, 2124, 2125
Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch, rejection of, 2267
Nestorians and Copts, 1785-1786
Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960
see also Nestorianism; Nestorius
Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 45, 127-128, 1671, 1674, 1786-1787
and Celestinus, 475
and Cyril I, Patriarch, 67 1-674, 1669
and Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960, 1786, 1787
and Eutyches, 1440-1441
and hypostatic union, 1262
influence on Ethiopian theology, 984
John of Antioch support for, 1354
places of exile, 858, 1786-1787
Proclus and, 2017, 2018
rejection of Theotokos, 2255
Shenute, Saint, and, 1787, 2131-2132
Theodoret and, 2236
Theodotus of Ancyra and, 2242
see also Nestorianism; Nestorians and Copts
Netherlands
Coptic collections in, 1711
papyrus collection in, 189S
Netherworld, 1499
see also Hades
Netra, Bishop of Pharan, 1952
Newark Museum. See Museums, Coptic collections in
Newlandsmith, Ernest, 1730, 1737, 1742, 1743
New Moon Feast, 1101
New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1529
Newspapers and periodicals. See Press, Coptic; Press, Egyptian;
specific titles
New Testament
abba (term) in, 3
Acts, Michigan papyrus of, 58
anathema in, 127
apologia in, 176
on apostolic succession, 181
Arabic translation, 1462
on baptism vs. circumcision, 1106
Bodmer papyri, 1885
candelabra representing, 1469
canon of, 2109-2110
canticles, 1729
Chester Beatty manuscripts, 518
Christology, 523-524, 545
Codex Alexandrinus, 566-567
commentary on, 926; see also Scholars; Theologians; specific
personal names and works
Didascalia use of, 899
Didymus on, 900
early Christian feasts, 1101
early versions of, 567, 568, 569-570, 572
Eusebius of Caesarea commentary, 1071
Fayyum Gospel fragment, 1100
Gabriel, Archangel, in, 1135, 1136
genuflection as practice in, 1139
Gospel casket, 1474
Hexapla and Tetrapla, 1227-1228
Ibrahim ibn ‘Awn explication for Jews, 1273
icons inspired by, 1276
illumination, Coptic, 1283
Joseph the Carpenter in, 1371-1372
lectionary, 1435
Lucian recension, 1484
Michael, Archangel in, 1616
in monastery libraries, 1448, 1449
on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology
Origen on. See Hexapla and Tertrapla; Origen, writings of
on pagan gods, 1867
papyrus collection, 1895
and Paraphrase of Shem, 1902
on Satan, 248
themes in Coptic poetry, 1985, 1986
Theodoret on, 2236
see also Gospel headings
New Testament, Coptic versions of the, 104, 1451, 1462, 1787-1789
New Wafd Party, 1991
New Year
in Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2174
and Holy Synod session, 2193
New Year’s Day, Coptic. See Nawruz
New York Historical Society, papyrus collection, 1895
Nicaea, Arabic Canons of, 1789-1790
Nicaea, Council of (325), 74, 81, 82, 93, 127, 142, 913, 1526, 1790-1792
Alexander I and, 83, 84-85
and Apostles’ Creed, 179
on archdeacon rank, 191
and Arianism controversy, 83, 230, 232, 589-590
and Athanasius I, 298, 590
background and description of, 83
and baptism, 337
and bishop elections, 394, 1934
bishop’s consecration and affirmation of, 396
and bishop’s translation, 398
and canons of Coptic law, 450
and Canons of Hippolytus, 458
on catechumens instruction, 474
Cathedral Church of the Jacobites (Alexandria) and, 93
Christology, 525, 547, 1669
on communion of the sick, 579-580
and Constantinople, First Council of, 594
on Coptic church organization, 2193-2194
Coptic text on, 1455
on deacons’ privileges and obligations, 886
and Easter date-setting, 81, 1104-1105, 1904-1905
on eparchy, 959
and Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960
Eusebius of Caesarea at, 1070-1071
five bishops named Hesychius at, 1226
Gregory the Illuminator and, 1183
Homoeans opposition, 1252
and homoousion controversy, 1253
and Indian missions, 1635
and Melitian schism, 1584, 1585
metropolitan designation, 1612
on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology
participants, 1089
patristic writings and, 1920
on Pope in Coptic church, 1998
and Zeno, Emperor, 2370
see also Nicene Creed
Nicaea, Second Council of (787), 1112
cult of images sanction at, 1275
Nicanor, first deacon, 885
Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, 1564
filioque added to, 1112-1116
Nicene Creed, 83-84, 179, 590, 913, 914, 960, 1551, 1638, 1671, 1676, 1792-1793
Abu al-Majd commentary on, 21-23
Arian dissent, 83, 1253-1254
Athanasius I and, 300-30 1
Constantinople, First Council, on, 593-595
and Constantinople, Third Council of, 596
filioque addition, 1112
homoousion in, 1253
on Incarnation, 1287
and Nicaea, Council of, 1791, 1792-1793
on subordinationism, 2156-2157
Nicephorus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1098
Nicetas (martyr), 1557, 1939
Niche, 215-216, 215
Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, 1557
Nicholas I, Pope (Rome), 1113
Nicholas V, Pope (Rome), 1119
Nicodemus, Abbot, 1119
Nicolaus of Antioch (first deacon), 885
Nicomedia, 906
Nicosia, Cyprus, 1647
“Night of the Bridegroom” (marriage custom), 1546
“Night of the Henna” (marriage custom), 1545
Nika Revolt (532), 2234
Nikiou, 1793-1794
Persian destruction of, 132
Nikolaus, Bishop, 1136
Nile deity, depiction in Coptic art, 1765-1765, 1764, 1765, 1795
Nile flooding
Michael the Archangel role, 1618
Nilometer, 1794
prayers for waters, 443-444
and Shamm al-Nasim, 2126
Nile River
and calendologia, 444-445
consecration of waters of, 1182
as Coptic art theme, 1765-1766, 1764, 1765
cult of, 1869
Epiphany link with Egyptian festivals of, 1103
and Feast of the Martyr, 1547-1548
Menarti island, 1587-1588
miracles associated with, 1950
Philae island, 1954-1956
travelers’ interest in, 2065
see also Monasteries of the Lower Sa‘id; Monasteries of the
Middle Sa‘id; Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id; Nile deity; Nile
flooding; Nile valley
Nile valley, agriculture in, 440-443
Nilometer, 1794, 1795
at Dayr al-Jarnus (Maghagha), 813
Nilopolis, as early bishopric, 1866
Nilotic scenes. See Mythological subjects in Coptic art
Nimbus, as symbol in Coptic art, 2171
Nine Saints (Ethiopia), 990-991, 1045-1047
Nineveh, Fast of. See Jonah, Fast of
Niqyus, 833, 850
Nisibis, monasticism in, 1664
Nitira. See Netra, Bishop of Pharon
Nitria, 1794-1796
Ammon at, 1445
Amun as first monk to settle in, 119
Armenian monks, 234
“Desert of Scetis” location, 2102
Dioscorus in, 915-916
and Kellia site location, 1397, 1401
as laura of hermitages, 1224-1225
Macarius Alexandrinus in, 1490
monasteries and monastic life, 113, 687, 1662
Palladius in, 1876, 1877
Pambo, Saint in, 113, 1877-1878
papyrus collection, 1893-1894
recluses in, 2055
Theophilus, Patriarch, and monks of, 916, 2247, 2249-2250
Nizam, al- (publication), 1990
Noah, 1542
Nob, Apa. See Anub, Saint
Nob, Apa (the Confessor), 1552, 1796, 1878
Noba, 1797
Nobatia, 905, 1797, 1800
and Banu al-Kanz, 336
and Dotawo, 923
and Faras, 1090
Ibn Salim on, 1587-1588
Julian the Evangelist missions, 1380
and Kush ancient traditions, 1420
language use, 1171
Longinus’s missions, 1479-1480
Monophysite missions, 1675
and Nubian evangelization, 1801- 1802
and Nubian languages and literature, 1815-1816
Qasr Ibrim royal residence, 2037
see also Nubia
Nobatia, eparch of, 1798
Jabal ‘Adda, 1315
Nob of Samannud, Apa, 1969
Noetus, 1638
Nofar, Anba, 129, 130
Nome capitals, Egyptian, 1175, 1177, 1179
Nomocanon (Gabriel II ibn Turayk), 1799
on Canons of Hippolytus, 458
on Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459
Nomocanon (Michael of Damietta), 1625
on Canons of Gregory of Nyssa, 457
on Canons of Hippolytus, 458
on canons of Nicaea, 1789
on Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459
on frequency of masses, 554
on Nomocanon of Gabriel II ibn Turayk, 1799
Nomocanon (Mikha’il I), 1624
Nomocanon (al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal),
on Canons of Clement, 456 1780, 1783, 2075, 2076
on Canons of Hippolytus, 458
on Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459
on Nomocanon of Gabriel II ibn Turayk, 1799
Nomocanons, Copto-Arabic, 1799
authorship, 1089
copied by Yuhanna al-Maqsi, 2358
copying of, 1270, 1271
Gabriel II, Patriarch, canons in, 458, 459, 1129, 1799
Nonnos, Bishop of Heliopolis, 1753
Nonnos of Panopolis, 914, 942, 1759, 1799
compendium of mythology, 1865
influence on Christodoros of Coptos, 544
influence on Pamprepios, 1879
Norea. See Thought of Norea
Normans, 1099
North Basilica of Abu Mina. See Abu Mina; Ampulla
North Church at Bawit, 365
Notation, musical
Coptic oral tradition, 1730
Greek, 1731-1732
Western, transcriptions of Coptic music in, 1742-1744
Novatianism, and Cyril I, Saint, 672, 912
Nub, Dayr Apa Anub, 770
Nub the Confessor, Apa, 333, 1504
Nubia, 38, 1800
archives, 227
Ayyubid invasion, 2037
and Ballana kingdom, 332
and Beja tribes, 373
Christian conversion. See Nubia, evangelization of
church as Coptic church ally, 688
conquest of Kush empire, 1420
Dongola, 921-922
Dotawo, 922-923
evangelization of, 333
fall to Banu al-Kanz, 1955
Faras, 1090
Fatimids relations, 1099
Greek language use in, 1171-1173
Griffith’s studies of, 1185
Ibn Hawqal on, 1266
Ibn Salim al-Aswani diplomatic mission to, 127 1-1272
and Isis cult, 1954
Island of Michael, 1588
Jabal ‘Adda fortress, 1315
Kha’il I and, 1411
pharaonic-style temples at, 1865
Qasr Ibrim settlement, 2036-2037
and Sai Island, 2080-2081
and Saladin, 1536
study of medieval archaeology and philology in, 1185
Tamit, 2200-2201
tombstone material, 1295
see also ‘Alwa; Makouria; Noba; Nobatia
Nubia, evangelization of, 1380, 1420, 1675, 1801-1802
Julian the Evangelist missions, 1380
Longinus’ missions, 1480
and Theodora, Empress, 2234
see also Nubian Christian survivals
Nubia, Islamization of, 1802-1804
Nubian archaeology, medieval, 1804-1806
at Soba in ‘Alwa, 2142
Nubian ceramics, 1806-1807, 1807
Nubian Christian architecture, 1807-1810, 1808, 1809, 1810
and Byzantine cross-in-square building, 661
octagon-domed church in, 1823
and Tamit, 2200
Nubian Christian survivals, 1811
Nubian church art, 1811-1812
Faras murals, 1091
pictures of ecclesiastical and royal dress, 1820
see also Faras murals
Nubian church organization, 1813
Qasr Ibrim center, 2037
Nubian inscriptions, medieval, 1814-1815
Nubian languages and literature, 1185, 1815-1816, 1818
Nubian liturgy, 1816-1817
Nubian monasteries, 1817-1818
Nubians, 110, 1818-1819
see also ‘Alwa; Makouria; Noba; Nobatia
Nubian studies, 615, 616, 617
Nubian textiles, 1819-1820
Nu‘man ibn al-Mundhir, al(al-Mundaras), 688
Numbers, Coptic, 1820-1822
manuscript of comparative table of, 1821
Numenius, 1868
Numerian, 904
Numerianus, Emperor
patriarch under, 1914
persecutions of, 1552, 1556
Numerical system, Coptic, 1820-1822, 1821
see also Accounts and accounting, history of Coptic
Numidia, Donatism in, 920-921
Numitius (martyr), 1556
Nun, 1822
see also Women’s religious communities; specific convents
Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-, 1992-1993
Nur, al- (publication), 2198
Nur al-Din, 1099
Nursing, 1581-1582
Nuwayri, al- (Island of Michael), 1588
Nyssa. See Gregory of Nyssa, Saint
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| Rating | |
| Entry Title | Index L-N Volumes 1-7 |
| Publication | The Coptic encyclopedia, volume 8 |
| Entry Reference | CE: Index L-N Volumes 1-7 |
| Creator | Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988 (editor-in-chief) |
| Contributors | Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988 (editor-in-chief) |
| Subject |
Copts Encyclopedias and dictionaries Indexes |
| Description | [Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372] L_______________________ Labib, Claudius. See Iqladiyus Labib Labib, Subhi Yanni, 1423 Labib Habachi, 1423 Labla. See Monasteries of the Fayyum Labor contracts, 1429 Lacaron, Saint, 1423-1424 see also Krajon and Amun Lacau, Pierre, 694, 1424 Lacbat. See Aqbat, al- La Croze-Veyssière, Mathurin, 1424, 2324 Lactantius criticism of Diocletian’s policies, 906 on incense use, 1472 Ladder of Divine Ascent (John Climacus), 2050 Ladeuze, Paulin, 1424, 1452 Ladles, 1603 Laetentur coeli, 1119 Laferrière, P-H., study of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 726 L’Africain, Jean Léon, 826 Lagarde, Paul Anton de, 1424-1425, 2067 Lahn (musical term), 63, 1425, 1722, 1727, 1729 and waham, 2313 Lahn Idribi, 1722 Lahn Sinjari, 1722 Lake Bardawil, 1650 Lake al-Burullus, 818, 837 Lake al-Habash, 848, 881 Lake al-Manzalah, 1648-1649 Lake Mareotis, 24, 1526, 1527, 1931 Lake Maryut, 34, 837 Lalibala (community), 975, 1425-1426 Lalibala, Ethiopian king and saint, 1008, 1047-1048 Lalibela. See Lalibala Lamp of Darkness (Ibn Kabar). See Misbah al-Zulmah (Ibn Kabar) Lamps altar lights, 109-110 dolphin-shaped, 2169 glass, 1144-1145, 1144 metalwork, 1596-1598, 1597 terra-cotta, 494-497 see also Candles Lanapourgós (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Lanários (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Lance tips, 1605 Land acquisitions, monastic, 1642 Land tax. See Kharaj Land tenure, under Umayyad administration, 2287-2288 Lane-Poole, Stanley, 1733-1734 Language, Coptic Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib, 33-34 Arab conquest of Egypt and decline in use of, 1460 Arabic-Coptic dictionary, 1302 Athanasius’ Copto-Arabic grammar, 2045 Champollion, Jean François, scholarship, 516, 614 Coptic melody relationship, 1730-1731, 1734-1735 decline of, 1459, 1464 dialects, 1389 dictionary, 1424 grammars, 1266, 1268, 1302, 2045 Greek characters use, 1167, 1169 Ibn Kabar lexical work, 1267 inscriptions in, 1290-1296, 1408 inscriptions in the Kellia, 1408 Iqladiyus Labib studies and promotion of, 1302 ‘Iryan Jirjis Muftah modernization efforts, 1302-1303 Life of Paul of Thebes in, 1926 linguistics, 33-34 literature in, 1450-1459 liturgical texts in, 1734-1735 Lives of Pachomius in, 1860, 1861-1862, 1863 magical words, 1500-1502 medieval Nubian clergy use of, 1813, 1816 as medium for Christianization, 1167, 1169, 1177 modern studies of, 1630 monasticism and diffusion of, 1168 Old Testament translations, 1836-1838 papyrus collections, 1890- 1896 papyrus discoveries, 1898-1900 patristics and, 1920-1921 Plato’s Republic translation, 1981 role in Alexandria, 101 Rückert, Friedrich, studies, 2067 spoken, 604-606 teachers of, 1962 see also Appendix; Bohairic dialect; Coptic language, spoken; Literature, Coptic; Literature, Copto-Arabic; Sahidic dialect; Toponymy, Coptic Languages. See Arabic language; Dictionaries; Grammars; Greek language; Language, Coptic; Latin language; Meroitic language; Nubian languages and literature Lantschoot, A. van, 1965-1966 Laodicea, Council of, on observances during Lent, 2099 Laographia (poll tax), Alexandrian exemptions, 1180 Laqqan, 1107-1108, 1252, 1426-1427 Laqqanah, 1427 bishopric of Damanhur union with, 686 Lascaris, Theodore, 1114 Lascarpis. See Ya‘qub, General Last Judgment. See Judgment, Last Last Supper and fraction rite, 1121 leavened vs. unleavened bread at, 1060-1061 Later Prophets, in Jewish canon, 2108 Latin fathers (patristics), 1920 Latin language Egyptian papyri, 1889 impact on Greek language in Egypt, 1167-1168, 1169,1176 Jerome, Saint, biblical translations into, 1323 Life of Paul of Thebes in, 1926 Life and Rules of Pachomius translation, 1663, 1861, 1862, 1863 papyrus collections, 1890 patristics in, 1920 Rufinus’ translation and writings, 1237-1238, 2068-2069 Latopolis. See Isna Latrocinium. See Ephesus, Second Council of Latson, Apa, saint, 1427, 2085 Launtiyus (Valentinus), 1577 Laura, 1428 and Dayr al-Jabrawi, 810, 811, 812 diaconia center, 896 keep construction, 1395-1396 and the monastery of Oktokaidekaton, 1826-1827 see also Hermitage Laurentius, Saint, monasteries dedicated to, 850 Lausiac History (Palladius), 1733, 1862 on Ansina (Antinoopolis), 142-143 on Scetis monks, 2103 Law Codex Justinianus, 569-570, 905 Codex Theodosianus, 571 defensor ecclesiae, 891 dikaion term, 902 Dioscorus of Aphrodito, 916 on monastery assets, 1640 Muslim interpretations, 687 prefect’s administration of, 2009 register, 1089 Law, canon. See Canon law Law, Coptic, 1428-1431 legal sources, 1438 Schiller, A. Arthur, as specialist in, 2106 Steinwenter, Artur, as historian of, 2149 Law, Egyptian, on Coptic Waqf, 2319 Law, Islamic, 951 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah encyclopedia on, 1269-1270 Law, Mosaic ablution prescribed by, 8-9 Augustine, Saint, on, 1930 on confession, 585-585 Law of obligations, 1429-1430, 1641 Law of persons, 1428-1429 Law of things, 1429 Laying-on of hands, 1432-1433, 1910 at bishop’s consecration, 397 Lay members of church. See Archon Layton, B., 1893 Lead collars. See Alexander, II Leases, 1429 Leatherwork, Coptic, 1433 in Louvre Museum, 1483 pen cases, 1933 preservation, 280 see also Bookbinding Leavened bread, and Eucharist, 1060-1061 Lebanon Coptic churches in, 1621 monasteries, 877 Lebna Dengel, 1016-1017 Lecanoscopy, 1507-1508 Lectern, 1434-1435 Lectionary, 1435-1437, 1449 for Church of Mu‘allaqah, 1775 and evangeliary, 1077 Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri copies, 1273 manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1778 Mass of the Catechumens, 1562 Leda, depicted in Coptic art, 1763 Leeder, S. H., 1466 Lefebvre, Gustave on Dayr Anba Bakhum, 729 students of, 694 Lefort, Louis Théophile, 1437, 1448, 1453 on Letter of Ammon, 1445 on Life of Pachomius, 1860, 1861, 1863 Mark II homily discovery, 1534 Left Bank (Nile). See Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id Legal procedure, Coptic, 1430-1431 Legal sources, Coptic, 1438 Legion. See Army, Roman LeGrain, Georges, 1439 Leiden, University of, 1424 Leipoldt, Johannes, 614, 1439, 1452 Lemm, Oskar Eduardovich von, 1439, 14448 Lenormant, Charles, 1440 Lent Dionysius the Great on, 912 fasting during, 1093, 1094- 1095 fasting on Saturday during, 2098, 2099 and genuflection, 1139 lectionary for, 1437 Palm Sunday and, 1103-1104 see also Good Friday; Great Lent; Maundy Thursday Leo III, Emperor, edict banning images, 1275, 1276, 1277 Leo I, Emperor patriarch under, 1915 and relics of the Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2259 and Timothy Aelurus, 1441, 1671, 2264 Zeno as successor, 2369 Leo V, Emperor, 1275 Leo I the Great, Pope (Rome), 1440-1442 and Chalcedon, Council of, 512, 513-515 Christology, 1670, 1671, 1672 on communicatio idiomatum, 578 as Coptic saint, 2085 and Dioscorus I, 525, 913, 914, 915 and Ephesus, Second Council of, 961-962 and Ephesus, Third Council of, 962 and Eutyches, 1074-1075 and Henoticon, 1218 and paschal controversy, 1906 and Pulcheria, 2033 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247, 2251 and Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch, 2264, 2267 see also Tome of Leo Leo II, Pope (Rome), on filioque, 1112-1113 Leo IV the Khazar, Emperor, 1275 Leonidas (martyr and Origen’s father), 892, 1846, 1936 Leontius of Antioch, and Lucian of Antioch, 1484 Leontius of Byzantium, 1455, 1676 Leontius of Tripoli, Saint (martyr), 1442-1444, 1556 Leprosy, 1581 Lepsius, Karl Richard, 717, 1444 Le Quien, Michel, 1444 Leroy, Jules, 726, 868, 1444 Letronne, Jean Antoine, 1444- 1445 Letter of Ammon, 894, 1445 on Antinoopolis, 144 and Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 2238 Letter of Peter to Philip, 1446 and Interpretation of Knowledge, 1301 Letters. See Epistolography Letters (Dionysius), 911-912 Letters of synods. See Synods, letters of Lewata (Berber tribe), 1652 Libanius, 1308, 1447 Libanos (Matta), Ethiopian saint, 1045 Libellus de processione Spiritus Sancti, 1115 Liberal Constitutional Party, 1991-1992 Liberal Socialists Center, 1991 Libraries, 1447-1449 Alexandria, 100, 1447 Bodmer (Bibliotheca Bodmeriana), 404 in colophons, 577 Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 723 Dayr Anba Maqar, 749, 750 Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun, 758 Dayr Anba Shinudah, 763 Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 824 Dayr Nahya, 843 Dayr al-Suryan, 876, 877, 878 monastic medical literature, 1578-1579 Nag Hammadi Library, 1771-1773 patriarchal, 1532 travelers’ interest in, 1977 see also Archives; Literature, Coptic; Manuscripts; Museums, Coptic collections in; specific libraries Library of the Coptic Patriarchate, 901 Library of Karl Marx University (Leipzig), 1893 Libri Carolini (790), 1112 Libya Coptic churches in, 1621 see also Pentapolis Libyan massif. See Western Desert Lichtheim, M., 2022 Licinius, Emperor, 588-589, 1869 conflict with Constantine, 81 Neocaesarea, Council of, in reign of, 1785 patriarch under, 1914 persecutions under, 1937 Licinius (Roman officer), 1558 Lif, Abu. See Dayr Abu al-Lif Lifafah, 1472 Life of Abba Paul, the Holy Anchorite (Amélineau), 1926 Life of Basil (Amphilochius), 1593 Life of Dioscorus (Theopistus of Alexandria), 2254 Life of Eusebius of Samosata, 1593 Life of Hilarion, 1664 Life of Isidore (Damascius), 1221, 1222 Life of Longinus, on the Enaton, 955, 956 Life of Patape, 1907-1908 Life of Phib, 1953 Life of Pisentius (John the Presbyter), 1368, 1455-1456 Life of Poemen, 1983-1984 Life of Saint Antony (Athanasius), 101, 116, 119, 300, 302, 728, 1663 on anachoresis, 119 circulated in Gaul, 255 collected manuscript of, 1782 on devil as black, 248 Latin translation in Ireland, 418 Life of Saint Jimyanah/Dimyanah (John of Parallos), 871 Life of Saint Pachomius, 1663, 1859, 1860-1861, 1952, 2207 collected manuscripts of, 1782 Letter of Ammon, 1445 on Theodorus of Tabennese, 2240 Life of Saint Paul the First Hermit (Jerome), 1925-1926 Life of Saint Sabas, 894 Life of Samu’il of Qalamun, 758 Life of Shenute, 898 Lighting equipment. See Candles; Lamps Lime, 1402 Limestone, Coptic sculpture in, 2113, 2115 Linen, use in Coptic textiles, 2211, 2211-2212 Lingua aegyptiaca restituta: Scala Magna, hoc est nomenclator aegyptiaco-arabicus. See Scala Magna Linguistics, Coptic, 33-34 see also Appendix; Language, Coptic; specific dialects Linoplygtes (Coptic textile term), 2221 Linouphos (Coptic weaving term), 2221 Lintels, wooden, 2342-2344, 2343 Liqanos, Ethiopian saint, 1047 Listener-penitents, 1932 Literacy, under Roman administration of Egypt, 1168 Literary, scholarly, and religious offices or titles. See Copts in late medieval Egypt Literature. See Apocalyptic literature; Apocryphal literature; Ethiopian Christian literature; Literature, Coptic; Literature, Copto-Arabic; Literature, Nubian; Literature, pagan Christian; Poetry; specific languages and works Literature, Christian, patristics, 1920-1921 Literature, Coptic, 1450-1459 on Alexander I, 84-85 beginnings of, 1450-1452 cycle, 666-668 Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070-1071 fourth- and fifth-century translations, 1453-1454 Gabriel, Archangel in, 1136-1137 Gabriel II, Patriarch, contribution, 1129 Gregory of Nazianzus’s works, 1183-1184 Gregory of Nyssa’s works, 1184-1185 healings in, 1212-1214 on John the Baptist, 1356 John Chrysostom’s works, 459-460, 1356, 1357-1359, 1454 Life of Pachomius, 1860 Mark II homily, 1534 on martyrdom of Philotheus of Antioch, 1961 on martyrs, 1881 medical, 1578-1579, 1581, 1582 on Michael, Archangel, 1618- 1619 Mikha’il, Bishop of Atrib and Malij, 1626 ninth-to-eleventh-century decline, 1458-1459 Patrologia orientalis, 1921 poetry, 1985-1986 Proclus’ works, 1356, 1454, 2017-2019 romances, 2059-2060 seventh- and eighth-century, 1458- 1458 Shenute texts, 1452-1453 sixth-century, 1454-1455 tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2303-2304 see also Cycles; Hagiography; Homilies; Language, Coptic; Papyri, Coptic literary; Poetry; Scholars Literature, Copto-Arabic, 1460-1467 Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah works, 19-20 Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib’s works, 33-34 first works in Arabic language, 19-20 al-Maqrizi works, 1268-1269 modern Egyptian liberal trends in, 1995 al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal, 2075-2079 Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 2100-2102 tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2305-2308 Literature, Ethiopian Christian. See Ethiopian Christian literature Literature, Greek. See Greek language Literature, Nubian, 1815-1816 Literature, pagan classical Libanius, 1447 Physiologos stories, 1965-1966 Lithargoel, 61-62 Lithazomenon and Saint Peter’s Bridge (monasteries), 1467 Liturgical insignia, 1468-1469 Liturgical instruments, 1469-1474 for ablution, 9 deacon’s role, 885 Eucharistic, 1063-1066 metalwork, 1595, 1595-1596 wood coffers for, 2329-2330, 2330 Liturgical vestments, 1475-1479 for bishop’s consecration, 395-396 for consecration of patriarchs, 1910 Muslim restrictions, 1130 used in Epiphany, Liturgy of the, 967-968 see also Costume of the religious Liturgy ablution during, 9 Arabic translations, 1464 Coptic commentary on, 1267, 1272 deacon as response leader, 885 epiclesis, 964 Epiphany, 967-968; see also subheads Mass of the Catechumens; Mass of the Faithful Epiphany, 967-968 Ethiopian, 987-990, 997-998 eucharistic, 120-121, 1058-1060 fraction in, 1121 Gabriel, Archangel in, 1137 and genuflection, 1139 Gloria in excelsis and, 1147 Good Friday, 1152-1153 for hegumenos ordination, 1216 Holy Saturday, 1247-1249, 1249 hosanna use in, 1258 hymn of the Twelve Virtues, 2310 Incarnation references, 1287 Kyrie eleison in baptism, 343 language of, 1134 Lord’s Prayer in, 1480-148 1 marriage service, 1543-1545 Mass of the Catechumens, 1562-1565 Mass of the Faithful, 1565-1568 of matins, 1568-1569 music and, 1715-1729, 1743, 2058 Nubian, 1816-1817 penitents and, 1932 physical accessories, 1434-1437 prayers of absolution in, 16-17 prayers for the dead in, 889 and Psalmodia, 2024 on Saturday, 2099-2100 seasons and, 443-444 Sunday worship, 2159 Trisagion, 2278-2279 and Typikon of Saint Sabas, 2046 see also Anaphora headings; Feasts; Hail Mary Liturgy of Saint Basil, 1540, 1715, 1716, 1721, 1716-1723, 1733, 1737, 1742 Liturgy of Saint Cyril, 1716 Liturgy of Saint Gregory, 120-121, 967-968, 1715-1716 Liturgy of Saint Mark, 120-121, 1539-1540 see also Liturgy of Saint Cyril Lives of the Eastern Saints (John of Ephesus), 1362 The Lives of the Desert Fathers, 1238 Lives of Pachomius, 1663, 1782, 1859, 1860-1861, 1928, 1952, 2207 Lives of the Prophets, 166 see also Paralipomena Jeremiou Livinus (Franciscan martyr), 1122 Le Livre des perles enfouies. See Book of the Hidden Pearls Liwa’, al- (publication), 1748, 2011 Loans. See Law, Coptic: Law of obligations; Private Law Lobsh (musical term), 63, 900, 1479, 1726, 1727 and tafsir, 2199 and Theotokion, 2255 and Watus, 2320 Lobsh Adam, 1479 Lobsh Watus, 1479 Logia, 1531 Logos in Alexandrian theology, 103-104 Apollinarianism and, 173-174 Arius and Arianism on, 232, 240 Authentikos Logos, 309 Damian discourse on, 689 Origen on, 103, 1638, 1790-1791, 1848, 1849-1850 Philo on, 1957 see also Christ, nature of; Gnosticism Longinus (martyr). See Paul, Longinus, and Zeno (martyrs) Longinus, Bishop, 688, 1479-1480, 1948 and Beja tribes, 373 and conversion of ‘Alwa, 110 and conversion of Nubia, 1797, 1801- 1802 and Theodosius I, 2241 Longinus of Enaton, Saint, 360, 955, 956-957, 1196 feast day, 2085 Looms, Coptic textile, 2215-2217 Lord’s Day. See Sunday Lord’s Prayer, 122, 123, 124, 1480-1481, 1568, 1569 and apa title, 152 in Book of Canonical Hours, 446-449 Evagrius Ponticus Coptic paraphrase, 1077 music for, 1721 Lord’s Supper. See Eucharist Lot, 1618 Louis IX, saint and king of France, 314-315, 925, 1524 Louis the German, 1110 Louis the Pious, 1110 Louvain, University of, 1424, 1452 Louvre Museum, Paris, France, 1139, 1452, 1481-1483, 1509, 1588, 1589, 1596, 1598, 1601 letters of Pisentius in, 1979 papyrus collection, 1892 pen cases at, 1933 see also Art, historiography of Coptic Love charms, 1504-1506 Lower Sa‘id, monasteries of, 1652-1653 Lucas, Paul, 1973, 1977 Lucchesi, E., 1892 Lucian of Antioch, 1484 and Arius, 231, 1790 and the school of Antioch, 231-232 Lucianus, 2245 Lucilianus and four companions (martyrs), 1556 Lucinius, Governor, 1554 Lucius (Arian presbyter), 1947 Lucius of Enaton. See Enaton, The Lucius Septimius Severus. See Septimius Severus Luke, Apostle and Saint on the Ascension of Christ, 244 see also Gospel of Saint Luke Lusterware, 1146, 1146, 1147, 1311, 1312 Lute, 1740-1741, 1741 Lutfallah (archon), 722, 1949-1950 Luther, Martin (and Lutheranism), 578, 597, 2110 Luxor, 1484 castrum of, 237, 465-466, 466 Coptic churches on temple sites, 1870 martyrs at, 1553 monasteries near, 717, 785-786, 1657 monastic murals at, 1874 stelae from, 2149 tombstone material, 1295 Luxor temples, 196, 1484-1485, 1870, 1865 Luzah al-Asyuti, Nasr, 1465 Lycopolis. See Asyut Lycopolitan dialect in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1837-1838 see also Appendix Lyons, Second Council of (1274), 1114, 1115 M_______________________ Ma‘adi, pilgrimages to, 1973 Mabari, Shaykh, tomb of, 853 Macarius, homilies of Pseudo-. See Pseudo-Macarius, homilies of Macarius I, Saint and Patriarch, 1487 and consecration of holy chrism, 521 dates of patriarchy, 1916 and Ethiopian prelates, 1002 feast day, 2085 Macarius II, Saint and Patriarch, 1487-1488, 1652 in Azari, 315-316 burial, 1128 dates of patriarchy, 1917 feast day, 2085 and Mika’el I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006 Macarius III, Patriarch, 1488-1489, 1911 dates of patriarchy, 1919 on divorce, 1943 and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 980-981 and Ethiopian prelates, 1043 as monk at Dayr Anba Bishoi, 735 and performance of Liturgy of Saint Cyril, 1716 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2011, 2096, 2097 successor, 2363 Macarius, Saint (martyr son of Basilides), 892, 1489, 1556 Macarius Alexandrinus, Saint, 1876, 1489-1490, 1491, 2085, 2239 as desert father, 894 and Evagrius Ponticus, 1076 and Kellia community, 1397 Paphnutius of Scetis as disciple of, 1883, 1884 Macarius the Canonist, 1490-1491 canonical collection of, 1780 and Canons of Epiphanius, 456-457 and Canons of Hippolytus, 458 and canons of Nicaea, 1789 and Octateuch of Clement, 1824 Macarius the Egyptian, Saint, 1491 and Antony, Saint, 150 and Bessarion, Saint, 2082 churches dedicated to, 1969 and Dayr al-Baramus, 789, 790 as desert father, 894 and Evagrius Ponticus, 1076 feast day, 2085 and Gregory of Nyssa writings, 1184 and homily of Amphilochius of Iconium, 115 and Macarius Alexandrinus, 1490 and Maximus and Domitius, Saints, 1576-1577, 1967 monastic settlement, 748-756 and Onophrius, Saint, 1842 and Pambo, Saint, 1878 Paphnutius the Hermit as disciple of, 1883 and Poemen, Saint, 1983-1984 and Pseudo-Macarius, 2027-2028 on respect for one’s body, 958-959 and Scetis, 2102-2103 and Silvanus of Scetis, Saint, 2087, 2137 as subject in Coptic art, 270, 1842 see also Dayr Anba Maqar Macarius the Great. See Macarius the Egyptian, Saint Macarius of Nikiou, Bishop, 1794, 1794 Macarius the Painter. See Macarius II, Saint and Patriarch Macarius of Scetis. See Macarius the Egyptian, Saint Macarius of Tkow, Saint and Bishop, 1492-1494 on the Assumption, 290 Dioscorus encomium on, 400 feast day, 2085 funeral of, 1610, 1611 martyrdom, 1556, 1617 on Michael, Archangel, 1618 and Monastery of the Metanoia, 1609 panegyric, 1455, 1882 Maccabees, Books of the, 166 MacCoull, L. S. B., 1895, 1896, 2022 Macedonia. See Greek headings Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 43, 44, 1672-1674 Macrina, Saint, 1468 Macrobius, Saint and Bishop, 1494 and Dayr Abu Maqrufah and Dayr al-Janadlah, 704, 705 feast day, 2085 martyrdom, 1494, 1556 panegyric on, 1456 Madamud, 1494-1495, 1495 Madaris al-Aqbat al-Kubra. See Education Madinat Ghuran, excavations, 1651 Madinat Habu, 53, 1496-1497, 1496, 1586, 2022 ampullae from, 534 Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 717, 1656 Dayr al-Rumi, 856-857, 1656 Dayr al-Shahid Tadrus al-Muharib, 862 hermitages found nearby, 1225 pharaonic temple of, 196 Madinat Madi, 1497-1499, 1497 monastery of Saint George at, 824 papyrus discoveries, 1899 Madness, theme of simulated, 1541 Madonna and Child. See Virgin Enthroned Maghagha, Dayr al-Jarnus, 813 Magic, 1499-1508 abraxas (word with numerical value), 14 Gabriel, Archangel, role, 1137 Gnostic vowels, 1732, 1735 lamblichus defense of, 1265 in Islamic period, 1504-1506 Plotinus refutation of, 1982 spell elements, 1502-1504 Stegemann, Viktor, texts on Coptic, 2148 Magical objects, 1509-1510 Nubian hijabs, 1814 see also Amulets Magician, 1500 Magnentius (Diocletian courtier), 1140 Magnus Maximus, Emperor 1964 Mahallah al-Kubra, al-, 1510 Mahallat Abu ‘Ali, 1510 Mahallat al-Amir, 1511 Mahallat Daniyal, patriarchal residence at, 1633, 1912, 1959 Mahallat Minuf, 1511 Mahammah, al-, 1118 Maharati (martyr), 1556 Mahir, Ahmad, 1992, 1993 Mahmud Sulayman Pasha, 1987 Maiestas Domini (icon), 778, 1278 Majallah al-Jadidah, al- (journal), 2088 Majla ibn Nasturus, 1097 Majlis Milli, al-. See Community Council, Coptic Majma‘ (term), 819 Majmu‘ al-Mubarak, al-, 1513 Majmu‘ al-Safawi, al- (al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal), 1106, 1462, 1545, 2076 Majmu‘ Usul al-Din (Compendium of the Fundamentals of Religion), 1511 Makari al-Suryani, Father. See Samuel, Bishop Makarius Salib. See Salippe Mikarius Makaryus Hunayn, 1511-1512 Makhurah (Mareotis), 1512-1513 Makin, ibn al-‘Amid, al- (thirteenth century), 977, 1463, 1513 Makin Jirjis, al- (hegumenos), 1513 Makin Jirjis ibn al-‘Amid, al- (fourteenth century), collected histories of, 1780-1781 Makouria, 38, 923, 1420, 1513-1515, 1588 and ‘Alwa, 110 and Banu al-Kanz, 336 and Baqt treaty, 343 Beja tribe attacks, 373 Chalcedon conversion, 1675 Dongola as capital, 921-922 Jabal ‘Adda fortress, 1315 and Nobatia, 1797, 1798, 1800 and Nubian evangelization, 1801, 1813 and Nubian Islamization, 1802, 1803 and Nubian languages and literature, 1815-1816 Shibab al-Din Ahmad Nuwayri on, 2136 Tafa settlement, 2198 travel writing on, 127 1-1272 Makram Agha, 1636 Makramallah the Hegumenos, 1335, 1515 Makram Ebeid, 1466, 1515-1516, 1990, 1993, 2011 Malabar. See India Malachi, 22 Malak Mikha’il of Sibirbay, al-, 1969 Malan, S. C., 1525 Malati Yusuf, 1516, 1539 Malchion (Antiochean theologian), 1575 Malih,Abu al-, 1268 Malij, 1516, 1655 Malik al-Kamil ibn ‘Adil, al-, sultan, 833, 1524, 1691, 1749 Malik al-Mu‘azzam, al-, 1691 Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din, al-, 1691 Malik al-Salih Salah al-Din Hajji, al-, 1548 Malinine, Michel, 1516 Mallawi, Dayr Abu Hinnis at, 701-703 Mallidis. See Manqabad Mallon, Marie Alexis, 1516 Mama (martyr), 1556 Mamluks, 1517-1518, 1856, 1857 ‘Alwa and, 110 Bulus al-Habis rescue of Dhimmis, 424-425, 1517 Christian tensions and encounters, 2317-2319 Ibrahim al-Jawhari, 1857 Islamization and, 940, 2313-2319 Jirjis al-Jawhari role, 1332-1333 Makouria and, 1514 Mark VII patriarchy, 1538 Matthew I patriarchy, 1570 occupations, offices, and titles under. See Copts in late medieval Egypt patriarchs and rulers, 1917- 1918 persecutions, 941, 1343, 1517-1518, 1535, 1949, 2314-2316 Peter VI patriarchy, 1949-1950 Rizq Agha and, 2059 Waq‘at al-Kana‘is (Incident of the Churches), 2313-2316 Waq‘at al-Nasara (Christian encounter), 2316-2319 see also French expedition in Egypt Man-, as prefix to place-names, 2273 Manar, al- (publication), 1996 Manarah al-Misriyyah, al- (publication), 2010 Manassa Yuhanna, 1518 Manasseh, Saint, 11, 1518, 2085 Mandaean gnostics, 917 Mandal. See Lecanoscopy Mandorla. See Symbols in Coptic Art Mandouze, A., 2022 Mani canon of sacred writings, 1149, 1519, 1520, 1521 and Maximus the Confessor, 1575 papyrus discoveries, 1899 see also Manichaeism Manichaeism, 1519-1522 abstinence practice, 17 Alexander of Lycopolis and, 87-88 in Alexandria, 98-99 on celibacy, 1543 Diocletian edict against, 905, 1936 and gnosticism, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1162 Greco-Coptic adherents, 1177 Hieracas of Leontopolis and, 1229 Maximus the Confessor and, 1575 Neoplatonism and, 1982 and origins of monasticism in Egypt, 1661 papyri collections and discoveries, 519, 1885, 1889, 1894 Sarapion of Tmuis work attacking, 2096 on Satan, 1184 scholarship on, 2032, 2033 Le Manichéisme, son fondateur, sa doctrine (Puech), 2032 Manqabad, 1523 Manqabadi, Nabil al-, 730 Manqabadi, Tadrus Shinudah al-, 2011 Mansah, al-. See Psoï Manshubiyyas (dwellings for groups of monks), 749 Mansi, Giovanni Domenico, 347, 1523-1524 Mansur, ‘Abdallah, 1524 Mansur, Boktor, 1524 Mansur, Mikha’il, 1467 Mansur, Yussuf, 1737 Mansurah, al-, 1524, 1648, 2270 Mansur ibn Sahlan ibn Muqashshir, 6, 1524-1525 Mansuri, Mustafa Hasanayn al-, 1996 Mansur Qalawun, king of Egypt, 1630 Mansur al-Tilbani, 872 Manual cross. See Cross, manual Manufacturing techniques, Coptic textiles, 2213-2218, 2216-2218 Manuscripts of ‘Abdallah ibn Musa, 3-4 of ‘Abd al-Masih, 5 of Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah, 19-20 Abu al-Muna acquisitions, 29 of Agathon of Homs, 67-68 archives, 226-227 Bodmer Papyrus, 380-382 cataloging of Coptic, 1138, 1700 Chester Beatty collection, 380-381, 382, 518-5 19 codex, 565-566 codex cover, 409 codicology, 572-573 colophon, 577 copied by Abib ibn Nasr, 8 copied by Abu al-Muna, 30 copied by Abu Nasr ibn Harun ibn ‘Abd al-Masih, 31 copied by Abu Sa‘id ibn Sayyid al-Dar ibn Abi al-Fadl al-Masihi, 32 copied by Antuniyus Mulukhiyyah, 151-152 copied by Gregory II, patriarch, 1182 copied by Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri, 1273 copied by Ibrahim ibn Sim‘an, 1515 copied by Jirjis ibn al-Qass Abi al-Mufaddal, 1270 copied by Tuma ibn al-Najib Lutfallah, 2281-2282 copied by Tuma ibn al-Sa’igh, 1270 Coptic literature, 1450-1459 copying at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 copying at Dayr Durunkab, 799 from Dayr Anba Sawirus, 760 from Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 824 from Dayr al-Nastur, 848 difnar, 901 Dumyat as copying center, 926 of early Greek musical notation, 1731-1732 Egerton Gospel, 933-934 Gabriel II as copyist, compiler, and translator, 1129 Greek Bible, 380-382 Hamburg Papyrus, 380-382, 1204-1205 illuminated. See Illumination, Coptic Liturgy of Saint Mark texts, 1539-1540 in Louvre Museum, 1483 Macarius the Canonist collection, 1490-1491 modern, at Dayr Anba Maqar, 756 Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 1857-1858 Petersen scholarship, 1951 Pietro delle Valle collection, 1967 preservation, 279 restoration by Ibscher, Hugo, 1274-1275 from Scetis, 748 see also Archives; Bookbinding; Libraries; Nag Hammadi Library; National Library, Paris; Papyri, Coptic headings; Papyrus collections; Papyrus discoveries; Scribes; Scriptorium; specific titles Manyal Shihah, pilgrimages to, 1973 Manzalah, al-, 1648 see also Monasteries of the province of Daqahliyyah Maqarah, Abba. See Macarius II Maqarah, Anba. See Macarius I Maqarah of Scetis. See Macarius the Egyptian, Saint Maqrizi, Taqiy al-Din al-, 1525 on Armenian and Coptic churches, 234 on Babylonian churches, 318 on Baqt treaty, 343, 1099 on Christodoulus, 546-547 on churches in Hiw, 1242-1243 on Church of Saint Michael, 1617 on church in Tanbida, 2201 on convents, 2325 on Coptic Christian tensions and encounters under the Mamluks, 2317-2319 on Coptic revolts, 50 on Cyril III ibn Laqlaq, Patriarch, 675 on Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn (Tamwayh), 712 on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722 on Dayr Anba Bishoi, 738 on Dayr Anba Helias, 748 on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 764 on Dayr Apa Anub, 770 on Dayr Apa Hor, 770-77 1 on Dayr al-Arman, 782 on Dayr al-‘Askar, 783 on Dayr Balujah, 788 on Dayr Durunkah, 799 on Dayr al-Ju‘, 814 on Dayr al-Khadim location, 145 on Dayr al-Maghtis on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 823 on Dayr Mar Mina (Jabal Abu Fudah), 834 on Dayr al-Maymah (Gharbiyyah), 835, 837 on Dayr al-Muharraq, 840 on Dayr al-Muttin, 842-843 on Dayr al-Qurqas, 852 on Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 857 on Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 870-871 on Durunkah, 926-927 on the Enaton, 957-958 family and accomplishments, 1268- 1269 on Feast of the Martyr, 1548 on Feast of Saint John, 882 on Gabriel V, Patriarch, 1131 on Ibn Mammati, 1462 and Ibn Salim al-Aswani’s Nubian account, 1271 on Idfa, 1280 on Islamic persecutions of Copts. See subhead on persecution of Copts on Islamization of Egypt, 938 on John VI, 1341 on Mamluk persecutions. See subhead on persecution of Copts on Mareotis, 1527 on Nawruz, 1784 on persecution of Copts, 1343, 1535, 1949, 2314-23 16 Maqsurah, 213 Maqta’. See Altar-board Maraghah, Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 826 Mar’ah al-Jadidah, al- (Amin), 1994 Mar Awjin (Eugene), 565 Marble, Coptic sculpture in, 2113, 2115 Mar Buqtur. See Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn Marcel, Jean-Joseph, 1526, 1696 Marcellus, Bishop of Ancyra, 178, 1526, 1791 Marcellus, Saint (Scetis ascetic), 2085 Marcian, Emperor, 914, 1441, 1670, 2033 and Chalcedon, Council of, 512-513, 514, 515 patriarch under, 1915 Marcianus, Patriarch, 1526 dates of patriarchy, 1914 Marcinus, Emperor, patriarch under, 1914 Marcion (Docetist), 917, 1148 Marco Polo, 1635 Marcus. See Mark I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch Marcus (monk), 692 Marcus (Roman governor), 903 Marcus Aurelius, Emperor patriarch under, 72, 1914 visit to Egypt, 2062 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. See Caracalla, Emperor Marea. See Hawariyyah Mareotis, 1526-1527 see also Makhurah; Maryut Mareotis, Coptic paintings at, 1527-1528 Marian Homily I (Proclus), 2017 Mariette, A., 780 Marina, Saint, 2085 Maris of Chalcedon, 84, 1484 Mariyyah the Copt, 1528 Mar Jirjis. See George, Saint Mark, Liturgy of Saint, 120-121, 1539-1540 Mark, Secret Gospel of. See Secret Gospel of Saint Mark Mark I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch, 1528-1533 Alexandrian apostolic succession from, 181 anaphora used in Ethiopian liturgy, 988 and Anianus, 133 on Ascension of Christ, 244 burial site, 92 and the Catechetical School of Alexandria, 469, 474 churches dedicated to, 92, 1532-1533; see also specific churches contribution to Coptic church, 1532- 1533 dates of patriarchy, 1913 and Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783 and Divine Liturgy of the Eucharist, 120-121 as Evangelist Mark, 1078 feast day, 2085 as first patriarch of Coptic Church, 134, 2193 introduction of Christianity into Egypt, 103, 1866 and Jerusalem, 1324 and John of Shmun writings, 1369 Liturgy of. See Liturgy of Saint Cyril; Liturgy of Saint Mark martyrdom and relics, 546, 678, 1131, 1531-1532, 1556, 1573, 1646, 1910 and Metropolitan See of Pentapolis, 1612 Monastery of Mark the Evangelist (Qurnat Mar‘i), 2042 paintings of, 1532 panegyrics on, 1456 relics. See subhead martyrdom and relics relics returned to Anba Ruways Cathedral, 678 sanctuary of, 751 Venetian acquisition of relics of, 1131 see also Cathedral of Saint Mark; Gospel of Saint Mark; Mark, Liturgy of; Secret Gospel of Saint Mark Mark II, Saint and Patriarch, 427, 1533-1534 and Barsanuphians, 347 and Church of the Savior (Alexandria), 94 dates of patriarchy, 1916 and Enaton visit requirement, 958 and Eucharist heresy, 1057 feast day, 2085 Nabaruh residency, 1769 successor, 1318 Yuhanna biography of, 2356 and Yusab I, 2362 Mark III, Saint and Patriarch, 1534-1536 and Bastah church, 361 on canon law, 450 Coptic texts of, 1456, 1461 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and Dayr al-Nastur, 848 feast day, 2085 successor, 1341 Mark IV, Patriarch, 1536-1537 dates of patriarchy, 1918 and Jirjis ibn al-Qass Abi al-Mufaddal, 1332 Mark V, Patriarch, 1537 dates of patriarchy, 1919 Mark VI, Patriarch, 1537 dates of patriarchy, 1919 as monk at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722 Mark VII, Patriarch, 1537-1538 and Coptic relations with Rome, 610-611 dates of patriarchy, 1919 death at Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah church, 713 and Ethiopian prelate, 1029-1030 as monk at Dayr Anba Bula, 742 successor, 1350 Mark VIII, Patriarch, 1274, 1538-1539 dates of patriarchy, 1919 liturgical music, 1736 as monk at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 723 patriarchal residence, 1913 and property of Jirjis al-Jawhari, 1334 successor, 1950 Mark of Ephesus, 1114 Mark the Evangelist. See Mark I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch Mark of al-Farama, Bishop, 1089 Mark ibn Qanbar, collected commentaries of, 1776-1777 Mark the Mad (monk), 1931 Mark (Murqus) of the Beheirah, Bishop, 1911 Markos, Apa, 2042 Marks, funerary. See Portraiture Mark the Simple, Saint, 1540-1541, 2085 Mar Mina Cultural Association, 1541 Marqos I, Ethiopian prelate, 1016-1017 Marqos II, Ethiopian prelate, 1019 Marqos III, Ethiopian prelate, 1022-1023 Marqos IV, Ethiopian prelate, 1026-1027 Marqurah. See Mercurius of Caesarea Mar Qurus, 1593 Marqus, Bishop of Damietta, 1541-1542, 2046 Marqus, Bishop of Qusqam and al-Qusiyyah, 840 Marqus, Bishop of Sinai, 2046 Marqus al-Antuni, 30, 1542 Marqus ibn Qanbar, 1652 Marriage, 1542-1546 in ancient Egyptian, 1086 and anointing, 139 church-state legal issues, 1941, 1942-1943 Coptic, 1087 Coptic ceremonial celebration on Saturday or Sunday, 2159 Coptic ceremony, 1543-1545 Coptic customs, 1545-1546 Coptic law and legal documents, 1428, 1438 as Coptic sacrament, 1107, 1542-1543, 2139 digamy (remarriage) practice, 901, 1545 and excommunication grounds, 1079 Greek-Egyptian, prohibited, 1180, 1181 Lord’s Prayer in Services of Engagement and Betrothal, 1481 ritual books for, 1729 Roman law on, 905 Valentinian theory, 1156-1157 see also Betrothal customs; Celibacy; Divorce Marriage at Cana, Feast of the, 1107, 1542-1543 The Marriage Sacrament in the Eastern Church (papal encyclical), 1942 Marrou, H. I., 2022 Marsafa, 1546 Marsafi, Shaykh Husayn al-, 1994 Marsa Matruh. See Paraetonium Marsanes, 1547, 2372 Marseille, France, Coptic congregations in, 1623 Martha the Egyptian, Saint, 2085 Martin I, Pope (Rome), 1112 Martin of Braga, 418 Martin Luther University (Halle-Wittenberg), 1893 Martin of Tours, Saint, 253 Martyr, Feast of the, 1547-1548 Martyr Church. See Abu Mina Martyrdom, 1548-1549 Didascalia on, 899 Stephen as first, 885, 2153 see also Martyrology; Martyrs, Coptic Martyria (Christian woman of Antioch), 1117 Martyrium of the Apostle Simon, 1136 Martyrium and monastery of Saint Colluthus, 701, 702 Martyrium of Paese and Thecla, 1136-1137 Martyrius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 43 Martyrology, 1549-1550 Donatist acceptance of role in church, 920 shrines, 1976 Stephen as first Christian martyr, 885, 2153 Synaxarion as source, 2173-2190 Martyrs, Coptic, 1550-1559 Abamun of Tarnut, 1 Abamun of Tukh, 1-2 Acta Alexandrinorum, 56, 1889 Agathon and his brothers, 66-67 in Alexandria, 890 in Ansina, 142 Arianus, 230-23 1 Ascla, 283 Besamon, 379 burial rites, 425 canonization, 449 in Canopus (Abuqir), 32 Copres, 598 Coptic hymns for, 1728 Cosmas and Damian, 636-640 Cyriacus and Julitta, 671 Damanhur al-Wahsh, 688 Dayr Abu Anub, 696 Dayr Abu Bifam, 297, 696 Dayr Abu Hinnis, 701, 702 Dayr Abu Musha, 708 Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718 Dayr Anba Abshay, 718, 719 Dayr Anba Bakhum, 730 Dayr Anba Bisadah, 732 Dayr Anba Maqar, 718 Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783 Dayr Buqtur of Shu, 797 Dayr Mar Jirjis al-Hadidi, 831 Dayr al-Sham‘, 863 Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Isna), 865, 866, 868, 870 Demetrius of Antioch on, 893-894 in Dimayrah, 902-903 Dimyanah, 903 and Diocletian’s persecutions, 905-908, 1937 during Dionysius the Great’s patriarchy, 909-910, 911 in Durunkah, 927 Elias, 1282 Epima, 965, 965 Epimachus of Pelusium, 965-966 era of, 434, 972 Eusebius, 1069-1070 Eusignius, 1071-1072 al-Farama association, 1089 in the Fayyum, 845 feasts of the, 1101 Febronia, 1109-1110 Felix, 1110 forty monks at Raithou, 2049, 2050 forty-nine elders of Scetis, 1120-1121 Gabriel, Archangel, and, 136-137 George, Saint, and, 1140 Gobidlaha, Dado, and Caxo, 1151-1152 Gregory the Illuminator, 1183 hagiographers, 1921 Hamai of Kahyor, 1203-1204 Heraclides, 1220- 1221 Herai, 1221 of Herakleopolis, 73-74 Herpaese, 1225-1226 Hesychius, 1226 iconoclastic measures and, 1275 Isaac of Tiphre, 1304-1305 Isidorus, 1307 James, Saint and Disciple, 1109 James Intercisus, 1321 James the Persian, 324 Jirjis al-Muzahim, Saint, 1335-1336 John and Symeon, 1370 Joore, 1370 Julianus, 1225-1226 Justus, 1386-1387 and al-Khandaq, 1413 Krajon and Amun, 1419 Lacaron, 1423-1424 Leontius of Tripoli, 1442-1444 Lucian of Antioch, 1484 Macarius, 1489 Macrobius, 1494 in Mareotis, 1526-1527 Mark, 1531-1532 Menas of al-Ashmunayn, 1589 Menas the Miracle Maker, 24, 1589-1590, 1937 Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592-1594 Michael, Archangel, and, 1619 Moses the Black, 1681 Mui, 1696 in Nikiou, 1793 Olympius, 1840 Paese and Tecla, 1865 Pamphilus, 1879 Panesneu, 1880 Panine and Paneu, 1880-1881 Pantaleon, 1881-1882 Patape, 1907-1908 Peter I, Patriarch, and, 1117, 1467 Philotheus of Antioch, 1960-1961 Phoibammon of Preht, 1963-1965 Pisura, 1980 poetry on, 1985, 1986 Polycarp, 1997-1998 Psote of Psoï, 2030, 2031-2032 Ptolemaus church in Dintishar, 903 recanters from Islam, 1570 Regula, 2057 and Roman persecutions, 892, 1935- 1937; see also Persecutions seven ascetics of Tunah, 2122 Stephen, 2153 at Sunbat, 2159 Symeon, 1370 Tecla. See Paese and Tecla Ter and Erai, 2209 Theban Legion, 2231-2233 Theodorus, 2237-2238 Til, 2261 Tolemaus, 2271 Ursus of Solothurn, 2292-2293 Victor of Shu, 2302 Victor Stratelates, 2303-2308 see also Cycle; Persecutions; Pilgrimages; Saints, Coptic The Martyrs of Palestine (Eusebius), 1071, 1549 Marucchi, Orazio, 1559 Marutha (Takritan), 876 Marwan II (Umayyad caliph), 37, 695, 1411 Mary (mother of Mark), 1529 Mary, Mother of God. See Annunciation; Theotokos; Virgin Mary Mary of Alexandria, Saint, 1560, 1085 Mary the Egyptian, Saint, 1560, 2085 as anchorite, 129, 130 site of repentance, 1324 and Zosimus, Saint, 2087 Mary Magdalene, 897, 1155 Mar Yuhanna, 881 Maryut Dayr Abu Mina, 706-707 kilns at, 481 pilgrimages to, 1968, 1970 see also ‘Abu Mina; ‘Amriyyah; Mareotis Mashat al-marda. See Unction of the sick Mashtul, 1561 Masil, 1561 Maximus (martyr), 1556 Masjid al-Shaykh ‘Abadah, 1528 Masks. See Portraiture, Coptic Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles, 112, 1448, 1561, 1900 and Crum, Walter Ewing, 661 and historiography of Coptic art, 255-256, 1700 students of, 414, 1184 Maspero, Jean (Jacques) Gaston, 694, 1482, 1561-1562, 1891, 1967 Massacre of the Innocents, depicted in Coptic art, 533 Mass of the Catechumens, 1562-1565 Mass of the Faithful, 1562, 1565-1568 Mastema. See Satan Matariyyah pilgrimages to, 1970, 1973, 1977 tree at, 1118 Matewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1038-1040, 1591 Matins, Liturgy of, 1568-1569 Matra. See Batra (martyr) Matrilineal succession, 1514 Matrimony. See Betrothal customs; Marriage Matta. See Libanos (Matta), Ethiopian saint Matthew, Apostle and Saint, 897 see also Gospel of Saint Matthew Matthew I, Patriarch, 1569-1570 and Bartalomewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1013 burial site, 815 dates of patriarchy, 1918 and Dayr Abu Fanah, 698 as monk at Dayr Anba Antsuniyus, 722 prophecy on successor, 1130 relics removed from Birma, 392 Matthew II, Patriarch, 1571 dates of patriarchy, 1918 successor, 1133 Matthew III, Patriarch, 1571, 1975, 610 consecration of Ethiopian prelates by, 1022, 1023 dates of patriarchy, 1919 as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 patriarchal residence, 1913 Matthew IV, Patriarch, 1571, 1913 and Coptic relations with Rome, 610 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Ethiopian prelates, 1024, 1025 as last patriarch residing in Harit Zuwaylah, 1208 as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 profession of faith, 1780 successor, 1347 and Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 2299 Matthew the Poor, Saint, 802, 1571-1572 Coptic accounts of, 1455 Encomia on, 1196 feast day, 2085 Matthias. See Timothy and Matthias (martyrs) Matunah (martyr), 1556 Maundy Thursday, 1107-1108, 1426, 1904 and chrism consecration, 522 lectern placement, 1435 music for, 1721 Maurice, Emperor, 125-126, 688, 1676 patriarch under, 1915 Mauritius, Saint, 1082, 1110, 1572, 2085, 2231-2233 Mausoleums. See Tombs Mawa‘iz wa-al-I‘tibar fi Dhikr al-Khitat wa-al-Athar, al-(al- Maqrizi), 1525 Mawhub ibn Mansur ibn Mufarrij al-Iskandarani, 782, 1239, 1573-1574 Maxentius, Emperor, 919-920 Maximian, Bishop of Ravenna, 915 Maximian, Emperor persecutions of, 907, 1082, 1110, 1552, 1936, 1937, 1943, 2057 and Theban Legion martyrdom, 2231 and uprisings in Gaul, 904 Maximinus, Emperor patriarch under, 1914 persecutions of, 912, 1937 Maximus, Saint and Patriarch, 93, 1574-1575 dates of patriarchy, 1914 feast day, 2085 Maximus the Confessor (monk), 1575-1576, 1678 Maximus and Domitius, Saints, 1576-1578, 1491, 1967, 2085 Arabic tradition of, 1577-1578 Coptic tradition of, 789-790, 1576-1577 Mazar al-Sayyidah al-‘Adhra’ (rock church), 853 Mazmur Idribi (Psalm Idribi), melody, 1722 Measurement. See Metrology, Coptic Medallions. See Ampulla Medamud, Dayr Anba Bakhum near, 729-730 Medhane Alem (savior of the world) (Lalibala church), 1425 Medical instruments, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1605 Medicine, 1578-1582 Abu Hulayqah, 19, 2055 Ahrun ibn A’yan al-Qass, 77 in Alexandria, 91, 2065 Coptic, Sahan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan and, 2079-2080 Cosmas and Damian, 636-640, 1213 at Dayr Apa Hor, 77 1-772 healings in Coptic literature, 1212-1214 Ibn al-Bitriq brothers, 1265-1266 Ibrahim ibn ‘Isa, 1273 instruments. See Medical instruments Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Nastas, 1306 Kaysan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan, 1395 magic spells, 1504 Mansur ibn Sahlan ibn Muqashshir, 1524 al-Mufaddal ibn Majid ibn al-Bishr, 1689 Muhadhdhab al-Din Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi Sulayman, 1691 Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Shakir ibn Abi Sulayman Dawud, 1749 Naguib Mahfouz, 1773 Nastas ibn Jurayj, 1775-1776 Olympius, Saint, 1840 onions to ward off disease, 2126 papyri, 1886-1888 Paul of Aigina, 1922 Raphael, Archangel, as patron of, 2053, 2054 Rashid al-Din Abu Sa‘id, 2055 Sahlan ibn ‘Uthman ibn Kaysan, 2079-2080 Sa‘id ibn Tufayl, 2080 see also Birth rites and customs; Pilgrimages Meinardus, O. on churches at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Naqadah), 827 on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 823 on Dayr al-Muharraq, 841 Melania the Elder, 1663, 1877, 1878, 1884 Melania the Younger, 2017 Melas (anchorite), 1650 Melchites and Copts, 1583 in Alexandria, 90-92, 93-94, 95 Canon of Clement, 445 conflict in Cathedral Church of the Jacobites, 93-94 and Greek language in Egypt, 1177 Ibn al-Bitriq patriarchy, 1265-1266 monks, 720 Murqus ibn Qanbar, 1699-1700 and Nubian evangelization, 1797, 1801-1802, 1813 Qustantin ibn Abi al-Ma‘ali ibn Abi al-Fath Abu al-Fath, 2046-2047 Melchizedek depicted in Coptic art, 383, 793-794, 793 Hieracas of Leontopolis on, 1229 paintings of, 793-794, 793 Meletius. See Melitius, Bishop of Lycopolis Melisma (Coptic musical characteristic), 1721, 1732 Melitian schism, 37, 919, 1584, 1585 Alexander I and, 8 1-84 in Alexandria, 97, 99 and Arianism, 591-592, 1878 and Athanasius, 590 and Constantine of Asyut, 591 Damian and, 689 Hesychius and, 1226 Nicaea, Council of, and, 81, 84, 1792 and Roman persecutions, 1935 and Sabellianism, 2072 Melitius, Bishop of Antioch Christology of, 1376 and Constantinople, First Council of, 594 Melitius, Bishop of Lycopolis, 296, 1584, 1585 and Alexander I, 81, 84 and appointments of bishops, 686 and Hesychius, 1226 Peter I and, 1585, 1943, 1944, 1945 see also Melitian schism Melito of Sardis, 1585-1586 Coptic translations, 1451 and “godly monarch” concept, 1957 Melodies. See Adam; Music, Coptic; Oktoechos; Watus Memnon, Bishop of Ephesus, 960 Memnon, colossuses of, 2065-2066 Memnonia, 1586 Memnonion of Strabo, 729 Memoirs (Paul of Aigina), 1922 Memphis, 1586-1587 as capital of Egypt, 95 end to institutionalized paganism in, 1870 Greek population, 1166 katochoi (recluses), 2055-2056 Roman travelers in, 2065 Memphitic. See Appendix Menander, 1889 Menandros, sentences of, 2119 Ménard, René, 1730, 1743 Menarti, 1587-1588 Nubian monastery at, 1817 Menas (Dayr Apa Apollo superior), 1588-1589 icons at Bawit, 370-371, 1588 Menas (Greek martyr), 1556 Menas I. See Mina, Saint and Patriarch Menas (town), as pilgrimage way station, 2066 Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1674 Menas, Saint (soldier martyr under Diocletian), 1936-1937 Menas, Saint and Bishop of Pshati feast day, 2085 panegyrics by, 1456 Menas, Saint and Bishop of Tmuis, 1589 and Damru, 689 as monk at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 721 Menas the Ascetic. See Menas of al-Ashmunayn, Saint Menas of al-Ashmunayn, Saint (martyr), 1556, 1589 Menas and Hasina (martyrs), 1557 Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint, 955, 1411, 1541, 1589-1590 ampullae, 116-118, 534, 537, 541 churches dedicated to, 116-117, 808, 833 depicted in Coptic art, 270, 534, 535, 1527, 2004-2005, 2006 feast day, 1557, 2085 monasteries dedicated to, 833, 834, 853, 1622, 1974 and Nikiou, 1793, 1794 see also Abu Mina Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1039, 1590-1591 Mennas, Bishop of Memphis, 1587 Mennufer. See Memphis Menophantus of Ephesus, and Lucian of Antioch, 1484 Menou, Jacques François ‘Abdallah, 1591-1592 Mensurius of Carthage, Bishop, 919-920 Menuthis, paganism in, 1870 Mercurius (monk painter), 737-738, 764, 804, 1291, 1589 Mercurius, Saint (ascetic and recluse), 833, 2085 Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint, 1557, 1592-1594, 2085 and Church of Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 11,549-551 churches dedicated to, 92, 710, 711, 713, 741, 743, 757, 814, 839, 1427, 1593-1594, 1613 cycle manuscripts, 1782 feast day, 1557, 2085 linked with Julian the Apostate’s death, 1382 monasteries of, 825, 1653, 1654 in Nubian liturgy, 1816-1817 portraits of, 726 relics at Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718 Mercurius and Ephraem (martyrs), 1557 Mercurius at Shahran. See Dayr Shahran Merkabah mysticism, 1148 Meroë (Kush capital city), 1420 Meroites, and Qasr Ibrim, 2036, 2037 Meroitic language, 1170-1171, 1185, 1420 Merovingians, 1572 Meshach, 1092 Mesodialect. See Appendix Mesokemic. See Appendix Mesopotamia, 1663, 1675 Messalian movement, 2027 Metadialect. See Appendix Metalwork, Coptic, 1594-1607 earliest works, 269 on Gospel caskets, 1153 in Louvre Museum, 1483 preservation of, 280 techniques, 1595 see also Art, historiography of Coptic Metanoia, Monastery of the (Canopus), 32, 850, 1608-1611, 1646, 1861, 1862, 2066 post-Chalcedon, 1609-1610 Metras, Saint (martyr), 837 Metrology, Coptic, 53, 1611 Metropolitan, 1611-1612 as abun, 30 authority over bishops, 190 in ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2015 in Nubian church organization, 1813 ordained by bishop, 2193, 2194 role in church hierarchy, 1229 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, 780, 800, 1210, 1714, 1895 Metropolitan Sees, 1612-1614 Micah, 22 Michael. For names not found here, see also Kha’il; Mikha’il Michael I. See Kha’il I, saint and Patriarch Michael II. See Kha’il II, Patriarch Michael IV, Saint and Patriarch, 761, 863, 1099, 1614-1615 and Church of al-Mu’allaqah (Old Cairo), 558 and Church of Sitt Maryam, 320 dates of patriarchy, 1917 feast day, 2085 and Giyorgis I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006 Michael V, Patriarch, 1615-1616, 1912 birthplace, 1970 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and Dayr al-Sham‘, 863 feast day, 2085 and Mika’el I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006-1007 successor, 1340 Michael VI, Patriarch, 1616 dates of patriarchy, 1918 Michael VIII Palaeologos, 1114 Michael III. See Kha’il III, Patriarch Michael, Bishop of Damietta. See Mikha’il, Bishop of Damietta; Nomocanon (Michael of Damietta) Michael, Bishop of Sandafa, 819 Michael, Saint and Bishop of Naqadah, 2085 Michael the Archangel, Saint, 1, 93, 190, 1092, 1616-1619 and Anatolius, Saint, 128 and Anub, Saint, 152 in Apocryphon of Jeremiah, 170 and Ari, Saint, 229 and the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 292, 293 churches dedicated to, 92, 93, 355, 1617-1618 confraternities of, 586-587 in the Coptic Testament of Isaac, 612 and Cosmas and Damian, Saints, 639 depicted in Coptic art, 250, 270, 794, 868, 869 and Elias of Samhud, Saint, 953 and Epima, Saint, 965 feast of, 1111 funerary customs, 1125 and Gabriel, Archangel, 1136 iconography of, 250 investiture in Heaven, 1618- 1619 and Isidorus martyrdom, 1307 and John of Parallos homily, 1368 and Lacaron, Saint, 1424 in magical texts, 1501, 1502 monasteries dedicated to, 1974 in Nubian church art, 1812 in Nubian liturgy, 1816 in Nubian medieval inscription, 1805 patron of church at Bani Kalb, 335 Peter I Encomium on, 1946 and Satan, 1184 in Testament of Abraham, 164 in Testaments of the Patriarchs, 164 and Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2304, 2306 see also Chapel of the Archangel Michael; Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il Michael bar Elias, Chronicle, 97-98 Michael Cerularius, 1113 Michael of Damietta (twelfth-century “new” martyr), 1557 Michael al-Ghamri, Bishop of Samannud, 1131 Michael of Qamulah, Saint, 2085 Michael the Syrian, on Nubian evangelization, 1801-1802 Michalowski, Kazimierz, 613, 1091, 1092, 1620, 1812 Michigan papyrus of Acts. See Acts, Michigan papyrus of Middle Egyptian dialect in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1837-1838 see also Appendix; Oxyrhynchite dialect Middle Platonism, and Origen, 1847 Middle Sa‘id, monasteries of, 1654-1655 Miedema, Rein, 1620 Migne, Jacques-Paul, 1620 Migration, Coptic, 1620-1624 Mika’el I, Ethiopian prelate, 1006-1007 Mika’el II, Ethiopian prelate, 1007- 1008 Mika’el III, Ethiopian prelate, 1013-1014 Mika’el IV, Ethiopian prelate, 1023-1024 Mikha’il I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Mikha’il I, II, III, patriarchs. See Kha’il I, II, III Mikha’il IV, V. See Michael IV, Michael V Mikha’il, Bishop of Asyut, 755 Mikha’il, Bishop of Atrib and Malij, 1-2, 458-459, 1625-1627 on cheirotonia, 517 on Maximus and Domitius, Saints, 1577-1578 Mikha’il, Bishop of Damietta, 1613, 1624-1625 and blessing styles, 404 on Canons of Gregory of Nyssa, 457 collected Nomocanon of, 1781 on communion of the sick, 580 on incense, 1290 nomocanon of, 1129 opposition to Murqus ibn Qanbar, 1624, 1625, 1699 succeeded by Butrus Sawirus al-Jamil, Bishop, 431 Mikha’il, Bishop of Dumyat, 926 Mikha’il, Kyriakos, 1627-1628 Mikha’il ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 1628, 1993 Mikha’il al-Bahrawi, 1628 Mikha’il ibn Butrus, 1629 Mikha’il ibn Danashtari. See Michael V, Patriarch Mikha’il ibn Ghazi, 1629 Mikha’il ibn Ya‘qub ‘Ubayd al-Misri, 1630 Mikha’il Jirjis, Mu‘allim, 1629-1630, 1737, 1737, 1742 Mikha’il of Misr (al-Fustat), Bishop, 1533 Mikha’il al-Misri (monk), 1630 Mikha’il Sharubim, 1630-1631 and British occupation of Egypt, 419 private collection in Coptic Museum (Old Cairo), 608 Milan, Edict of (313), 81, 208, 298, 588-589, 902 Mileham, G. 5., 1091 Milik al-Kamil, al-, Sultan, 1121 Military. See Army, Roman; Castrum; Costume, military; Warriors in Coptic art Military-executive offices in Mamluk state. See Copts in late medieval Egypt Milius (martyr), 1557 Millenarians, 911 Millet, 1087, 1631 Milner, Lord, 1990, 1991, 2074 Milvian Bridge, battle of (312), 81, 588, 1869 Mina, al-, 895 Mina, Bishop of Sanabu, 1631 Mina I, Saint and Patriarch, 1631-1632 dates of patriarchy, 1916 feast day, 2085 and Yuhanna, 2356 Mina II, Patriarch, 1632-1633, 1912 and chrism consecration, 521 dates of patriarchy, 1916 and Ethiopian prelates, 1001 successor, 10 Mina, Saint. See Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint Minas, Ethiopian prelate, 1000-1001 Mina the Solitary. See Cyril VI, Patriarch Minbar, al- (publication), 1990 Mingarelli, A., 1895 Minor Doxology, 923-924 Minsha’at al-Shaykh. See Dayr al-Zawiyah Minshah, al-. See Psoï Mint. See Coinage in Egypt Mintash (Mamluk amir), 1570 Minufiyyah Province, monasteries in, 1655 Minuf al-Sufla. See Mahallat Minuf Minuf al-‘Ulyah, 1633, 2362 Minya, 1634 Dayr Abu Sarabam at, 709-710 Dayr Apa Hor at, 770-771 hermitages in, 1654 memorial to Abu Fis at, 716 See also Sanabu Minya al-Qamh, pilgrimages to, 1973 Minyat al-Shammas, Dayr al-Sham‘, 863 Minyat al-Sudan, Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah, 712 Miracles Basil, Saint, 115-116 at Dayr Abu Musa, 707 at Dayr al-Maghtis, 818 at Dayr al-Muharraq, 840 Demetrius of Antioch on, 893-894 first of Jesus Christ, 1107 in Gregory V patriarchy, 1130-1131 healings in Coptic literature, 1212-1213 and laying-on of hands, 1433 of Marqus al-Antuni, 1542 of Maximus and Domitius, 1576-1577, 1578 of Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592, 1593 of Michael the Archangel, 1618 of Moses of Abydos, 1680 moving of Muqattam hill, 1095 of Pantaleon, 1882 of Patasius, 1908 in Peter VII patriarchy, 1950 of Phoibammon of Preht, 1964 of Pshoi of Scetis, 2029 at Qalamun, 758 of Thomas, Apostle and Saint, 1635 Virgin Mary, apparition of The, 681, 840, 871, 969, 2308-23 10, 2309 Miracles of Ptolemy, on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 765 Miracula Coluthi, 893 Miracula Victoris (Demetrius of Antioch), 894 Mirhom, ‘Aziz, 1996 Misr al-Qahirah, 1312 Mirrors, 1509, 1606, 1607 supported by wood frame, 2338 Mirza, ‘Aziz, 2011 Misa’il, Saint, 1634, 2085 Misas, Dayr Abu Musa at, 707 Misbah al-Zulmah (Ibn Kabar), 1267, 1272, 1463-1464, 1634, 1735 on Books of Chronicles, 1827 on Canons of Epiphanius, 456-457 on canons of Nicaea, 1789 on Ezra, 1829 manuscript in Paris, 1779 on Nomocanon of Gabriel II ibn Turayk, 1799 on Ruth, 1835 Misr, al- (publication), 1465, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2011, 2020, 2198 Misr, Metropolitan See of, 761, 1613, 1912 Misr Bank, 1694 Misra (twelfth month of Coptic calendar), 439, 2189-2190 Mission archéologique française de Caire, 693 Missionaries Anglican in Egypt, 133 in India, 1635-1636, 1881 liturgy spread by early Coptic, 1733 Longinus, 1479-1480 Manichaean, 1520, 1521 Mark, Saint, 1529-1530 monophysites, 1673, 1674-1675 Nubian evangelization, 1801- 1802 Nubian Islamization, 1802-1804 Protestant in Egypt, 1693 Roman Catholic to Copts, 1330, 1349, 1538 Theban Legion in Switzerland, 2231-2233 Ulphilas, Apostle to the Goths, 2285 see also Evangeliary Missionaries in India, Coptic, 1635-1636, 1881 Mississippi Coptic Codex I. See Crosby Schøyen Codex Missoria, 1607 Mistrih, Vincentio, 1464 Mit Damsis churches dedicated to Saint George at, 1140 pilgrimages to, 1968, 1970- 1971 Miter, 1469, 1476, 1477 Mithra (pagan deity), 1617-1618, 1866 Mithraism, Michael the Archangel’s link with, 1617- 1618 Mit Rahinah, 1586 Mit Shammas, Dayr al-Sham‘ at, 865 Modalist Monarchians, 1637, 1638 on nature of Christ, 547 see also Monarchianism; Sabellianism Modern Egypt, Copts in, 1636- 1637 political thought, 1993-1996 Moftah, Ragheb, 1730, 1737-1738, 1742, 1743 Monarchianism, 1637-1338 Eusebius of Caesarea opposition to, 1070-1071 and homoiousion controversy, 1253 Sabellianism and, 2072 Monarchs. See Kings, anointing of; specific names Monasteries abbots, 2-3 in Alexandria, 95; see also specific names Anba Orion, 12 in Ansina, 142 Arab conquest impact on, 693-694 archives, 227-228 attitudes toward music in, 1733 canonical hours, 1724 Church of Saint George (Jerusalem), 1327-1328 and Coptic literature, 1458-1459 in Damanhur bishopric, 687 dedicated to Phoibammon, 1964-1965 deuterarios term, 895 diaconia term, 896 in Diolkos province, 908 donation of children to, 918-919 donations to, 1430 in Durunkah, 927 economic activities of and Egyptian economy, 1643-1645 income-producing work, 802 and oikonomos, 1825-1826 outlays, 1642-1643 economic influence of, 1676, 1677 Eikoston, 951 the Enaton, 954-958, 957 at Faras, 1090 Farshut, 12 Farshut vicinity, 1093 Fatimid rule impact on, 1098 Fayyum as early center, 1100 of free monks (“sarabaïtes”), 702 hisn fortification, 1237 inscriptions found at, 1291, 1292 involuntary reclusion, 2055 at Karnak, 1393, 1393 keep construction, 1395-1396 Kellia grouping, 1396-1409 khizanah (hiding place), 1415 laura, 1428 libraries, 1448, 1977 library of medical literature, 1578-1579, 1886-1888 Lithazomenon and Saint Peter’s Bridge, 1467 al-Makarim listing of, 1462 Maqrizi history on, 1525 medical papyri, 1886-1888 most isolated in Egypt, 758 mummification, 1697 murals in, 1873-1874, 1875 of Nitria, 1794-1796 nursing practices, 1581-1582 Oktokaidekaton, 1826-1827 paintings, 1659-1660 in Pbow, 126, 1927-1929 in Pempton region, 1931 Persian conquests of, 1938, 1939 in Philae, 1955-1956 pilgrims and travelers to, 1976-1977 Pisentius of Hermonthis founding, 1978 proestos term, 2021 provost, 2024 Raithou, 2050 restorations by Gabriel VII, Patriarch, 1133 in Scetis, 2102-2106 Takinash, 2199 Tall Atrib, 2 199-2200 Tamnuh, 2201 Tanbida, 2201 Theotokos duplicates, 714 travelers’ interest under Roman empire, 2066 vigils, 2308 see also Dayr headings; Ethiopian monasticism; Hermitage; Hermitages, Theban; Monasticism; Monasticism, Pachomian; Monks; Nubian monasticism; specific monasteries Monasteries, economic activities of, 1638-1645 Monasteries, Nubian. See Nubian monasteries Monasteries in and around Alexandria, 1645-1646 Monasteries in and around Cairo, 1646-1647 Monasteries in the Beheirah Province, 1646 Monasteries in Cyprus, 1647-1648 Monasteries in the Daqahliyyah Province, 1648-1649 Monasteries of the Eastern Desert, 1649-1650, 1659 Monasteries of the Eastern Desert of the Delta and Sinai, 1650 Monasteries of the Fayyum, 1650-1651 Monasteries in the Gharbiyyah Province, 1651-1652 Monasteries of the Lower Sa‘id, 1652-1654 Monasteries of the Middle Sa‘id, 1654-1655 Monasteries in the Minufiyyah Province, 1655 Monasteries in the Qalyubiyyah Province, 835, 1655 Monasteries of the Sharqiyyah Province, 1655-1656 Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id, 1656-1658, 1659 Monasteries of the Western Desert, 1658-1659 Monastery of the Abyssinians, 1654 Monastery of Anba Hiziqyal. See Dayr Anba Hiziqyal Monastery of Andrew. See Dayr Abu al-Lif Monastery of Apa Harun, 1652 Monastery of Apollo. See Bawit Monastery of the Archangel Michael (Sopehes), 1449 Monastery of the Armenians. See Dayr al-Arman Monastery of the Bones. See Dayr al-‘Izam Monastery of the Brothers. See Dayr al-Ikhwah Monastery of the Brothers of Siyalah. See Dayr al-Ikhwah Monastery of Brucheum (Alexandria), 1646 Monastery of Canopus. See Metanoia, Monastery of the Monastery of the Crosses. See Dayr Abu Fanah Monastery of Enaton. See Enaton, The Monastery of the Epiphany. See Dayr Ebifania Monastery of the Ethiopians. See Dayr al-Muharraq Monastery of the Exchange. See Dayr al-Maymun Monastery of Ezekiel. See Dayr al-Saqiyah Monastery of the Forty Saints (Alexandria), 1646 Monastery of the Greeks. See Dayr Anba Bakhum; Dayr al-Rumi Monastery of Heraclius. See Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah) Monastery of the Hermits, 38 Monastery of the Holy Cross. See Dayr al-Salib Monastery of the Holy Virgin at al-‘Adawiyyah. See Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah Monastery of Hunger. See Dayr al-Ju‘ Monastery of the Island. See Dayr al-Rumaniyyah Monastery of John Colobos, 734, 790, 2103, 2105 Monastery of John Kama, 1270, 2104 Monastery of John the Short. See Monastery of John Colobos Monastery of Mark the Evangelist, 2041, 2042 Monastery of the Martyrs. See Dayr al-Shuhada’ Monastery of Matthew the Poor. See Dayr al-Fakhuri Monastery of the Metanoia. See Metanoia, Monastery of the Monastery of Michael and Cosmas, 1588 Monastery of the Mother of God (Alexandria), 1646 Monastery of the Mountain of the Bird. See Dayr al-‘Adhra (Samalut) Monastery of the Mule. See Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah) Monastery of al-Nur, 1653 Monastery “of the Mother of God of the Syrians”, 876 Monastery of Saint John. See Dayr al-Saqiyah Monastery of Pachomius. See Dayr Anba Bakhum Monastery paintings, Coptic, 1659-1660 Dayr Anb Hadra, 747 Monastery of Pamin, 1649 Monastery of the Patrician, 125, 955, 1931 Monastery of Paul the Leper (Alexandria), 1646 Monastery of the Pool. See Dayr al-Maghtis Monastery of the Potter. See Dayr al-Fakhuri Monastery of the Pulley. See Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (Samalut); Dayr Mar Mina (Jabal Abu Fudah) Monastery in the quarter of the Ethiopians. See Dayr bi’l-Habash Monastery of Saint Antony. See also Dayr Anba Antuniyus Monastery of Saint Antony (Famagusta), 1647 Monastery of Saint Antony (Nairobi), 1622 Monastery of Saint Antony (Nicosia), 1648 Monastery of Saint Catherine. See Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine Monastery of Saint Elias. See Dayr Anba Helias Monastery of Saint Epima of Pshante, 824 Monastery of Saint Gabriel. See Dayr al-Naqlun Monastery of Saint George, 824, 1649, 1653 see also Dayr Mar Jirjis Monastery of Saint Jeremiah (Saqqara). See Dayr Apa Jeremiah Monastery of Saint John the Baptist. See Holy Land, churches of the Monastery of Saint John Kama, 1270, 2104 Monastery of Saint Macarius. See Dayr Anba Maqar Monastery of Saint Macarius (Klima), 1647 Monastery of Saint Macarius (Platani), 1647- 1648 Monastery of Saint Mark (Alexandria), 1646 Monastery of Saint Menas, 707 Monastery of Saint Menas the Recluse. See Dayr Mar Mina (Gharbiyyah) Monastery of Saint Michael (Hamuli), 1619 Monastery of Saint Paul. See Dayr Anba Bula Monastery of Saint Simeon. See Dayr Anba Hadra Monastery of Saint Sinuthius. See Dayr Anba Shinudah Monastery of Saint Victor. See Dayr al-Jabrawi Monastery of Samuel. See Dayr al-Sanad Monastery of the Seven Mountains. See Dayr al-‘Izam (Asyut); Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal Monastery of Shenute. See Dayr al-Salib Monastery of Stone. See Dayr al-Hajar Monastery of the Tabennesiotes. See Metanoia, Monastery of the Monastery of the Tigers. See Dayr Anba Bula Monastery of the Town. See Dayr al-Madinah Monastery of the Vine-Dresser. See Dayr Nahya Monastery of the Virgin, 7, 704, 927; see also Dayr al-‘Adhra Monastery of the Virgin of Baramus, 790 Monasticism British Isles, 417-418 Ethiopian, 990-994 Nubian, 1817-1818 twentieth-century revival of, 1668 Monasticism, Egyptian, 1661-1664 anachoresis, 118-120, 1320-1321, 1661, 1958 Antony of Egypt influence on, 150 Apophthegmata patrum on, 177- 178 cell, 477-478 Coptic influence on, 101 and Coptic language diffusion, 1168, 1177 Coptic text translations on, 1454 desert fathers and, 894; see also Desert fathers early beginnings in Dalas, 685 Ebionite influence on, 930 Evagrius Ponticus works on, 1076-1077 al-Farama as center, 1089 Gangra, Council of, on asceticism, 1138 Historia monachorum in Aegypto on, 1237-1238, 2068-2069 in Mareotis, 1527 martyrs and, 1881 Melitian, 1584 in Memphis, 1587 as model in other areas, 1663-1664 origins, 1661-1664 Palladius text on, 1876-1877 proestos term, 2021 reclusion as fundamental element of, 2055-2056 refectory elements and usage, 2056 Roman papal acceptance of, 299 and Roman taxation, 2204 see also Asceticism; Anachoresis; Anchorites; Dayr headings; Desert fathers; Hermitage; Hermits; Monk; Monasteries; specific personal and place names Monasticism, Pachomian, 26, 32, 41, 78-80, 126, 1661, 1662-1663, 1664-1665 Abraham of Farshut and, 11 anchorite contrasted with, 725 cell, 477 and Claudius, Saint, 561 convents, 1663, 1822, 1860, 2325 and Cornelius as “ancient brother,” 635 definition, 1667 deuterarios term, 895 diaconia term, 896 in Diolkos province, 908 and Hamai of Kahyor, Saint, 1204 Horsiesios and, 1257 and Joseph of Tsenti, Saint, 1374 Monastery of the Metanoia, 1608, 1610-1611 monastery sites, 1657 mourning rites, 1686 numbers of monks, 1662- 1663 oikonomos at, 1826 opposition to, 1138 organization of, 1664-1665 Pachomius as founder, 1661, 1664, 1859-1863 Pachomius the Younger, 1864 Palladius on, 1877 Paphnutius and, 1882 Pbow, 1926-1929 Petronius, Saint, and, 1952 and pilgrimages, 1973-1974 proestos term, 2021 Pseudo-Macarius homilies addressed to, 2027 at Raithou, 2049-2050 refectory as standard architectural element, 2056 Rules of Saint Pachomius, 1861-1862 Souros, 2144 Tabennese site, 2197 and Theodorus of Tabennese, 2239-2240 and Victor of Tabennese, 2308 see also Pbow Monastic vestments. See Monks, vestments Mond, R., 861 Monde Copte, Le (publication), 1666 Monenergism, 1666, 1676 Monk, 1667-1668 see also Dayr headings; Hermits; Monasticism; Monasteries; specific names Monks abbots, 2-3 Abraham of Farshut, 11-12 anchorite way of life compared with cenobite, 724-725 in church hierarchy, 1229 Coptic in Ireland, 253 Coptic texts on, 1455 Cornelius, 635 Ethiopian, 747-748 and genuflection, 1139 iconoclastic measures against, 1275 manshubiyyas dwellings, 749 Moses of Abydos, 1679-1681 Moses the Black, 1681 Paphnutius, 1882 Paphnutius of Pbow, 1883-1884 Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884 and patriarchal election, 1911 as patriarchs, 1999 portraits in Old Church of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 727 Pshoi of Scetis, 2029-2030 simulating madness for God, 1541 tasks and trades, 1641-1643 total number in the Wadi Habib area in the year, 1088, 2135 vestments, 650-655, 1477 Victor, 2301 Victor of Tabennese, 2308 see also Anchorites; Desert fathers; Hermitage; Hermits; Monasticism; specific names Monneret de Villard, Ugo, 1668-1669 on Nubian archaeology, medieval, 1804 and Nubian church art, 1811 and Tamit, 2200 Monophysitism, 1669-1677 Acacian schism, 42-47, 1671- 1672 Alexandrian, 101, 102 and Arab conquest of Egypt, 188 and Assumption, 290 and Chalcedon, Council of, 512-515, 663-664 and Christian subjects in Coptic art, 528 Christology, 547, 548, 679 and communicatio idiomatum, 578 consolidation of, 1672-1673, 1675 and Constantinople, Second Council of, 596 and Copts, 599-600 and Dyophysites in Alexandria, 97, 99 and ecthesis edict, 682 and Egypt in late antiquity, 100, 944-947 in Ethiopia, 986-987 and Greek-speakers in Egypt, 1177 and iconoclasm, 1275, 1276 influence on Coptic education, 931-932 and Jacob Baradaeus, 1318-1319 and Jacob of Saruj, 13 19-1320 John of Ephesus writings on, 1362 and Julian, Bishop of Halicarnassus, 1379 and Justin II, Emperor, 1384-1385 and Justinian, Emperor, 1385 Longinus, 1480 and Makourian Christian conversion, 1513 missions, 1674-1675 monasteries’ economic impact, 1676, 1677 monenergism and, 1666-1667 on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology and Nubian evangelization, 1797, 1800, 1801-1802, 1813, 1817 and Nubian liturgy, 1817 and Paul the Black patriarchy, 1922-1923 and persecution, 125-126, 165, 1676 and Peter III Mongus patriarchy, 1947-1948 and Philoxenus of Mabbug, 1672-1673, 1961-1962 pre-Chalcedon, 1669-1670 Roman Empire relations, 1675-1677; see also specific rulers and Sabellianism, 2072 and Scetis monks, 2104 Severan/Alexandrian rift, 1673 and Severus of Antioch, 1673, 1674, 2123-2125 and Theodora, Empress, 2234 and Theodoret, 2236 Theodosians, 2240-2241 and Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch, 2264, 2266-2267 see also Acacian schism; Cyril I, Saint; Monotheletism Monotheletism, 1678 and Constantinople, Third Council of, 595-597 and ecthesis edict, 682, 932 monenergist merger with, 1667 Mons Porphyrites, 1649 Monte Corvino, 1635 Months of Coptic calendar. See Calendar, months of Coptic; specific months Monuments dating of, 693-694 Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 851-852 Morenz, Siegfried, 614, 1439, 1678, 2186 Morgan, J. Pierpont, 824 Morgan Library. See Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City Morning Offering of Incense, music with, 1719, 1721, 1739 Morning prayer. See Matins, Liturgy of, 1568 Mosaic law. See Law, Mosaic Mosaics, Copto-Muslim, 311 Moschus, John. See John Moschus Moses (hermit). See Daniel and Moses Moses (monk of Scetis), Cassian on, 462 Moses (Old Testament) Apocalypse of, 165 and fasting as spiritual preparation, 1095 and liturgical instruments, 1469, 1470 pagan deity linked with, 1868 Philo on, 1957 and site of Mount Sinai Monastery of Catherine, 1681 Testament of, 163 Moses, Bishop of Awsim, 843, 1631, 1678-1679 Moses of Abydos, 1679-1681 as archimandrite, 193 as desert father, 894 monasteries linked with, 707, 729 Moses of Balyana, Coptic accounts of, 1455 Moses the Black, Saint, 1681 Anba Bishoi confused with, 738 as anchorite, 129, 130 as black man, 248 depicted in wall paintings, 727 martyrdom, 1557 monastery of, 707, 708 Zacharias of Scetis and, 1681, 2369 Moses of Nisibis, abbot of Dayr al-Suryan, 876 Moses of Qift, 1368, 1455 Moses and Sarah (martyrs), 1557 Moslem Brotherhood, 951 Mosques ‘Amr at al-Fustat, 92 al-Aqmar, 810, 814 Dayr Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 711 at Dongola, 922 Jerusalem, 1098, 1099 Mountain of Isis. See Dayr al-Kubaniyyah Mountain of the Palm. See Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (Samalut) Mount Casios. See Katib al-Qals Mount of Olives, 1446 Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine, 1539, 1593, 1681-1685, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1900, 1903 capital at, 777 and Catherine, Saint, 2325 Codex Sinaiticus discovered at, 570-571 keeps in lauras of, 1395, 1396 as laura of hermitages, 1224-1225 manuscript microfilming project, 2353 manuscripts of hymn and psalm texts found at, 1735 oldest icons from, 1277 pilgrimages to, 1976 Qustantin ibn Abi al-Ma‘ali ibn Abi al-Fath Abu al-Fath retirement to, 2046, 2047 Mount Tabor, Jesus Christ’s transfiguration on, 1109 Mourner-penitents, 1932 Mourning in early Christian times, 1125, 1686 Mouseion (Alexandria), 1167 Mu‘allaqah Church. See Church of al-Mu‘allaqah Mu‘aqqab, 1687, 2198 Mu‘ayyad, al- (publication), 1465, 1466, 1988, 2011 Mu‘ayyad, al-, Sultan, 1130 Mubarak, Husni, president of Egypt, 1991 Mubashirun, 168b7-1688 Mudji. See Thecla and Mudi (martyrs) Mufaddal ibn Majid ibn al-Bishr, al-, 1689 Muftah, Raghib, 1630 Muhadhdhab Abu al-Malih Zakariyya, 1268 Muhadhdhab al-Din Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi Sulayman, 1691 Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, 72, 184-185, 1331 Coptic consort of, 1528 Muhammad ‘Adbu, Shaykh al-Islam, 1465 Muhammad ‘Ali, Viceroy, 1691-1692 Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty, 1691-1694 and administrative organization of Egypt, 935 and Consultative Council founding, 598 Coptic education under, 932 Copts under, 2314 and Cyril V, Patriarch, 677 Ghali as finance minister, 1141 Jirjis al-Jawhari and, 1334 Republican Party opposition, 1987 Rizq Agha and, 2059 and societal modernization, 1993 Muhammad Bey al-Alfi, 1141 Muhammad Bey Zadeh, 1538 Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, 1922 Muhammad Ramzi, 1695 Muhdi, Muhammad al-, 1695-1696 Muhtasib, al-. See al-Hisbah Mui, Saint (martyr), 1557, 1696 Mu‘izz, al-, Caliph and Abraham, Saint and Patriarch, 10, 11 Fatimid dynasty policies, 1095, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1632-1633 Mukhtar, Mahmud, 1995 Mumarah. See Censer Mummification, 1696-1697, 1865, 1868 funerary portraiture, 2001-2003 Mummy labels, 1698 Muna, al-. See Kellia Muna al-Amir, Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 718 Munier, Adolphe Henri, 1698 Dayr Abu Lifah inscriptions, 704 Muqaddimah, See Appendix Muqatta‘, al-. See James Intercisus Muqattam hill (Cairo), moving of, 1095 Muqawqas, al-. See Cyrus al-Muqawqas Muqtataf, al- (publication), 1996 Murad Bey, 1274 Murad Kamil, 1197, 1206, 1230, 1698-1699 Murals. See Painting, Coptic mural Muratorian Canon, 1158 Muriel. See Abbaton Murqus. See also Mark; Marqos Murqus, Archbishop of Alexandria, 893 Murqus al-Antuni, Saint, 722, 1621, 1699 Murqus of Beheira, Metropolitan, 1614 Murqus Hanna, 1990 Murqus ibn Qanbar, 1699-1700 and blessings, 404 and Book of Spiritual Medicine authorship, 1626 death at Dayr al-Qusayr, 854 and al-Durr al-Thamin authorship, 926 exiled to Dayr Anb Antuniyus, 722 Mikha’il, Bishop of Damietta, as adversary, 1624-1625 Murqus ibn Zar‘ah. See Mark III, Saint and Patriarch Murqusiyyah, patriarchal residence at, 1913 Murqus al-Mashriqi al-Mallawani, 1700 Murqus of Matay, Abuna, 1737 Murqus Simaykah, 1700, 1892 Coptic collections, 256 Murray, Margaret Alice, 1700-1701 Musa (martyr), 1553 Musa, Salama, 1995, 1996 Musa al-Aswad. See Moses the Black, Saint Museum of Art and History, Fribourg, Switzerland, 1603, 1604 Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Museums, Coptic collections in, 1701-1715 at Dayr Anba Maqar, 756 Louvre, 1481-1483 State Museum of Berlin, 2146-2147 see also Art, historiography of Coptic; Papyrus collections; names of specific countries, museums, types of art and artifacts Musha (site), 708, 797 Music, Coptic, 1715-1744 Adam and Watus, 63, 1722, 1724, 2320-2321 antiphon, 148-149 canonical hours, 1724, 1733 canticles, 1729, 1733 cantors, 460, 564, 1732, 1736-1738, 1742 chanters and singers, 1629-1630 characteristic phenomenon, 1721 corpus and present practice, 1715-1729 description of corpus, 2024 in Epiphany, Liturgy of the, 967-968 history, 1731-1736 for Holy Week, 1251 hymns, 900-901, 2254-2255 instruments. See Musical instruments lahn, 1425, 1722 language relationship to melody, 1730-1731 liturgical prayer of Trisagion, 2017 musicologists, 1741-1742, 1743- 1744 nonliturgical, 1744 oral tradition of, 1730 and poetry, 1985-1986 Psalmodia service, 1725-1729 responsory, 2058 transcriptions in Western notations, 1742-1744 waham, 2313 Watus, 2320-2321 Musical instruments, 1604-1605, 1605, 1732, 1738-1739 Clement of Alexander’s disapproval of, 1733 Coptic link with Irish harp, 1734, 1740 wooden, 2333-2334, 2334 see also specific kinds Musicologists, 1741-1742, 1743-1744 Muslim Brethren (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun), 1694, 1996 Muslim Brotherhoods, 1991, 2313-2316 Muslim Copts. See Copts in late medieval Egypt Muslims. See Islam Mustafa Fahmi Pasha, 1693 Mustafa Kamil, 1747-1748, 1987-1988, 1994, 2011, 2322, 2333 Mustafa al-Nahhas, 1515-1516, 2323 Mustansir, al-, Caliph, 324, 1097, 1099, 1574 Musturud, pilgrimages to, 1968, 1970 Mu‘taman Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-‘Assal, 1266, 1268, 1511, 1748, 2356 Mutawakkil, al-, Caliph, 1412 Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Shakir ibn Abi Sulaymn Dawud, 1749 Muwaffaq al-Din ibn Sa‘id al-Dawlah. See Hibat Allah ‘Abd-allah Ibn Sa‘id al-Dawlah al-Qibti Muyser, Jacob Louis Lambert, 1749, 1975 Myers, 0. H., 861 Myron procession, 1474 see also Chrism Mystagogia (Photius), 1113 Mysteries of Greek Letters (treatise), 1749-1750 Mysticism and Coptic doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 1249 of desert fathers, 113 of Dionysius (Saint Denis of Paris), 908 and gnosticism, 1149-1151 of Philo of Alexandria, 1957 of Plotinus, 1982 symbolic interpretation of Greek letters, 1749-1750 see also Magic Mythological subjects in Coptic art, 265-266, 281-282, 1659, 1660, 1750-1768 Amazons, 1750-1751 Aphrodite, 1752-1753, 1752, 1753 Apollo and Daphne, 1753-1754, 1754 Ariadne, 1754, 1755 Bellerophon and the Chimera, 1754-1755 dancers, 1755-1757, 1756 Daphne, 1753-1754, 1754, 1757-1758, 1758 Dionysus, 1758-1760, 1759, 1760 Hercules, 1761, 1762 historiography, 258-260 Horus, 1761-1762 and hunting theme, 1259 Jason, 1762-1763 Leda, 1763 Nereids, 1763, 1763-1764, 1763, 1764 Nile God, 1764, 1765-1765, 1765 Nilotic scenes, 1765-1766, 1766 pastoral scenes, 1766-1767 seasons, 1767 Thetis, 1767-1768, 1768 Three Graces, 1768 see also Symbols in Coptic art N_______________________ Nabaruh, 1769 Nabataeans, traces at Dayr Abu Daraj, 697 Nabdunah, 1769 Naber. See Onophrius, Saint Nabis, Bishop, 1769-1770 Nabraha, Saint, 1557, 1770 Nadim, ‘Abdallah al-, 1994, 1995 Nag Hammadi, 1770 see also Jabal al-Taarit Nag Hammadi codices, 1149-1150, 1300 Dayr Anba Palaemon, 757 Dayr Mar Mina, 833-834 see also Nag Hammadi Library; specific names Nag Hammadi Library, 1770-1773, 1771, 1772, 1892, 1893, 1899 Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, 61 Allogenes, 105 Apocrypha of John, 1771 Apocryphon of James, 169 Asclepius 21-29, 284 Authentilcos Logos, 1153 Book of Thomas the Contender, 411-412 Codex Jung, 568-569 Dialogue of the Savior, 897 and Encratites, 958-959 Eugnostos the Blessed, 1068-1069 Exegesis on the Soul, 1080-1081 Gnostic codices linked with Upper Egyptian monastic setting, 1453 Gospel of the Egyptians, 1153 Gospel of Philip, 1156 Gospel of Thomas, 1162, 1771 Gospel of Truth, 1164 Hypostasis of the Archons, 1261 Hypsiphrone, 1262 Interpretation of Knowledge, 1301 Letter of Peter to Philip, 1446 Marsanes (Codex X), 1547 Melchizedek, 1583 and Pachomius the Younger, 1864 Paraphrase of Shem, 1901 Plato’s Republic excerpt, 1981 Prayer of the Apostle Paul, 2007 Prayer of Thanksgiving, 2007 and Puech, Henri-Charles, 2032 Second Treatise of the Great Seth, 21 17-2118 Sentences of Sextus, 2119-2120 sixth tractate, 916-917 Sophia of Jesus Christ, 1068-1069 Teachings of Silvanus, 2207-2208 Testimonium veritatis (Testimony of Truth), 1229, 2209-2210 Thought of Norea, 2257 Three Stelae of Seth, 2259-2260 Thunder, Perfect Mind, 2260 Treatise on the Resurrection, 2275 Trimorphic Protennoia, 2276 Tripartite Tractate, 2277 Valentinian Exposition, 2295-2296 Zostrianus, 2371-2372 Naguib, Muhammad, 1123 Naguib Mahfouz, 1773 Naharua (martyr), 1557 Nahhas, Mustafa al-, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992-1993 Nahj al-Sabil fi al-Radd ‘ala man Qadaha al-Injil, al-, 1463 Nahya. See Dayr Nahya Naj ‘Abu ‘Azizah, 740 Naj‘ al-Dayr (village of the monastery), 825, 826-827, 861, 1657 see also Dayr al-Shahid Philuthawaus Naj‘ al-Hajar, 1773-1774 Naj‘ Qurqutan, 1658 Naj‘ al-Shinshifi, 781 Nakhlah, Rufa’il, 1465, 1467 Nakiti. See Nicetas (martyr) Names magical elements, 1500-1501 place names (Coptic toponomy), 2271-2274 Nanaia (pagan deity), 1866 Naos, 213, 221, 222 Naou (martyr), 1552 Napata (Kush capital city), 1420 Napoleon Bonaparte, 1206, 1284, 1416, 1417, 1511, 1526, 1591, 1688, 1977 and Jirjis al-Jawhari, 1332-1334 Napoleon III, Emperor, 1481 Napoleonic Wars, 1512 Naqadah, 1774 monasteries at, 747, 819, 827, 860, 1656 Naq‘ al-Ghalal wa naf‘ al-‘alal (al-Mufaddal), 1689 Naqizah, 1774-1775 Naqlun, al-, shrine dedicated to Gabriel, Archangel, 1137 Naqus (term), 1738-1739 Narcissus, Saint, 2085 Narses, King of Persia, 906, 2344 Narses (Persarmenian general), 2341 Narthex, 213-214, 222 Nashi’ al-Akbar, al-, al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal reply to, 2077 Nash Papyrus, 1775 Nasim Abu Sa‘d ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 8, 1775 Nasir ibn Qalawun, al-, Sultan, 935, 940, 1517-1518 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, president of Egypt, 948-949, 1637, 1971 Nastaruh (Nastarawah), 1775 Nastas ibn Jurayj, 1306, 1775-1776 Natalius, Bishop, 1638 Nathaniel, Saint, 2085 National Antiquities Museum, Leiden, 4, 227, 1895 National Democratic Party, 1991 Nationalist Party (al-Hizb al-Watani), 1627, 1748, 1987-1988, 1992, 2322- 2323 National Library, Cairo, 1993 National Library, Naples, 1894 National Library, Paris, Arabic manuscripts of Coptic provenance in, 876, 1776-1783, 1862 Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib autographed work, 33 life of Paul of Tamma, 1925 National Library, Vienna, 1891 see also Papyrus collections National Marcan Library, Venice, 1895 National Museum, Pisa, 1894 National Museum, Warsaw, 1091 Nation’s Party, 1748, 1987, 1988-1989, 1991, 1994, 1995 Nativity and Advent, 63 depicted in Coptic art, 534-536, 535 Fast of the, 1095-1096 Feast of the, 1102-1103 festal day, 1111 Gabriel, Archangel, and, 1136 iconography in Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 559 Proclus homilies on, 2017, 2018 Natural disasters, 1633 Nature of Christ. See Christ, nature of; Christology Nau, François-Nicolas, 1435, 1783 on Dayr al-Sultan, 872 and Graffin, René, 1165 Naucratis, 1783-1784 cult of Homeric gods, 1865 Greek colony at, 1166, 1174, 1179, 1180 Nave, 215, 552-553 Naville, A., 780 Nawaha. See Monasteries of the province of Daqahliyyah Nawasa, 1648 Naway, 1654 Nawruz, 1784, 2198 Nazim, Mahmud Ramzi, 1466 Nazm al-Jawhar (Ibn al-Bitriq), 1266 Neale, John Mason, 1784 Neander, Johann August Wilhelm, 1784-1785 Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Assyria, 1618, 2060 Necklaces, 1606 Necropolis painting. See Funerary customs, murals, and portraiture Nehemiah, and Old Testament, Arabic versions of the, 1832-1833 Nelson-Atkins Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, 1598 Neo-Arianism, 230 Neocaesarea, Council of (313-c. 321), 1785 on chorepiscopus, 521, 1785 Neoplatonism Alexander of Lycopolis and, 87-88 Ammonius Saccas and, 470, 1981 anti-Manichaeism, 1521 apologia countering, 177 Asclepiades, 283 Chaldean Oracles and, 516 Egyptian pagan converts, 1868 gnosticism and, 1151 Heraiscus, 1221-1222 Horapollon, 1255-1256 Iamblichus and, 1265 and Julian the Apostate, 1380 Plotinus and, 1981-1982 Synetius and, 2192 Nepos, Bishop of Arsinoë, 845, 911 Nereids depicted in Coptic art, 267, 1763-1764, 1763, 1764 depicted in tapestry, 274, 2227 Nero, Emperor Titus Claudius, 1785 as Antichrist, 143, 1785 intent to visit Egypt, 2062 patriarch under, 1913 Nerva, Emperor, patriarch under, 1913 Nestorianism as Antichrist, 143 apologetic literature, 5 Armenian church rejection of, 234 Cosmas Indicopleustes and, 640-641 Eutyches and, 913, 1074-1075, 1786 John Sabas, 1369 Leo I the Great, opposition to, 1440, 1441 on nature of Christ, 547, 913, 1575, 1669, 1785-1786, 1787 and Obicini, Thomas, 1823 patriarch selection procedure and, 1999 and Severus of Antioch, 2124, 2125 Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch, rejection of, 2267 Nestorians and Copts, 1785-1786 Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960 see also Nestorianism; Nestorius Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 45, 127-128, 1671, 1674, 1786-1787 and Celestinus, 475 and Cyril I, Patriarch, 67 1-674, 1669 and Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960, 1786, 1787 and Eutyches, 1440-1441 and hypostatic union, 1262 influence on Ethiopian theology, 984 John of Antioch support for, 1354 places of exile, 858, 1786-1787 Proclus and, 2017, 2018 rejection of Theotokos, 2255 Shenute, Saint, and, 1787, 2131-2132 Theodoret and, 2236 Theodotus of Ancyra and, 2242 see also Nestorianism; Nestorians and Copts Netherlands Coptic collections in, 1711 papyrus collection in, 189S Netherworld, 1499 see also Hades Netra, Bishop of Pharan, 1952 Newark Museum. See Museums, Coptic collections in Newlandsmith, Ernest, 1730, 1737, 1742, 1743 New Moon Feast, 1101 New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1529 Newspapers and periodicals. See Press, Coptic; Press, Egyptian; specific titles New Testament abba (term) in, 3 Acts, Michigan papyrus of, 58 anathema in, 127 apologia in, 176 on apostolic succession, 181 Arabic translation, 1462 on baptism vs. circumcision, 1106 Bodmer papyri, 1885 candelabra representing, 1469 canon of, 2109-2110 canticles, 1729 Chester Beatty manuscripts, 518 Christology, 523-524, 545 Codex Alexandrinus, 566-567 commentary on, 926; see also Scholars; Theologians; specific personal names and works Didascalia use of, 899 Didymus on, 900 early Christian feasts, 1101 early versions of, 567, 568, 569-570, 572 Eusebius of Caesarea commentary, 1071 Fayyum Gospel fragment, 1100 Gabriel, Archangel, in, 1135, 1136 genuflection as practice in, 1139 Gospel casket, 1474 Hexapla and Tetrapla, 1227-1228 Ibrahim ibn ‘Awn explication for Jews, 1273 icons inspired by, 1276 illumination, Coptic, 1283 Joseph the Carpenter in, 1371-1372 lectionary, 1435 Lucian recension, 1484 Michael, Archangel in, 1616 in monastery libraries, 1448, 1449 on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology Origen on. See Hexapla and Tertrapla; Origen, writings of on pagan gods, 1867 papyrus collection, 1895 and Paraphrase of Shem, 1902 on Satan, 248 themes in Coptic poetry, 1985, 1986 Theodoret on, 2236 see also Gospel headings New Testament, Coptic versions of the, 104, 1451, 1462, 1787-1789 New Wafd Party, 1991 New Year in Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2174 and Holy Synod session, 2193 New Year’s Day, Coptic. See Nawruz New York Historical Society, papyrus collection, 1895 Nicaea, Arabic Canons of, 1789-1790 Nicaea, Council of (325), 74, 81, 82, 93, 127, 142, 913, 1526, 1790-1792 Alexander I and, 83, 84-85 and Apostles’ Creed, 179 on archdeacon rank, 191 and Arianism controversy, 83, 230, 232, 589-590 and Athanasius I, 298, 590 background and description of, 83 and baptism, 337 and bishop elections, 394, 1934 bishop’s consecration and affirmation of, 396 and bishop’s translation, 398 and canons of Coptic law, 450 and Canons of Hippolytus, 458 on catechumens instruction, 474 Cathedral Church of the Jacobites (Alexandria) and, 93 Christology, 525, 547, 1669 on communion of the sick, 579-580 and Constantinople, First Council of, 594 on Coptic church organization, 2193-2194 Coptic text on, 1455 on deacons’ privileges and obligations, 886 and Easter date-setting, 81, 1104-1105, 1904-1905 on eparchy, 959 and Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960 Eusebius of Caesarea at, 1070-1071 five bishops named Hesychius at, 1226 Gregory the Illuminator and, 1183 Homoeans opposition, 1252 and homoousion controversy, 1253 and Indian missions, 1635 and Melitian schism, 1584, 1585 metropolitan designation, 1612 on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology participants, 1089 patristic writings and, 1920 on Pope in Coptic church, 1998 and Zeno, Emperor, 2370 see also Nicene Creed Nicaea, Second Council of (787), 1112 cult of images sanction at, 1275 Nicanor, first deacon, 885 Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, 1564 filioque added to, 1112-1116 Nicene Creed, 83-84, 179, 590, 913, 914, 960, 1551, 1638, 1671, 1676, 1792-1793 Abu al-Majd commentary on, 21-23 Arian dissent, 83, 1253-1254 Athanasius I and, 300-30 1 Constantinople, First Council, on, 593-595 and Constantinople, Third Council of, 596 filioque addition, 1112 homoousion in, 1253 on Incarnation, 1287 and Nicaea, Council of, 1791, 1792-1793 on subordinationism, 2156-2157 Nicephorus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1098 Nicetas (martyr), 1557, 1939 Niche, 215-216, 215 Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, 1557 Nicholas I, Pope (Rome), 1113 Nicholas V, Pope (Rome), 1119 Nicodemus, Abbot, 1119 Nicolaus of Antioch (first deacon), 885 Nicomedia, 906 Nicosia, Cyprus, 1647 “Night of the Bridegroom” (marriage custom), 1546 “Night of the Henna” (marriage custom), 1545 Nika Revolt (532), 2234 Nikiou, 1793-1794 Persian destruction of, 132 Nikolaus, Bishop, 1136 Nile deity, depiction in Coptic art, 1765-1765, 1764, 1765, 1795 Nile flooding Michael the Archangel role, 1618 Nilometer, 1794 prayers for waters, 443-444 and Shamm al-Nasim, 2126 Nile River and calendologia, 444-445 consecration of waters of, 1182 as Coptic art theme, 1765-1766, 1764, 1765 cult of, 1869 Epiphany link with Egyptian festivals of, 1103 and Feast of the Martyr, 1547-1548 Menarti island, 1587-1588 miracles associated with, 1950 Philae island, 1954-1956 travelers’ interest in, 2065 see also Monasteries of the Lower Sa‘id; Monasteries of the Middle Sa‘id; Monasteries of the Upper Sa‘id; Nile deity; Nile flooding; Nile valley Nile valley, agriculture in, 440-443 Nilometer, 1794, 1795 at Dayr al-Jarnus (Maghagha), 813 Nilopolis, as early bishopric, 1866 Nilotic scenes. See Mythological subjects in Coptic art Nimbus, as symbol in Coptic art, 2171 Nine Saints (Ethiopia), 990-991, 1045-1047 Nineveh, Fast of. See Jonah, Fast of Niqyus, 833, 850 Nisibis, monasticism in, 1664 Nitira. See Netra, Bishop of Pharon Nitria, 1794-1796 Ammon at, 1445 Amun as first monk to settle in, 119 Armenian monks, 234 “Desert of Scetis” location, 2102 Dioscorus in, 915-916 and Kellia site location, 1397, 1401 as laura of hermitages, 1224-1225 Macarius Alexandrinus in, 1490 monasteries and monastic life, 113, 687, 1662 Palladius in, 1876, 1877 Pambo, Saint in, 113, 1877-1878 papyrus collection, 1893-1894 recluses in, 2055 Theophilus, Patriarch, and monks of, 916, 2247, 2249-2250 Nizam, al- (publication), 1990 Noah, 1542 Nob, Apa. See Anub, Saint Nob, Apa (the Confessor), 1552, 1796, 1878 Noba, 1797 Nobatia, 905, 1797, 1800 and Banu al-Kanz, 336 and Dotawo, 923 and Faras, 1090 Ibn Salim on, 1587-1588 Julian the Evangelist missions, 1380 and Kush ancient traditions, 1420 language use, 1171 Longinus’s missions, 1479-1480 Monophysite missions, 1675 and Nubian evangelization, 1801- 1802 and Nubian languages and literature, 1815-1816 Qasr Ibrim royal residence, 2037 see also Nubia Nobatia, eparch of, 1798 Jabal ‘Adda, 1315 Nob of Samannud, Apa, 1969 Noetus, 1638 Nofar, Anba, 129, 130 Nome capitals, Egyptian, 1175, 1177, 1179 Nomocanon (Gabriel II ibn Turayk), 1799 on Canons of Hippolytus, 458 on Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459 Nomocanon (Michael of Damietta), 1625 on Canons of Gregory of Nyssa, 457 on Canons of Hippolytus, 458 on canons of Nicaea, 1789 on Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459 on frequency of masses, 554 on Nomocanon of Gabriel II ibn Turayk, 1799 Nomocanon (Mikha’il I), 1624 Nomocanon (al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal), on Canons of Clement, 456 1780, 1783, 2075, 2076 on Canons of Hippolytus, 458 on Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459 on Nomocanon of Gabriel II ibn Turayk, 1799 Nomocanons, Copto-Arabic, 1799 authorship, 1089 copied by Yuhanna al-Maqsi, 2358 copying of, 1270, 1271 Gabriel II, Patriarch, canons in, 458, 459, 1129, 1799 Nonnos, Bishop of Heliopolis, 1753 Nonnos of Panopolis, 914, 942, 1759, 1799 compendium of mythology, 1865 influence on Christodoros of Coptos, 544 influence on Pamprepios, 1879 Norea. See Thought of Norea Normans, 1099 North Basilica of Abu Mina. See Abu Mina; Ampulla North Church at Bawit, 365 Notation, musical Coptic oral tradition, 1730 Greek, 1731-1732 Western, transcriptions of Coptic music in, 1742-1744 Novatianism, and Cyril I, Saint, 672, 912 Nub, Dayr Apa Anub, 770 Nub the Confessor, Apa, 333, 1504 Nubia, 38, 1800 archives, 227 Ayyubid invasion, 2037 and Ballana kingdom, 332 and Beja tribes, 373 Christian conversion. See Nubia, evangelization of church as Coptic church ally, 688 conquest of Kush empire, 1420 Dongola, 921-922 Dotawo, 922-923 evangelization of, 333 fall to Banu al-Kanz, 1955 Faras, 1090 Fatimids relations, 1099 Greek language use in, 1171-1173 Griffith’s studies of, 1185 Ibn Hawqal on, 1266 Ibn Salim al-Aswani diplomatic mission to, 127 1-1272 and Isis cult, 1954 Island of Michael, 1588 Jabal ‘Adda fortress, 1315 Kha’il I and, 1411 pharaonic-style temples at, 1865 Qasr Ibrim settlement, 2036-2037 and Sai Island, 2080-2081 and Saladin, 1536 study of medieval archaeology and philology in, 1185 Tamit, 2200-2201 tombstone material, 1295 see also ‘Alwa; Makouria; Noba; Nobatia Nubia, evangelization of, 1380, 1420, 1675, 1801-1802 Julian the Evangelist missions, 1380 Longinus’ missions, 1480 and Theodora, Empress, 2234 see also Nubian Christian survivals Nubia, Islamization of, 1802-1804 Nubian archaeology, medieval, 1804-1806 at Soba in ‘Alwa, 2142 Nubian ceramics, 1806-1807, 1807 Nubian Christian architecture, 1807-1810, 1808, 1809, 1810 and Byzantine cross-in-square building, 661 octagon-domed church in, 1823 and Tamit, 2200 Nubian Christian survivals, 1811 Nubian church art, 1811-1812 Faras murals, 1091 pictures of ecclesiastical and royal dress, 1820 see also Faras murals Nubian church organization, 1813 Qasr Ibrim center, 2037 Nubian inscriptions, medieval, 1814-1815 Nubian languages and literature, 1185, 1815-1816, 1818 Nubian liturgy, 1816-1817 Nubian monasteries, 1817-1818 Nubians, 110, 1818-1819 see also ‘Alwa; Makouria; Noba; Nobatia Nubian studies, 615, 616, 617 Nubian textiles, 1819-1820 Nu‘man ibn al-Mundhir, al(al-Mundaras), 688 Numbers, Coptic, 1820-1822 manuscript of comparative table of, 1821 Numenius, 1868 Numerian, 904 Numerianus, Emperor patriarch under, 1914 persecutions of, 1552, 1556 Numerical system, Coptic, 1820-1822, 1821 see also Accounts and accounting, history of Coptic Numidia, Donatism in, 920-921 Numitius (martyr), 1556 Nun, 1822 see also Women’s religious communities; specific convents Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-, 1992-1993 Nur, al- (publication), 2198 Nur al-Din, 1099 Nursing, 1581-1582 Nuwayri, al- (Island of Michael), 1588 Nyssa. See Gregory of Nyssa, Saint |
| Original Publisher | Macmillan |
| Digital Publisher | Claremont Graduate University. School of Religion |
| Date | 1991 |
| Language | eng |
| Collection | Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia - http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/col/cce |
| Rights | Copyright 1991 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Type | Text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Object File Name | cce01970.pdf |
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