Index A-B Volumes 1-7

              [Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372]

Index

A_______________________

Aaron at Philae, Apa, 1955
Ababius, Saint, 1, 2081
‘Abadah ibn al-Samit, 1528
Abadion, Bishop of Antinoopolis, 1551
Abadir. See Ter and Erai, Saints
Abadyus. See Dios, Saint
Abamu of Tarnut, Saint, 1, 1551
Abamun of Tukh, Saint, 1-2, 1551
Abarkah. See Eucharistic wine
Abba
origin of term, 2-3
see also Proestos; specific name inverted
Abba Maqarah. See Macarius II
‘Abbas Hilmi I Khedive, 1467,1636, 1692
‘Abbas Hilmi II, Khedive, 1693, 1694, 1988
Abbasids
compared with Umayyad administration, 2287
and Islamization, 937
Tulunid and Ikhshid rule, 2280-2281
Abbaton, 2, 1368, 1619
Abbot, 2-3
hegumenos and, 1216
provost and, 2024
see also Abba; specific names inverted
‘Abdallah, 3
‘Abdallah Abu al-Su‘ud, 1993
‘Abdallah ibn Musa, 3-4
‘Abdallah ibn al-Tayyib, 6, 1777
‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4
evidence of Nubian liturgy at, 1817
example of Byzantine cross-in-square building at, 661
Nubian church art at, 1811-1812
‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Sultan, 893
‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Marwan (Arab governor of Egypt), 85, 709, 1303
‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Sa‘d al-Din, 5
Abdelsayed, Father Gabriel, 1621
‘Abd al-Malak, Saint, 840
‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Caliph, 239, 937
‘Abd al-Malik ibn Musa ibn Nasir, Caliph, 1411
‘Abd al-Masih (manuscript), 5
‘Abd al-Masih,Yassa, 1911
doxologies studied by, 1728
‘Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, 5
‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi, 5-7
‘Abd al-Masih, known as Ibn Nuh, 7
‘Abd al-Masih Salib al-Masu‘di, 7, 14, 1461
on Dayr al-Jarnus, 813
on Dayr al-Khadim and Dayr al-Sanquriyyah, 814
on Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 870, 871
and Iqladiyus Labib, 1302
and Isidhurus, 1307
on Jirjis al-Jawhari al-Khanani, 1334
on monastery of Pisentius, 757
‘Abd al-Raziq, ‘Ali, 1996
‘Abd al-Sayyid, Mikha’il, 1465, 1994
‘Abduh, Muhammad, 1995
Abednego, 1092
Abfiyyah (martyr), 1552
Abgar, King of Edessa, 7-8, 1506
Abib. See Phib, Saint
Abib (eleventh month of Coptic calendar), 439, 443
in Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, 2187-2189
Abib ibn Nasr, 8, 1775
Abilius, Saint and Patriarch, 8, 2081
dates of patriarchy, 1913
Abishkhirun, Saint, 2036
Abiskharun al-Qallini al-Muqtadir, 752
Abi Sulayman Dawud ibn Abi al-Muna ibn Abi Fanah, 1691
Ablanathanalba (palindrome), 1500
Ablution, 8-9
basin and ewer for, 1469
Abnub
monasteries at, 703, 714, 881, 1655
pilgrimages to, 1971
Abraam I, Saint and Bishop of Fayyum, 10, 845, 2081
pilgrimages to tomb of, 784
Abracas, Saint, 2081
Abraham (Old Testament patriarch)
Archangels’ visits to, 1136, 1618
and circumcision practice, 1106
paintings of, 793-794, 793, 1660
sacrifice of Isaac. See Biblical subjects in Coptic art
Testament of, 164, 165
Abraham, Saint and Patriarch, 10-11, 14, 321, 1534, 1593, 1999, 2081
and chrism consecration, 521
and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 558
and condemnation of cheirotonia, 517
dates of patriarchy, 1916
and Ethiopian prelates, 1001-1002
and Fast of Jonah, 1094
patriarchal residence, 1912
Abraham I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325
Abraham bar Kaili, Bishop, 1675
Abraham of Farshut, 11-12, 1518, 1656, 1679
Coptic accounts of, 1455
and monasteries at Farshtut, 1092-1093
and monastery of Apa Moses, 1680
and Pbow monastery, 1448, 2154
Abraham and George of Scetis, Saints, 12-13, 69, 2081, 2368
Abraham of Hermonthis, Bishop, 13, 779, 1639
archives of, 227
correspondence of, 400-401
on defrocking of priests, 891
on excommunication grounds, 1079-1080
and mummification, 1697
on ordination, 564, 1844
portrait of, 402
Abraham and Isaac, depicted in Coptic art, 382-383
Abrahamites, 1533, 1534
Abraham of Luxor, Apa, icon of, 1277
Abraham of Minuf, Saint, 13-14, 1633, 2081
Abraham Persa, 14
Abraham of Phelbes. See John the Hegumenos
Abraham of Qift, Bishop, 730
Abrahat. See Preht
Abrakiyus. See Abracas, Saint
Abrashit the magician (Coptic legend), 845
Abraxas, 14, 1500, 2173
Abrim al-Qibti, Anba, 14
Abrimus. See Primus
Absaliyyah. See Music, Coptic, corpus and present practice
Absalmudiyyah. See Music, Coptic, corpus and present practice
Abshay, Saint, 719
Absolution, 15-17
penance and, 1932
of women in baptismal liturgy, 339
Abstinence, 17, 2308
see also Fasting
Abu. See Apa; specific names inverted
Abu al-‘Ala’ Fahd ibn Ibrahim, 17-18, 1098, 1202
Abu ‘Awn, Caliph, 1411-1412
Abu Bakr al-Akhram, 1098
Abu al-Barakat. See Ibn Kabar
Abu al-Barakat ibn al-Mabatt, Shaykh, 1128
Abu al-Barakat Yuhanna ibn Abi Layth, 1097
Abu al-Fadl ibn Abi Sulayman, 1691, 1749
Abu al-Fadl ibn Ishaq ibn Abi Sahl ibn Abi Yusr Yuhanna ibn al-‘Assal. See Fakr al-Dawlah
Abu al-Fadl ‘Isa ibn Nasturus, 18-19
Abu al-Fakhr ibn Azhar, 1535
Abu al-Fakhr al-Masihi, 19
Refutation of the Jews, 1779
Abu al-Faraj ‘Abdallah ibn Tayyib, 1089
Abu al-Faraj Ya‘qub ibn Killis, 1097
Abu al-Ghalib, 18
Abu Habib Mikha’il ibn Badir al-Damanhuri, 1573
Abu Hulayqah, 19, 1691, 2055
Abu Ishaq. See Mu’taman Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-‘Assal
Abu Ishaq (ascetic), 1924
Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah, 19-20, 2075
Abu Ja‘far al-Mansur, Caliph, 1631, 1632
Abu Jirjah, 20
Abu al-Khayr al-Rashid ibn al-Tayyib, 20
Abu al-Majd ibn Abi Ghalib ibn Sawirus, 1391
Abu al-Majd ibn Yu’annis, 21-23
Abu al-Makarim, 23, 346
and Abti Salih the Armenian, 33
on ancient Alexandrian churches, 92
and Copts in Jerusalem, 1324
on Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 708-709
on Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 724
on Dayr Anba Bula, 741
on Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783
on Dayr Ebifania, 800
on Dayr al-Maghtis, 818
on Dayr Matra, 837
on Ibyar, 833
on patriarchal election, 1911
works of, 33, 1462
Abu al-Mansur ibn Bulus, Shaykh, 848
Abu al-Mansur ibn Fath al-Dimyati, 2079
Abu Maqrufah. See Macrobius, Saint
Abu Mina, 24-29, 1541
altars, 106, 107
ampullae from, 534, 537, 541
and Bahij, 330
baptistery of Martyr Church, 197, 198
basilica, 263-264, 355
cathedral, 707
ceramics of. See Ceramics, Coptic
church finished by Timothy II Aelurus, 2266
church in Hiw, 1242-1243
church started by Theophilus, Patriarch, 2248
and Coptic sculpture in stone, 2112
excavations, 1394
Great Basilica, 107, 198
lamps and ampullae collection (State Museum of Berlin), 2146
as laura of hermitages, 1224-1225
Martyr Church, 24-29, 25-28, 38, 94, 197
and Menas the Miracle Maker, 1590
monastic murals at, 1874
paintings of, 727
parekklesia addition, 1903
pilgrimages to, 24, 1550, 1969
settlement, 24-25
Tomb of the Martyr, 24
transept compared with church at Hawwariyyah, 1212
see also Dayr Abu Mina
Abu Mina, Saint. See Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint
Abu al-Misk Kafur, 1632
Abu al-Mufaddal ibn Amin al-Mulk, 29
Abu al-Muna (16th-century parish priest), 29
Abu al-Muna (17th-century deacon), 30
Abu al-Muna ibn Nasim al-Naqqash, 30
Abu Musa. See Dayr Abu Musa; Moses of Abydos; Moses the Black
Abun, 30-31
and anointing Ethiopian emperor, 141
and eccage, 930
and Ethiopian prelates, 980, 999-1044, 1613
and Ethiopian Synaxarion, 2190-2191
Abuna Mina al-Baramusi. See Cyril VI, Pope
Abuna Murqus of Matay. See Murqus of Matay
Abu Nasr ibn Harun ibn ‘Abd al-Masih, 31
Abuna Takla. See Takla, Abuna
Abu Nofer (Nufar). See Onophrius, Saint
Abu al-Qasim, Caliph, 1410
Abuqir (Canopus), 31
Franciscan church, 1123
Abu Rakwah, 1099
Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi Sulayman, 1749
Abu Sa‘id ibn Qurqah, 1097-1098
Abu Said ibn Sayyid al-Dar ibn Abi al-Fadl al-Masihi, 32
Abu Sa‘id ibn al-Zayyat, 1536
Abu Salih the Armenian, 33, 37, 38, 1462
on Abamun, 2
on administrative organization of Egypt, 934-936
on ‘Alwa, 110
on Antinoopolis, 144-145
on al-Bashmur, 349
on churches and monasteries of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2307-2308
on Dayr Abu Musa, 707
on Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah, 712
on Dayr al-‘Adhra (Samalut), 715
on Dayr al-Ahmar (Giza), 716-7 17
on Dayr Anba Abshay, 718-7 19
on Dayr Anba Bakhum, 729
on Dayr Anba Bishoi, 738
on Dayr Anba Hadra, 745
on Dayr Anba Sawirus, 761
on Dayr Anba Shinudah, 764
on Dayr al-‘Asal, 782
on Dayr Balujah, 788
on Dayr al-Hammam, 806
on Dayr al-Ikhwah, 808
on Dayr al-`Izam (Asyut), 809
on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Qamulah), 827
on Dayr al-Maymun, 838
on Dayr al-Muharraqah, 841
on Dayr al-Naqlun, 845, 846
on Dayr al-Nastur, 848, 862
on Dayr al-Sham‘, 863
on Dayr al-Tin, 881
on Fatimids and Copts, 1098
on Febronia, Saint, 1109-1110
on Giza monasteries, 1142
and al-Hamidat, 1205
and Ibn Salim al-Aswani, 1272
on Itfih, 1313
on Memphis, 1587
on monasteries of Upper Sa‘id, 1657-1658
on monastery of Saint Pisentius, 757, 819-820
on Nubian matrilineal succession, 1514
on Nubian monasteries, 1817
on places dedicated to Theodorus, Saint, 797
on Soba, 2141
on Tafa, 2198
on Talmis, 2200
Abu Sayfayn. See Church of Abu Sayfayn; Dayr Abu Sayfayn;
Mercurius of Caesarea
Abu Sha‘ar, castrum of, 468, 468
Abu Shakir ibn Abi Sulayman, 1691
Abu Shakir ibn Butrus al-Raagub, 548
Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib, 33-34, 1095, 1463
Abusir (modern village), 34
Abusir (Taposiris Magna), 34, 35, 36, 925
castrum of, 465
Abusir Bana, 36-37, 2272
Abusir al-Malaq, 37, 2272
monasteries in, 695-696
Abu Tarbu. See Magic
Abu Tij, 38
Dayr Abu Maqrufah and Dayr al-Janadlah at, 704
Dayr Anba Abshay at, 718-719
Dayr Tasa at, 881
on martyrs of Isna, 866
pilgrimages to, 1971
Abu al-Yumn ibn al-Bazzaz, 718
Abu al-Yumn ibn Quzman ibn Mina, 11
Abu Zakariyya, 1097
Abwab, Al-, 38
Abyar, 38
Abydos, 38-42, 39, 40
antipaganism in, 1870
buildings, 41-42
monasteries at, 40, 707, 729, 1656
oracle of Bes at, 1869
see also Moses of Abydos
Abyssinia, 1517, 1536
Acacian schism, 42-47, 594, 1671-1672, 1673
Acephaloi and, 55
Henoticon and, 1218
impact on Alexandria, 102
Justin I and, 1383-1384
and Ulphilas, 2285
Acacius, Bishop of Caesarea, 48-49, 1948
and Acacian schism, 42-47, 1671, 1673
and Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070-1071
and Henoticon, 1217-1218
as leader of Homoeans, 1252
on Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592, 1593
Accounts and accounting, history of Coptic, 49-54
see also Numerical system, Coptic
Acephaloi, 44, 55, 347, 689, 1218, 1337, 1533-1534
Achaemenid dynasty, 1174
Acheronian Sea, 1499
Achillas, Saint (monk), 56, 2239
Achillas, Saint and Patriarch, 55-56, 2081
and Arius, 81, 231
dates of patriarchy, 1914
death, 81
and Melitian schism, 1584
successor, 81
Achilles (mythological figure), 1768
Achilleus of Thebaid, 2245
Acrostics, 1986
Acta Alexandrinorum, 56, 1889
Acta apocrypha. See Acts of the Apostles
Acta sanctorum, 56-57, 405, 1445
Actius, 230
Act of Peter, 57, 59
Acts, Michigan Papyrus of, 58
Acts of the Alexandrian Martyrs. See Acta Alexandrinorum
Acts of Andrew, 59
Acts of the Apostles, 58-60
on catechumenization, 473
on miraculous healings, 1433
on Stephen, Saint, 2153 Acts of John, 59
Acts of the Martyrs. See Acta Alexandrinorum
Acts of Paul, 59-60
Coptic translations, 1451
Acts of Peter, 57, 59, 63
Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, 57, 61-63
Acts of Thomas, 59, 1635
Act of Union, 609-6 10, 797-798, 810
Adam, 2, 1618, 1619
Apocalypse of, 156-157, 166
Gabriel, Archangel, and, 1136
in Manichaeism, 1520
see also Adam and Eve; Apocalypse of Adam
Adam (Coptic melody type), 63, 901, 1425, 1479, 1722, 1724, 1726,
1727, 1728, 1986
Adam and Eve, 1542, 1544, 1868
depicted in Coptic art, 384, 384
in Hypostasis of the Archons, 1261
Norea as daughter of, 2257
Origen on, 1849
Paradise abode, 1900-1901
Pelagianism on, 1929, 1930
Adamnan, Saint (Ireland), 418
Adam Qadmon, 1150
‘Adawiyyah, Al-. See Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah
Adayma. See Isna
Addas, 1521
Ad filios Dei (Macarius the Egyptian), 1491
‘Adhra, al-, Church (Dayr al-Majma‘), 820, 821, 821
‘Adhra, al-Church (Scetis), 791-794, 792
‘Adid, al-, Caliph, 1097, 1099
‘Adil Ayyub ibn Abu Bakr, al- Sultan, 783
Adjudication by bishops. See Audientia episcopalis
Admon (Martyr), 1554
Adonis (pagan deity), cult of, 1866
Adoption, 1942
Adoptionist. See Dynamic Monarchians; Unction of Christ
Adoration of the Magi, 527
Adribah (town), 762
Adrusis. See Atrasis (martyr)
Advent, 63
Aeneas of Paris, 1115
Aengus, Saint (anchorite), 253
Aesculapius. See Dioscorus and Aesculapius (martyrs)
Aesi (martyr), 1551, 1553
Aetius of Antioch, 141, 230, 1442, 1522
Afasim, Saint (Ethiopia). See Afse
Afdal ibn Shahinshah, al- 1097, 1488
Affagart, Greffin, 1977
Afghani, Jamal al-Din, al-, 1994, 1995
Aflah al-Zaytun. See Monasteries of the Fayyum
Aflaqah, 64
Afrajun, Al- (Phragonis), 64
Afram ‘Adad (“The Monk of Baramus”), 791
African Independent Churches, 1622
Afrunyah. See Febronia
Afse, Ethiopian saint, 1046
Afterlife
Abbaton’s role, 2, 1619
eschatology, 973-974
Gabriel’s and Michael’s role, 1136-1137
heaven concepts, 1214
hell concept, 974
Paradise, 1900-1901
Rapahel’s role, 2053
see also Hades; Judgements, Last; Purgatory
Afthimi al-Misri, 64
Against the Definition of the Council of Chalcedon (Timothy II
Aelurus), 2266-267
Against the Galileans (Julian), 177
Against the Manichaeans (Didymus), 900
Aga Khan, mausoleum of, 745
Agapetae (beloved), 114
Agapetus, Pope (Rome), 1674
Agathammon, Bishop of Chora, 686
Agathangelo of Vendôme, Father, 610
Agathodorus (martyr), 1554
Agathon, Saint (anchorite), 64-65, 2081
Agathon of Alexandria, Patriarch, 65-66, 1999
dates of patriarchy, 1915
feast day, 2081
and John III, 808, 1337
on the Kellia, 1397
and Mareotis, 1527
panegyrics by, 1456
on Psote/Diocletian relationship, 2032
and Saint Mark’s Cathedral, 1532
Agathon and his brothers (saints and martyrs), 66-67, 1551
Agathon of Homs, Bishop, 29, 67-68
Agathonicus of Tarsus, 69-70, 1185, 1453
Agathon the Stylite, Saint, 3, 12, 68-69, 749, 2081
Agathun ibn Fasih al-Tursini, 70
Agency (legal term), 1430
Agharwah, 70
Agnoetae, 70-71
Agnus Dei 71
Agricultural calendar. See Calendar and agriculture; Calendar,season, and Coptic liturgy; Calendologia
Agriculture
annona, 135-136
calendar, 440-443
commodities as loans, 1429
Dayr Anba Maqar, 756
Ibn Mammati work on, 1461
Nile valley crops, 440-443
Umayyad land policies, 2287-288
see also Kharaj (land tax)
Agrippida. See Diocletian Emperor
Agrippinus, Patriarch, 72
dates of patriarchy, 1914
Ahali, Al- (publication), 1990
Ahaywah Sharq, Al-, Dayr Anba Bisadah in, 732-733
‘Ahd al-‘Umar. See Covenant of ‘Umar
Ahib. See Phib, Saint
Ahl al-Dhimmah, 72-73
and Covenant of ‘Umar, 655-656
and Hisbah, 1236-1237
and Ibn Qayyim Islamic law encyclopedia, 1269-1270
and Islamization, 189, 655-656, 939
millet system, 1631
Ottoman persecution during John XIII patriarchy, 1346
taxation of. See Jizyah; Kharaj
Ahl al-Kitab, 72
Ahmad Fathi Zaghlul, 1994
Ahmad ibn al-Afdal Shahinshah, Caliph, 1128
Ahmad ibn Tulun, 939
Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid, 1987, 1988,
Ahnas, 73-76
and Apion family, 155
Fayyum Gospel fragment found in, 1100
Sculptures at, 74-76, 2112, 2116
Ahrun ibn A‘yan al-Qass, 77
Aion (pagan deity), 1866
Aisle, 194
Aja, 1648
Ajbiyah. See Canonical hours, Book of
Akhbar, Al- (publication), 1990
Akhbariyyah, Al-. See Karm al-Akhbariyyah
Akhbar Qibt Misr (Maqrizi), 1525
Akhir Sa‘ah (publication), 1991
Akhmim, 78-80, 946, 1089
antipaganism in, 1870
churches, 78-80
Dayr Abu Halbanah near, 700
Dayr al-`Adhra at, 78, 79, 80, 713
Dayr Anba Bakhum at, 731
Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il at, 78, 823
Dayr al-Qurqas at, 78, 852
Dayr al-Shuhada’ at, 865
gravestone prayer inscriptions, 1294
monasteries, 78-79, 1654, 1655, 1661; see also specific names
papyrus collections, 80, 1891
papyrus discoveries, 1898
remains and representations of Coptic clothing. See Costume, civil
stelae from, 2161, 2162
and Thomas, Saint, 2256
Akhmim fragments, 80
Akhmimic dialect
Coptic translations of Old Testament, 1837-1838
Hermas codex in, 1223
see also Appendix; New Testament, Coptic versions of the Aksum. 
See Axum
‘Ala’ al-Din ibn ‘Ali ibn al-Kurani (governor of Cairo), 882
Alam, Al- (title), 80
‘Alam al-Din Shakir, 1616
‘Alam Salib al-Ibnasi, Al-, 80
‘Alam Shaltut, 81, 1874
Albertus a Sarthiano, 1119
Alcuin, 1112
Alef, Ethiopian Saint, 1046
Aleph. See Appendix
Aleppo, 1098
Alexander, Bishop of Cappadocia (martyr), 1551
Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem (martyr), 889-890, 1551, 1881
Alexander I, Patriarch, 81-85, 93, 101, 1089, 1584, 1617
and Arius, 81-84, 609, 1790, 2156, 231-232
and Athanasius I, 298
dates of patriarchy, 1914
and Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070-1071
and first usage of Theotokos term, 2255
literature and works of, 84-85
on Peter I, 1943-1944, 1945
and Sabellianism, 2072
Alexander II, Patriarch, 37, 85-87, 1589
dates of patriachy, 1915
at the Enaton, 957-958
and Hilwan, 1233
and Theodorus, Patriarch, 2237
Alexander the Egyptian (marty), 1551
Alexander the Great, 1166, 1174-1175, 1179, 1758, 2063
Alexander Romance, 2059
tomb of, 2065
Alexander Severus, Emperor, 892
patriarch under, 1914
Alexandra, Saint, 88 1663, 2055, 2082
Alexandria, 95-102
Antony of Egypt visits to, 150
as apostolic see, 180
apostolic succession, 181
Arab conquest of, 100, 655, 683,
and Arius’s teachings, 231-232
bishopric, 892, 911
castrum of, 465
ceramics of, 483
Christian catacombs and chapels, 1873
Christianity introduced into, 1866
Christian and medieval era, 88-92
churches consecrated by Christodoulus, Patriarch, 92, 544
churches in, 92-95, 101-102
churches relations with Church of Rome, 608-611
church restoration in, 11;
see also subhead historic churches
cult of Homeric gods in, 1865
Damian and, 688, 689
Dayr Matra at, 837
Dayr Qibriyus at, 850
Easter date-setting, 1094-1905, 1105
ecumenical disputes, 688, 1138;
see also Chalcedon, Council of; Monophysitism
as Egyptian mint site, 574, 575, 944
and the Enaton, 954-955
end to institutionalized paganism in, 1870
Franciscan friary and churches, 1122, 1123
French governor, 1417
glassmaking, 1142, 1143
gnosticism, 1148, 1149-1150
Great Persecution of Christians, (303-312), 907-908
Greek founding and influence in, 1174-1175, 1179, 1180
Greek language use in, 1167
Islamic period. See Alexandria, Christian and medieval
Jewish ascetics, 1661
Jewish community, 91, 97, 1175, 1180, 1865-1866
Jewish rebellion, 97, 1947, 2016
in late antiquity, 95-102, 96
library of, 100, 1447
Mark, Saint, journeys to 1529-1530
Mark, Saint, martyrdom, in, 1531
martyrs, 1, 890, 1554, 1558, 1559; see also specific names
martyrs’ shrines, 1976
medicine in, 91, 2065
metropolitan see, 913-914, 915, 1612-1614
monasteries, 101, 707, 837, 850, 1467, 1645-1646
monastic murals at, 1874
monophysitism in, 913-915
paganism in, 946, 1870
Pantaenus’ school in, 1881
patriarchal residences, 689, 1912-1913
as patriarchate of Coptic Catholic Church, 601
patriarchs in, 689
persecutions in, 907-909, 1868-1869, 1936, 1937;
see also subhead martyrs
Persian capture of, 131-132, 1938-1939, 1940
Philo (Jewsish philosopher), 1956-1957
pilgrims and travelers to, 1977, 2065
pope designation in, 1998-1999
power of see, 913-914, 915
perfect, 2023
revolt against Arab conquerors, 187-188
rival patriarchs, 1138
Roman emperors in, 2061-2063
Roman political impact, 1177, 1180
Roman travelers to, 2065
uprising against Peter II, 1947
Alexandria, Christian and medieval, 89-92
Alexandria, historic churches in, 92-95
Alexandria in late antiquity, 95-102
Alexandrian Monastery of the Metanoia. See Metanoia, Monastery
of the
Alexandrian theology, 103-104
apologia, 176
and Arianism, 232
Communication idiomatum, 578-579
patristic writings, 1921
see also Catechetical School of Alexandria
Alexandria, treaty of (641), 682, 931
Alhan (songs), 1744
‘Ali, Sayyid, 1990
‘Ali (Bey) al-Dimyati, 1538
‘Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari, al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal reply to, 2078
‘Ali al-Ikhsid, 1098
‘Ali Sha‘rawi Pasha, 1987
‘Ali Yusuf, 1988
Alladyus (martyr), 1551
Allah ist gross (Kaufmann), 1394
Allberry, Charles Robert Cecil Austin, 104
Allegory, 62, 104 see also Symbols in Copitc art
Alleluia, 104 109, 1731
Allenby, Lord, 1992
Allogenes, 105
and Valentinian Exposition, 2295
and Zostrianus, 2372
Almanacs, 440-443
Alodia. See Alwa
Alphabet, Coptic
and letters of Pachomius, 1863
see also Appendix
Alphabet, Greek, 1501, 1749-1750
acrostics, 1986
alpha and omega symbols, 2160-2163
and Coptic numerical system, 1820-1821
and Coptic illuminated manuscripts, 1282-1283
see also Appendix; Greek language
Alpha and omega, 2160-2163
Altaner, B., 1921
Altar, 105-107, 221
and antimension use, 144
ban on wooden, 580
basin and ewer, 1469
Christian, 106-107
in eastern end of churches, 1846
pagan, 105-106
wooden, 2328, 2328
see also Communion,table
Altar, consecration of, 108-109 see also Church, consecration of
Altar-board, 109; see also Antimension
Altar Lights, 109-110 see also Candles
Altar veil. See Eucharistic veils
‘Alwa, 38, 110-111, 1420
described by Ibn Hawqal, 1266
described by Ibn Salim al-Aswani, 1272
and Nubian evangelization, 1801-1802
and Nubian Islamization, 1803
as Nubian kingdom, 1797, 1800
and Nubian languages and literature, 1815-1816
Soba as capital city of, 110, 111, 2141-2142
Alypios of Alexandria, 1731
A.M. (anno martyrum), 434, 972
Ama. See Apa
Amadeus VIII of Savoy, 1572
Amasis (Egyptian leader), 1166
Amazons, as subjects in Coptic art, 1750-1752
Ambo, 111
Ambrose, Saint and Bishop of Milan, 1378, 1921
on age for admission to convent, 1822
on discovery of the Holy Cross, 1243
and Lord’s Prayer, 1481
on marriage, 1542
patristic writings, 1920
on remarriage of widows, 901
Thedorus of Mopsuestia and works attributed to, 2239
Ambrosian Library (Milan), 782
Ambrosius (companion of Hor), 1254
Ambrosius (patron of Origen), 1847
Ambulatory, 195, 222
Amélineau, Emile Clement, 112
on Butrus al-Sidmanti, 431
on Hilaria, Saint, 1231
on Paul of Thebes, 1926
Shenute text-editing, 1452
and study of hagiographical cycles, 666
Amenemhet III, 1210, 1497
Amenhotep (pagan deity), 439
Amenophis III, 1484
Amin, Qasim, 1465 1994
Amin al-Din ‘Abd-Allah ibn Taj al-Riyasah al Qibti, 112-113
Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, Al- 843
Amir al-juyush (title of Badr al-Jamali), 324
Amjad Abu al-Majd ibn al-‘Assal, Al-, 1748
Amma, origin of term, 2, 3
Ammianus Marcellinus, 99, 100
Ammon. See Letter of Ammon
Ammon, Saint. See Amun, Saint
Ammonas, Saint. 113, 2082
and Antony, Saint, 150
Ammonia. See Paraetonium
Ammonius (monk of Canopus), on martyrs of Raithou, 2050
Ammonius, Bishop of Isna, 1312
and founding of Dayr al-Shuhada’, 866, 869-870, 1551
Ammonius of Aswan, Saint, 2082
Ammonius of Kellia, 32, 113-114, 1397, 1490, 2082
and desert fathers, 894
and Dioscorus, 686, 916
and Evagrius Ponticus, 1076
on keeps, 1395, 1396
and Kellia community, 1397
Ammonius Saccas, 470, 1981,
Ammonius of Tukh. See Abamun of Tukh
Ammonius of Tunah, 114, 543, 2082
Amoi (father of Abba Yuhannis), 883
Amos, 22
Amphilochius Of Iconium, 114-116
Amphorae, 490
cosmetic box design, 2339
found at Monastery of Mark the Evangelist (Qurnat Mar’i), 2046
Stoppers for, 499, 499
Amplissima, 1523
Ampulla, 116-118, 116-118, 534, 537, 541, 1603
‘Amir ibn al-‘As (Arab general), 100, 183-189, 749, 783
‘Amriyyah (Maryut), 118, 118
Amash of Qift (martyr), 1551
Amshir (6th month of Coptic calendar), 439, 441-442, 2180-2181
Amulets, 14, 1499, 1504, 1506, 1508, 1508, 1509, 1606
Nubian, 1814
Amun (martyr). See Krajon and Amun, Saints
Amun (pagan deity), 1392, 1484-1485
Amun, Saint, 119
and cenobitic monasticism, 1138
feast day, 2082
as founder of Nitria, 1794
in Letters of Saint Antony, 150
and Pambo, Saint, 1877-1878
Amun, Saint (martyr). See Krajon and Amun, Saints
Anachoresis, 118-120, 1320-1321, 1661, 1958
see also Anchorities; Reclusion
Anamnesis, 120-121, 964, 1566
Ananius (martyr), 1552
Anaphora of Saint Basil, 71, 121-123, 124
see also Canons of Saint Basil; Liturgy of Saint Basil
Anaphora of Saint Cyril, 71, 123-124, 352, 988-990, 1066-1067, 1539
see also Liturgy of Saint Cyril
Anaphora of Saint Gregory, 71, 124-125, 968, 1066, 1733
see also Liturgy of Saint Gregory
Anargyroi, 638-639
Anastasia, Saint (martyr), 125, 692, 955, 1552, 1931, 2082
Anastasius, Abbot, 126, 720, 721
Anastasius, Emperor, 1934, 1962,
exile of, 773
Formula of Satisfaction, 44, 1672
and Monophysites, 44, 2124, 1671, 1672, 1673
patriarch under, 1915
Anastasius of Eucaita, 127, 2237
Anastasius, Patriarch, 95, 125-126
concordat between Copts and Syrians, 688
dates of patriarchy, 1915
Anathema, 82, 84, 127-128, 589-590
Twelve Anathemas of Cyril, 1671
Anatolius (Dioscorus’ deacon), 1441, 1442
Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 512-515
Anatolius, Saint, 128, 892, 1552, 2237-2238
Anawati, G. C., 918
Anba. See Apa; personal name inverted
Anba Bimanun. See Epima, Saint
Anba Bisadah. See Dayr Anba Bisadah; Psote of Psoï, Saint
Anba Bishoi. See Dayr Anba Bishoi; Pshoi of Scetis
Anba Bula. See Paul of Thebes, Saint
Anba Furayj. See Anba Ruways
Anba Maqarah. See Macarius I, Saint
Anba Mina. See Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint; Sanctuary of
Saint Menas
Anba Ruways
monastery and Clerical College, 564
as patriarchal seat, 2000
Anba Ruways, Saint, 128-129, 2082
Anba Yusab. See Joseph the Bishop, Saint
Anchorites, 129-130, 724-725, 737, 795, 800-801, 1491, 1661-1662
Agathon, Saint, 64-65
Claudius, Saint, 64-65
in Diolkos, province, 908
folkllore, 130
history, 129-130
Isaiah of Scetis, 1305-1306
kom Namrud settlement, 1418
Mary the Egyptian, 129, 130, 1560
Moses the Black, 1681
Onophrius, Saint, 1841-1842
Pambo, Saint, 1877-1878
Pamin, Saint, 1878
Paphnutius the Hermit, Saint, 1882-1883
Patape, 1907
Paul of Thebes, 129-130, 1925-1926
in Pharan oasis, 1953
Poemen, Saint, 1983-1984
at Raithou, 2049-2050
and sabbath observance, 1099
Sisoes, 2141
Theodorus of Pherme, 2239
Thomas, Saint, 2256-2257
Timotheus, Saint, 2262-2263
see also Anachoresis; Asceticism; Desert fathers; Hermits;
Monasticism, Pachomian
Ancient Coptic Churches in Egypt (Butler), 2000
Andreas, Abbot. See Andrew, Abbot
Andrew (martyr). See Eunapius and Andrew (martyrs)
Andrew, Abbot of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 722, 1119
Andrew, Abbot of Dayr al-Salib, 703-704
Andrew, Saint, and Dayr al-Salib, 859
Andrew of Crete, Saint, 130-131, 2082
Andronicus, Patriarch, 131-132, 1940, 1978, 1999
and Benjamin I as successor, 375
dates of patriarchy, 1915
Angels, 132
cherubim and seraphim, 518
depicted in Coptic art, 270
depicted with demons at Bawit, 370-371
depicted on wood panel, 2346
role of guardian angel, 1186
subdivisions analogous to priesthood, 2015-2016
see also Archangel; Cherubim and seraphim; Demons; Guardian
angel
Angel, Feast of, 1111
Angelic Worship, The, 1565-1566
Anglican church
on canon of Scripture, 2110
creeds, 179
Anglican church in Egypt, 133
Anianus, Patriarch (the Cobbler), 94, 133-134, 1530, 1612, 1911
dates of patriarchy, 1913
Animals
depicted in paintings at Bawit, 371-372
depicted on wood column, 2345
Egyptian worship of, 1867, 2065
lamps in shapes of, 1598
Physiologos on, 1965, 1966
Ankh, 134-135, 281
depicted in Coptic art, 270, 272, 276
as Nubian Meroitic pottery decoration, 1806
see also Crux ansata; Symbols in Coptic art
Annales ecclesiastici, 1523
Annali dell’Islam (Caetani), 433
Anna (martyr), 1544
Anna (prophetess), 1107
Anno martyrum (A.M.), 434, 972
Annona (wheat crop), 135-136, 2203
Annunciation
Hail Mary prayer, 1199
as subject in Coptic art, 282,528-529, 2346
Annunciation, Feast of the, 1102, 1103, 1111,2256
Anointing, 137-140
and confirmation, 138, 586
and consecration of buildings and objects, 139-140
and consecration of vessels and icons, 140
and Coptic doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 1250
of heretics, 138-139
and Holy Matrimony, 139
in Judaism, 137
of kings, 139
and unction of the sick, 139, 2291-2292
see also Chrism
Anointing of the Ethiopian emperor, 140-141
Anomoeans, 141-142
Ansate cross. See Ankh
Anselm of Canterbury, 1113
Ansina, 142-143
see also Antinoopolis; Dayr al-Dik; Dayr al-Nasara; Dayr Sunbat;
Shaykh Sa‘id
Antakiyah, 1098
Anthimus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1674, 1679-1680, 2241
Anthony Fulayfil, 610
Anthropomorphism, 143
Cassian on, 461
Cyril I warning against, 758
Gnostic rejection of, 1151
Theophilus, Patriarch, campaign against, 154, 1884, 2103, 2249-
2250
Anthropos, 1148, 1150
see also Gnosticism
Antichrist, 143
in Concept of Our Great Power, 583
Nero seen as, 1785
Antimension, 144
see also Altar-board
Antinoë. See Antinoopolis
“Antinoë veil”, 1482
Antinoopolis, 144-148
Ammonius (martyr) buried at, 866
Ansina, 142-143
architecture, 146-147, 146, 147
Bishoi in, 734, 795
and castrum of Dayr al-Dik, 465
ceramics of. See Ceramics, Coptic
Dayr Abu Hinnis linked with, 701
Dayr al-Dik near, 798-799
Dayr al-Nasara, 847
Dayr Sunbat near, 875-876
excavations, 416, 1481-1482, 2049
founding of, 1179, 1181, 2062, 2066
glass intarsia, 1145-1146, 1145
Greek influences in, 1174, 1179, 1181
literary and archaeological sources, 144-145, 145
martyrs at, 1-2, 696, 893, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556,
1557
monasteries around, 1654; see also specific names
monastic murals at, 1874
Panine and Paneu legend, 1881
pen cases found at, 1933, 1961
remains and representations of Coptic clothing. See Costume, civil
rock churches, 716
ruins in southeast quarter of, 146-148, 147 shrines, 1976
site of tribunal of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2304
Ter and Erai, Saints, visit to, 2209
textile production, 257
textile production, Sassanid influences, 2097-2098
tomb mural paintings, 1873
tombstone inscriptions, 1293, 1294
woman’s monastery at, 1663
Antinous (favorite of Hadrian), 142, 2062, 2066
see also Antinoopolis
Antioch
Anastasius and, 125
as apostolic see, 180
apostolic succession, 181
Arius and theology of, 23 1-232
Christology, 547, 578
Demetrius (fictional character), 893-894
Isidorus, Saint, martyrdom, 1307
Julian the Apostate efforts to restore paganism in, 1382
Lucian, 1484
Mark II relations with patriarchy, 1536
martyrs, 1555
Paul the Black as patriarch, 688, 689
Philotheus of, 1960-1961
Severus, 2 123-2125
theological opposition to Apollinarianism, 174
Theophilus, Patriarch, as theological schism mediator, 2248-2249
Antioch, Council of (341)
on archbishops, 190
and Holy Communion, 579
Lucian and, 1484
on metropolitan, 1612
Antiochus, Bishop of Memphis, 1587
Antiphon, 148-149, 1717, 1732, 1733, 2024
Antiphonary. See Difnar
Antiquities Museum (Leiden). See National Antiquities Museum
Antoninus (martyr), 741, 1552, 1868
Antonius of Banah, 1089
Antonius Marcus, Bishop, 1622
Antonius Pius, Emperor
patriarch under, 1914
temples, 863
Anton and Paul, Saints, 1733
Antony of Egypt, Saint, 2, 31, 88, 149-151, 114, 697, 1190, 1477,
1522
abstinence of, 17
and Ammonas, Saint, 113, 2082
Ammonius’s vision of, 114
Amun, Saint, 119
and anachoresis, 119, 120, 1661-1662, 1663
and Anba Bula, 129
and Athanasius I, 300, 1921
and Besa, Abbot, 378-379
and Bessarion, Saint, 2082
biographies of, 116, 149, 1663; see also Life of Saint Antony
on canonical hours, 449
as “carrier of the Spirit,” 1249
cave, 725
chapels of, 753, 754
compared with Irish monastic saints, 418
on costume of the religious, 652, 654
and Cronius of Nitria, Saint, 2083
in Dalas, 685
depicted in Coptic art, 270, 385-386
as desert father, 894
and Didymus the Blind, 900
disciples of, 1923
and Ethiopian monasticism, 990
as father of monasticism, 1668
and Fayyum monasteries, 1100
Fayyum visit by, 845
feast day, 2082
on Gabriel VII, Patriarch, 1133
and Hilarion, Saint, 1232
John of Shmun on, 1369
and Kellia, 1397
letters in Coptic text, 1451
letters translated from Coptic into Arabic, 721
and Macarius the Egyptian, 1491
monasteries of, 719-729, 838, 839, 1658, 1664
and Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1836
paintings of, 727, 754
and Pambo, Saint, 1878
panegyrics on, 1456
and Paul the Simple, Saint, 2086
and Paul of Thebes, Saint, 741, 1925- 1926
and Pior, Saint, 2086
and Poemen, Saint, 1983
reclusion of, 2055
and Sarapion of Tmuis, Saint, 2096
veneration of, 728
and women’s religious communities, 1822, 2325
writings, 150-151
writings and Teachings of Silvanus, 2207
see also Dayr Anba Antuniyus
Antony the Great. See Antony of Egypt, Saint
Antun Abu Taqiyyah, 1688
Antuniyus Mulukhiyyah, 151-152
Anub, Apa. See Dayr Apa Anub
Anub, Saint, 152, 705, 1552, 2090
Bawit founding, 843
martyrdom in Atrib, 307
and Poemen, 1983, 1984
see also Nob
Apa, 152-153
see also Abba; specific names inverted
Apaiule and Tolemaeus, Saints (martyrs), 153, 1552
see also Tolemaeus, Saint
Apa Jeremiah Monastery. See Dayr Apa Jeremiah (Saqqara)
Apa Kir. See Cyrus (martyr)
Apater. See Ter and Erai, Saints
Apa Til. See Til
Aper, 904
Aphraam. See Abraam I, Saint and Bishop of Fayyum
Aphrodite (pagan deity) depiction in Coptic art, 266, 1752, 1752-
1753, 1753
see also Hathor
Aphrodite Anadyomene tapestry, 2225
Aphrodito, 153-154, 227, 1642, 1659, 2205
archive of Basilios, 226, 228, 229, 358-359
Aphroditopolis. See Itfih
Aphthartodocetae. See Julian
Aphthonius, 1522
Aphu (monk and bishop), 154
Apion, family of, 155-156, 1871
Apocalypse of Adam, 156-157
as Old Testament apocrypha, 166
Apocalypse of Bartholomew, 2
Apocalypse of Daniel, 165
Apocalypse of Elias, 165
Apocalypse of Elijah, 165
Apocalypse of Ezra, 165, 2053
Apocalypse of James, First, 157-158, 160
Apocalypse of James, Second, 158-159
Apocalypse of Moses, 165
Apocalypse of Paul, 159-160, 1782
Apocalypse of Peter, 160-161, 917
Apocalypsis Heliae, Coptic translations, 1451
Apocalyptic literature
of Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah, 20
Antichrist and, 143
Concept of Our Great Power, 583
Melchizedek in, 1583-1584
Old Testament apocrypha, 164-166
predictions, 1867
Pseudo-Pisentius of Qift, 2028
Apocryphal literature, 161-166
Acts of the Apostles, 58-60
Akhmim fragments, 80
as canon of Scripture, 2108
condemnation of, 162
Coptic translations of, 1454
Gospel of Thomas, 1162, 1163
Gospel of Truth, 1163-1164
in Ireland, 418
on Joseph the Carpenter, 1372-1373
on Michael, archangel, investiture in Heaven, 1618
National Library, Paris, manuscripts, 1777
Apocryphon of James, 569, 169-171
Apocryphon of Jeremiah, 170-171
Apocryphon of John, 171-172
comparison with Sophia of Jesus Christ, 1068-1069
comparison with Trimorphic Protennoia, 2276
parallels with Zostrianus, 2372
Apoli, Saint (martyr), 1413, 1552
“Apollinarian Forgeries,” 961
Apollinarianism, 173-174, 1669, 1670, 1673
Cappadocian counter to, 114-115
Cyril I opposition to, 1262
and Ephesus, First Council of, 959-960
on nature of Christ, 547
Theodoret and, 2236
Theodorus of Mopsuestia opposition to, 2239
Timothy I opposition to, 2263
Apollinaria, Saint, 2082
Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, 173-174, 1669, 1674
Apollinopolis Parva. See Qus
Apollo (martyr), 1551, 1552
Apollo (priest), 927
Apollo of Bawit, Saint, 1448, 1976, 2082
and Ammonius, 114
and Bawit founding, 362-363, 843
Phib, Saint, associated with, 1953
see also Bawit; Phib, Saint
Apollo and Daphne, depicted in Coptic art, 1753-1754, 1754, 757
Apollonia, 1934
see also Sozousa
Apollonius of Nitria, Saint, 2082
Apollonius and Philemon, Saints, 174-175, 231, 1552, 1733, 1880, 2082
Apollonopolis Magna. See Idfu
Apollonopolis Minor. See Qus
Apollo the Shepherd, Saint, 175-176
Apologetic literature. See Apologist
Apologia de incredulitate (Agathonicus of Tarsus), 69-70
Apologist, 176-177, 1920-1921
‘Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, 5
Abu al-Khayr al-Rashid ibn al-Tayyib, 20-2 1
Agathonicus of Tarsus, 69-70
Butrus Sawirus al-Jamil, 431
Eusebius of Caesarea, 1071
manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1777, 1779, 1780, 1782
al-Safii ibn al-‘Assal, 2076-2079
Theodoret, 2236
Yuhanna al-Hadhiq al-Qibti, 2357
Apology for Origen (Pamphilus), 1879
Apology for Origen (Rufinus translation), 2068
Apomea, shrine to Michael, Archangel, 1616
Apophthegmata patrum, 56, 177-178, 894, 1136, 1663
on Ammonas, Saint, 113
on Antony, Saint, 149, 1491
on Bessarion, Saint, 379
Coptic translations of, 1454
on al-Farama, 1089
on Isaac, Saint, 1304
Isaiah of Scetis and, 1305-1306
on Isidorus of Scetis, Saint, 1310
John Colobos, Saint, and, 1359
on Kellia, 1397
on Macarius, 1490, 1491
on Maximus and Domitius in Scetis, 789, 790
on Pambo, Saint, 1878
on Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884
on Paul the Simple, 1923
on Poemen, Saint, 1983-1984
ranking of Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, 240
on reclusion, 2055
on sayings attributed to Abba Bane, 698
on Theodorus of Pherme, Saint, 2239
Theophilus, Patriarch, and, 2249
on Timotheus, Saint, 2262
word apa in, 152
Zacharias, Saint and, 2368
Apostates, Dionysius the Great and, 910, 912
Apostatized Coptic dignitaries. See Professional activities of Copts in medieval Egypt
Apostles
Acts of the Apostles, 58-60
Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, 57, 61-63
on circumcision, 1106
and descent of the Holy Spirit, 1446
Didascalia on, 899-900
and evangelists, 529, 1078
fast of the, 1093
and first seven deacons, 885
and Holy Ghost, 1105-1106
and laying-on of hands, 1432, 1433
Mark I, Saint and Patriarch, 1528-1533
and priesthood, 2015
see also Canons, Apostolic; Christian subjects in Coptic art;
specific names
Apostles’ Creed, 178-179, 2069
Apostles Peter and Paul, Feasts of the. See Festal days, monthly
Apostolic Canons. See Canons, Apostolic
Apostolic Church Order, 454-455, 898
Apostolic Constitutions, 178, 179-180, 454-455, 898, 899, 1235
and bishops, 393-395
on celebration of feasts, 1101, 1102, 1432
on church architecture, 216
on confession and penitence, 584
on deaconesses, 888
doxology, 923
on fasting on Saturday, 2098
on fasting on Sunday, 2159
and intercession for the dormant, 889
on morning prayers, 1568
on Nativity date, 1102
and the Octateuch of Clement, 1824
on orientation toward the East during prayers, 1846
on prostration during prayer on Sunday, 2159
and use of oil prior to baptism, 340
Apostolic fathers, 180, 1920
Apostolic See, 181
see also Metropolitan Sees; Patriarch
Apostolic succession, 181
Apostolic Tradition (Hippolytus), 182, 454-455, 1235-1236
and Canons of Hippolytus, 485
on Holy Trinity, 178
on laying-on of hands, 1432
on offertory, 1824
Apparel. See Costume, civil; Costume, military; Costume of the
religious; Liturgical vestments
Apparition of the Holy Light, 1248-1249
Apparition of the Virgin Mary, 2308-2309
Appenzell I, 1572
Apse, 195-196, 221
iconography, 555
Aptia (martyr), 1552
Aqbat, al- (Lacbat), 182-183
Aqfahs, 183
Aqmar, al-, mosque of, 810, 814
‘Arab al-‘Awamir, 703
Arab conquest of Egypt, 20, 183-189, 1667
Abraham, Patriarch, and, 10, 11
and Abusir Bana, 37
administrative organization of Egypt under, 934-936
Agathon and, 65
Ahl al-Dhimmah and, 72-73
Alexander II patriarchy during, 85-87
Alexandria under, 88-92, 96, 100
attack on ‘Alwa, 110-111
Ayyubid dynasty, 3 14-315, 1534, 1535, 2037
and al-Banawan, 334
Bashmuric revolts, 349-351
Benjamin I and, 375
Bilbeis and, 391
Burullus and, 427
and “Christian encounter,” 2316-2317
and church architecture, 553
coinage, 575-576
and Coptic art and architecture, 131-132, 274-275
and Coptic literature, 1456, 1458, 1460-1467
and Coptic magic, 1504-1506
and Coptic martyrs, 1550-1551, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1589
and Coptic music, 1734-1736
and Coptic population decline, 1857
and Coptic public law, 1430
and Coptic textiles iconography, 2230
and Covenant of ‘Umar, 655-656
Cyrus al-Muqawqas role, 682-683
Dayr Anba Maqar under, 749
Dayr Epiphanius under, 801
Enaton under, 957-958
Greek culture and, 1168, 1178
John of Nikiou chronicles of, 655, 977, 1366
Makourian annexation attempts, 1514
Mamluks and the Copts, 1517-1518
al-Maqrizi history of, 1525
monasteries active during, 709
and monastic life in Scetis, 2104
and monastic population decline, 1663, 1857
pagarch system, 189, 1871-1872
patriarchs under, 1915-1918
and Paul of Aigina’s medical texts, 1922
Pentapolis and, 1934, 1935
personal status law under, 1941
Peter V patriarchy under, 1948-1949
and pilgrimages, 1975
provincial absence of arabization, 2289
Qasr al-Sham and, 2038
Qus and, 2043-2044
Roman decentralization facilitating, 2008
and Roman taxation measures, 2204
and secular confirmation of patriarchal election, 1911
and spread of circumcision among Ethiopians, 1001
Umayyad arabization, 2289
waqf system and land tenure, 2319
see also Islam; Literature, Copto-Arabic; Mamluks and the Copts;
Ottomans, Copts under the; Persians in Egypt; Taxation;
Umayyads, Copts under the
‘Arabi, Mahmud Husni, al-, 1996
Arabic Canons of Nicaea, 1789-1790
Arabic language
Abu Ishaq ibn Fadlallah’s writings in, 19
Barlam and Yuwasaf fables, 346
Canons, Apostolic, 452
canons, ecclesiastical, 454
catena, 475
Coptic dictionaries, 34, 1267, 1302, 1748
Coptic legal sources, 1438
Coptic literature, 1459, 1460-1467
Coptic magic, 1504
Coptic music and, 1727, 1731, 1734-1736
Coptic service translation, 1630
correspondence, 970-971
French-Arabic dictionary, 1284, 1285
homilies on Gabriel, archangel, 1136
homilies of Mark II, 1534
homilies of Proclus, 2019
Ibn Kabar theological encyclopedia, 1634-1635
inscriptions in, 1290
Life of Pachomius in, 1860, 1861
medical texts in, 1922
al-mu‘aqqab term, 1687
Nubians’ use of, 1816
Old Testament version, 1827-1835
papyrus collections, 1890-1896
Psalis in, 1727
Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria and, 2025
Qustantin translation of Typikon of Saint Sabas, 2046-2047
al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal works, 2075-2079
traditions on John Colobos, Saint, 1361
use in Egyptian government administration, 1168
words designating administration of Egypt, 935
see also Toponymy, Coptic
Arab League, 1694
‘Arab Mitir (village), 703
Aragawi, Ethiopan Saint, 1046
‘Araj, Al- (oasis), 189-190, 1659
Arbitration, Coptic, 1430, 1431
Arcadia. See Lower Sa‘id
Arcadius, Emperor, 93, 789-790, 2033
and Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah)
patriarch under, 1914
and Theophilus, Patriarch, church-building, 2248
Archaelaus (martyr), 1552
Archaeological and Anthropological Museum, France, 1187
Archaeological digs. See Excavations
Archaeologists
Clarke, Somers, 560
Hauser, Walter, 1210
Kaufmann, Carl Maria, 1394
Omar Toussoun, 1841
Sami Gabra, 2090
Seyffarth, Gustavus, 2125
see also Society of Coptic Archaeology; specific subjects and sites
Archangel, 190
Coptic art and portraiture, 270, 2004
icons of, 1278
priesthood structure analogy, 2015
see also Gabriel; Michael; Raphael; Suriel
Archbishop, 190-191
in church hierarchy, 1229
Coptic in Jerusalem, 1325-1326
Archdeacon, 191
in church hierarchy, 1229
ordination of, 887-888
Archebius, Saint, 2082
Archelaus of Neapolis, Bishop, 192, 1136, 1575
Archellides, Saint, 192, 2082
poetry on, 1985
Archimandrite, 192-194
and hegumenos title, 1215
see also Proestos
Archippus (martyr), 1552
Architectural elements of churches, 194-225
aisle, 194
ambulatory, 195, 222
apse, 195-196, 221
atrium, 195
baptistery, 197-200, 198, 199
cancelli, 200-201, 217
ceiling, 201-202
choir, 202
ciborium, 202
coffer, 203
colonnade, 204
column, 202-207, 205, 206, 207
crypt, 208-209
diaconicon, 209
dome, 209-210
gallery, 210
Greco-Roman influence, 260
horseshoe arch, 211
iconostasis, 211-212
khurus, 212-213, 218, 221, 223, 552, 553, 554, 555, 661
maqsurah, 213
naos, 213, 221, 222
narthex, 213-2 14, 222
nave, 215
niche, 2 15-216, 215
pastophorium, 216
pillar, 217
porch, 217
presbytery, 217-218, 220
prothesis, 218
prothyron, 218
return aisle, 218
roof, 218
sacristy, 219
saddleback roof, 220
sanctuary, 220-221
synthronon, 221-222
tetraconch, 222
tribelon, 222
triconch, 222-223
triumphal arch, 223-224
vault, 224-225
see also Altar; Architecture; Basilica; Church architecture in Egypt; Church art; Nubian church architecture; Sculpture in stone; specific churches and monasteries (Dayr)
Architectural elements of monasteries. See Architecture; Refectory;
specific Dayr headings
Architectural fragments, preservation of Coptic, 280
Architectural sculpture
at Ahnas, 74-76, 2112, 2116
at al-Ashmunayn, 287-288
church at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj), 739-740, 770
church at Dayr Anba Shinudah, 769-770
at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj), 739-740, 770
at Dayr Apa Jeremiah (Saqqara), 776, 776-777
made of wood, 2341-2347, 2342-2346
ornamentation, 275
preservation, 280
in stone, 2112-2117
Architecture
Antinoopolis, 146-147, 146, 147
Arab conquest impact on, 275
al-Ashmunayn, 285-287, 286
al-Bagawat, 326
Bawit, 364-366
Dayr Abu Fanah, 699-700, 699
Dayr Abu Matta, 706, 706
Dayr al-‘Adhra, 713, 713, 715, 715
Dayr Anba Bakhum (al-Sawam‘ah Sharq), 730-731, 731
Dayr Anba Bisadah, 733
Dayr Anba Bishoi (Scetis), 735-736, 2056
Dayr Anba Hadra, 745-746, 746
Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun, 760
Dayr Anba Shinudah, 766-769, 767, 768
Dayr al-‘Azab, 784
Dayr al-Bakhit, 786
Dayr al-Bala‘yzah, 787, 787
Dayr al-Baramus, 791-794, 792, 793, 2056
Dayr al-Barshah and Dayr al-Nakhlah, 795-796, 796
Dayr al-Bisrah, 797
Dayr al-Dik, 799
Dayr al-Fakhuri, 803-805, 803, 804
Dayr al-Hammam, 807, 807
Dayr al-‘Izam (Asyut), 809, 809-810
Dayr al-Jabrawi, 81.1-812, 811, 812
Dayr al-Janadlah, 705-706
Dayr al-Kubaniyyah, 815-816, 816
Dayr al-Madinah, 817-818
Dayr al-Majma‘, 820-82 1, 820, 821
Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, 823, 823
Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Qamulah), 827, 828
Dayr Mar Buqtur (Qamulah), 829-830, 830
Dayr Mar Jirjis al-Jadidi, 832-833, 832
Dayr al-Matmar, 836-837
Dayr al-Maymun, 839, 839
Dayr al-Namus, 844
Dayr al-Naqlun, 845-846
Dayr al-Nasara, 847
Dayr Qasriyyah, 850
Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 851-852
Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah), 854-855, 855
Dayr al-Rumi, 857
Dayr al-Sab‘at Jibal, 858
Dayr al-Salib, 860
Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Akhmim), 865-866
Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Isna), 869
Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 872
Dayr al-Suryan, 879-880
earliest Coptic, 269
Ethiopian church, 998, 1425-1426
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 998
Hathor temple (Dandarah), 690-691, 691
Kellia site, 1401-1405
Kom Namrud, 1418
Monastery of Mark the Evangelist (Qurnat Mar‘i), 2042
Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine, 1682-1685
Nubian Christian, 1807-1810
octagon-domed church, 1823- 1824
ornamentation, 275
Ramses Wissa Wassef, 2051
Roman, 907
see also Architectural sculpture; Art, historiography of Coptic; Art
and architecture, Coptic; Basilica; Church architecture in Egypt;
Sculpture in stone
Archives, 226-227
of Basilios, 358-359
from Qasr Ibrim, Nubia, 227
see also Libraries; Ostracon; Papyrus collections; Papyrus
discoveries
Archives of Papas (pagarch), 226, 228-229
Archon, 89, 94, 229
in Concept of Our Great Power, 583
Hypostasis of the Archions, 1261
and John XI, Patriarch, 1344
and selection of patriarch, 1341, 1344, 1998, 1999
Argentina, Coptic collections, 1701
Ari, Saint (martyr), 229, 1552
Ariadne, depicted in Coptic art,1754, 1755
Arianism, 115, 230, 1385, 1669
Alexander I and, 82-84
in Alexandria, 97, 99
Anomoeans, 141-142
Antony of Egypt opposition to, 150
and Apostolic Constitutions authorship, 179
Athanasius I and, 298-302
Basil the Great opposition to, 351-352
Constantine, Bishop of Asyut, and, 591-592
Constantine I and, 589-590
Constantinople, First Council of and, 593-595
and Cyril of Jerusalem, 681
Ethiopian opposition to, 995-997, 999-1000
Exoucontians and, 1081-1082
filioque and, 1112
Gregory of Nyssa opposition to, 1184
Hamai of Kahyor opposition to, 1204
homoiousion and, 1253
hymn collection, 1733
and hypostasis controversy, 1260
and Jacobite rebellion, 93-94
Jerome, Saint, opposition to, 1323
and Melitian schism, 591-592, 1584, 1878
and Nicaea, Council of, 1791-1792
in Pentapolis, 1934
and persecutions in Alexandria, 99
and Peter II, 1947
subordinationism and, 1484
Theodoret on, 2236
and Ulphilas’ conversion of the Goths, 2285
see also Arius; Melitian schism; Semi-Arians
Arianus, Saint, 230-231
and Ascla, Saint, 283
and Herpaese and Julianus, Saints, 1225
and Lacaron, Saint, 1424
and Lycopolis martyrdoms, 296
martyrdom of, 1552
and Nabraha, Saint, 1770
and Panine and Paneu legend, 1880, 1881
persecutions by, 296, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1557, 1559
and Psote of Scetis, 2031, 2032
and Ter and Erai, Saints, 2209
and Tolemaus, Saint, 2271
Aripsima (martyr), 1552
‘Arish, Al-, treaty of (1800), 1688
annulment, 1417’
Aristages, Bishop, 1183
Aristarchus, 1618
Aristotelian category of relation, 1114-1115
Arius, 55, 81-85, 230, 231-232
Alexander I and, 8 1-85
anathema declared against, 589-590
Eusebius of Caesarea and, 232, 1070- 1071
hymns of, 1733
influence on Ethiopian theology, 984
on Logos, 1791
on Lucian of Antioch, 1484
on nature of Christ, 173, 232, 547
opposition to homoousion concept, 1253
Peter I and, 1944
seen as Antichrist, 143
and semi-Arians, 2119
and subordinationism,2156-2157
see also Arianism
Arius of Shetnusi (martyr), 1552
Ark, as Eucharistic vessel, 1064
Arles, Council of (314), paschal controversy, 1906
Armada (martyr), 1553
Arman (martyr), 1554
Armant (Hermonthis), 233-234, 233
Abraham, Bishop of, 13
ceramics of. See Ceramics, Coptic
inscription list of bishops, 1291
John, Saint and Bishop of, 1353- 1354
monasteries in region of, 839-840, 844, 847-848, 849, 863, 1656,
1657, 1658, 2069
papyrus collection, 1895
Pisentius of, 1978
stelae from, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2161-2162, 2168
tombstone material and shape, 1295
Armanus. See Armenius and his mother (martyrs)
Armanyus, Mu‘allim, 1737
Armenian language
inscriptions in, 1290
manuscripts and documents, 235
Armenians and Copts, 234-235, 764, 782
Gregory the Illuminator evangelization, 1183
monophysitism, 547-548
Arrnenius and his mother (martyrs), 1552, 1555
Army, Roman, 235-238
ammona provisions for, 135-136
and taxation in Egypt, 2203
and Theban Legion, 223 1-2233
see also Castrum; Costume, military
Arnobius, on incense use, 1472
Arrowheads, 1605
Arsani al-Misri (Melchite monk), 239
Arsenal of Tunis, 239, 2286
Arsenius (martyr of Diocletian era), 1552
Arsenius and Eulogius (martyrs), 831, 1554
Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, Saint, 32, 65, 240-241, 789, 790, 1976
feast day, 2082
hymns attributed to, 1726
and John Colobos, Saint, 1360
at Monastery of Metanoia, 1608
on mummification, 1697
retirement and death near Dayr al-Qusayr, 853-854
and Theodorus of Pherme, Saint, 2239
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2249
Arsinoë. See Fayyum, City of
Art, Byzantine influences on Coptic, 241-243, 260, 2319
see also Islamic influences on Coptic art
Art, church. See Art and architecture; Church art; Monastery
paintings; Painting, Coptic mural; Sculpture in stone; specific
churches and monasteries
Art, Coptic. See Art headings; Icons; Illumination; Monastery
paintings; Museums; Painting, Coptic mural; Portraiture;
Sculpture in stone
Art, Coptic influence on European, 243-250
Ascension and Triumph of Christ, 244-247, 245-247
devil, 247-248, 249
Michael, Saint, 250
Virgo lactans, 243-244, 243
see also Art, Coptic and Irish
Art, Coptic and Irish, 251-254, 418-419
Art, Ethiopian. See Ethiopian art
Art, historiography of Coptic, 254-261
Art, Irish. See Art, Coptic and Irish
Art, Nobatian kingdoms, 1675
Art, Sassanid influences on Coptic. See Sassanid influences on
Coptic art
Art, Syrian influences on Coptic. See Syrian influences on Coptic art
Art and architecture, Coptic, 255, 261-278, 262-278
church art, 355-356
Coptic Museum (Old Cairo)
collection, 607-608, 607
historical origins, 261-262
hunting theme, 1258-1259
Islamic influences on, 1310-1312
Louvre (Paris) collection, 1483
at Mareotis, 1527-1528
monastery paintings, 1659-1660
problems of dating, 693-694
State Museum of Berlin collection, 2146-2147
warrior depiction, 2319-2320
see also Architectural elements of churches; Biblical subjects; Bone and ivory carving; Book decoration; Ceramics; Christian subjects; Church architecture in Egypt; Cross, Triumph of; Glass; Metalwork; Monastery paintings; Mythological subjects; Painting, Coptic mural; Portraiture; Sculpture in stone; Statuary; Stela; Symbols in Coptic art; Textiles; Woodwork 
Artemius (martyr), 1120 
Artemon, 1638 
Artemus, 1869
Art History Museum, Vienna, 1891
Artifact dating, 693-694
Artisan-service occupations. See Copts in late medieval Egypt
Artophorion, as Eucharistic vessel, 1064-1065
Art preservation, 278-280
Art survivals from ancient Egypt,280-282
As‘ad, Al-. See al-Maqrizi
As‘ad Abu al-Faraj Hibat Allah ibn al-‘Assal, Al-, 282-283, 1462, 1748, 2075
see also Awlad al-‘Assaal
Asbagh, Al- (governor of Egypt),85
Asbah (martyr), 1552
Ascension, Feast of the, 1105, 1125, 1904
Ascension of Christ
iconography of, 244-247, 245-247, 555, 556, 558
and orientation toward the East, 1846
Origen on, 1850
pilgrimages and, 1968
Triumph of Christ, 525-526
Ascension of Isaiah, 166
Ascension of Mary. See Assumption
Asceticism
Abraam I, Saint, 10
and abstinence, 17
Achillas, Saint (monk), 56
Ammonius of Kellia, 113
Aphu, 154
Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, 240-242
Basil the Great, 351
celibacy, 1543
and Coptic doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 1249
Ebionites, 929
Egyptian monasticism compared with Syrian, 1662
and Egyptian monasticism origins, 1661
Elias of Bishwaw, 952-953
Encratites, 958-959
Ethiopian monastic, 993-994
Evagrius Ponticus on, 1076
Gangra, Council of, on, 1138
Hieracas of Leontopolis, 1229
Isaiah of Scetis on, 1306
Isidorus of Pelusium on, 1310
James, Saint, 1320-1321
John Calybites, 1357
John Sabas, 1369
Palamon, Saint, and, 1876
Pambo, Saint, 1877-1878
Paul of Tamma, Saint, 1924, 1925
Pidjimi, Saint, 1966-1967
pilgrimages linked with, 1968
Poemen, 1984
Pshoi of Scetis, 2029
Pshoi of Tud, 2030
Sara, Saint, 2094
seven ascetics of Tunah, 2122
see also Anachoresis; Anchorites; Manichaeism; Monasticism,
Pachomian
Ascetic Sermon (Stephen the Theban), 2155
Ascla, Saint (martyr), 283, 1552
Asclepiades, 283
as brother of Heraiscus, 1221-1222
as father of Horapollon, 1255-1256
Asclepius 21-29, 284
Asfal al-Ard. See Dayr Asfal al-Ard
Asfun al-Mata‘nah, 802
Ashmun, 285, 635
Ashmunayn, Al- (Hermopolis Magna), 37, 114, 285-288
atrium of great church of, 196
basilica, 264
church architecture, 552-553
and Coptic scupture in stone, 2117
Dayr Abu Anub at, 696
Dayr Abu Fanah at, 698
Dayr Apa Anub at, 770
as early bishopric, 1866
and excavations of Sami Gabra, 2090
and flight into Egypt, 233, 841, 1976
history and architecture, 285-287, 286, 287
monasteries at, 1654; see also specific monasteries
monastic murals at, 1874
papyms collections, 1891, 1893
Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘ and, 2100
sculpture, 287-288
shrines and pilgrimages to, 1976, 1977
transept, 1212
Ashmun Tanah, 288
Ashraf Khalil, Al-, 1517
Askinah, 288
Aspasmos. See Kiss of Peace
Asqalun (martyr), 1552
Asqit. See Scetis
Asra. See Pihour, Pisouri, and Asra (martyrs)
Assemani, Joseph Aloysius, 289
Assemani, Joseph Simeonis, 289
and ‘Abd al-Masih manuscript attributions, 6
Chronicon Orientale translation by, 548
Assemani, Simon, 289
Assemani, Stephen Evodius, 289
Assemani family, 289
Association of Schools of Upper Egypt, 1330
Assumption, 289-293, 1096
Arabic tradition, 293
Coptic tradition, 290-292
Assumption, Feast of the, 2256
Assumption of the Theotokos, Fast of the, 1094
Astarte (pagan deity), 1150, 1866
Astasi al-Rumi (Eustathius the Greek), 293-294, 1279
Asterisk, as Eucharistic vessel, 1065
Asterius
and Lucian of Antioch, 1484
Marcellus and, 1526
Astrolate (magician and martyr), 1552
Aswan, 294-296, 294, 295
gravestone prayer inscriptions, 1294
inscriptions, 764
monasteries near, 850, 870, 1657
Philae and, 1855, 1954
tombstone material, 1295
Aswan, Saint, 2083
Aswan Dam, 1484, 1955
Aswan ware. See Ceramics, Coptic, types
Asyut (Lycopolis), 114, 296-297, 1976, 2029
and Bani Kalb, 335
as birthplace of John of Lycopolis, Saint, 1363
Dayr Abu Bifam at, 696, 697
Dayr Abui Maqrufah and Dayr al-Janadlah in, 704
Dayr al-‘Adhra, 714
Dayr al-‘Awanah near, 784
Dayr Anba Sawirus, 760-761
Dayr al-Bisrah, 796-797
Dayr Harmina, 808
Dayr al-‘Izam, 809-810
Dayr al-Jabrawi, 810-812
Dayr al-Muttin, 842-843
Dayr al-Nasara, 848
Dayr Rifah, 855-856
Dayr al-Shalid near, 861
Holy Family visit to, 927
icons of Astasi al-Rumii at, 293-294
as Manichaean center, 1521
Melitian bishopric, 1585
monasteries in region of, 1654-1655, 1658; see also specific monasteries
soldier-martyrs at, 1964
see also Coptic Congress of Asyut
Asyuti Nasr Luzah, al-, 1466, 1467
‘Atallah, Philip, 1466
‘Atallah,Wahib, 1911
Atargatis (pagan deity), 1866
Atfih (bishopric), 849
Athanasia of Minuf, Saint, 31, 1554, 2082
Athanasian Creed, 297-298, 1112
Athanasi al-Misri (monk), 297
Athanasius I, Apostolic Saint and Patriarch, 82, 84, 99, 298-302, 686, 926, 1456, 1478, 1559, 1610, 1666, 1669, 1863, 2032
Abraham of Farshut support of, 12
and Aetius, 141-142
and Alexander I, 84
on anathema, 127-128
and Ansina (Antinoopolis), 142-143
anti-Manichaeism, 1522
and Antony of Egypt, 149-150
Apollinarianism refutation by, 173
on Apostolic Canons, 453
as archdeacon, 191
and Arianism, 232, 590, 609, 1792
and Arianist Exoucontians, 1081-1082
on baptism, 337
and Basil the Great, 351-352
and Besa, Abbot, 378-379
bilingualism in Greek and Coptic, 1178
and bishop’s translation, 398
on canon of the Scripture, 2109
on celibacy, 476, 478
Christology. See subhead nature of Christ
on communicatio idiomatum, 578
on communion of the sick, 580
on congregational participation in responsory, 2058
consecration as bishop at age 23, 393-395
on consubstantiation, 597-598
Coptic hymn texts attributed to, 1726, 1733
Coptic text on life of, 1455
on costume of religious, 652
cycle of, 666-667
dates of patriarchy, 1914
and Didascalia, 900
and Didymus the Blind, 900
and doxology, 923
and Epistle to Marcellinus, 567
and Ethiopian Christian conversion, 312-313
and Ethiopian church ties, 980, 995-997, 999-1000
and Ethiopian monasticism, 990-991
on Eucharist, 597-598
and Eusebius of Caesarea, 1070-1071
exile, and aid from unnamed virgin, 2324
exile in Ethiopia, 984
feast day, 2082
and filioque justification, 1115
five exiles of, 299-301
on Gabriel, Archangel, 1136
and Gloria in Excelsis, 1147
on the Holy Spirit, 1249-1250
and homoousion concept, 1253-1254
and hypostatic union, 1262
on Incarnation, 1287, 1288-1290
on Itfih bishopric, 1313
Jerusalem visit, 1324
and John the Baptist relics, 1355
Jovian, Emperor, support for, 1376-1377
and Julian the Apostate, 1381, 1382
and Kallinikos, Bishop, 1089
letters of, 2008
and Life of Antony, 116, 149, 150-151, 728, 1663
on Mareotis, 1527
on martyrology, 1549
and Melitian schism, 1584
on Michael, Archangel, 1619
on miracle of the cross, 660
on musical instruments symbolism, 1738
on nature of Christ, 523, 1638, 1669
on New Testament, 2109-2110
on Nikiou bishops, 1793
and Origen, 471, 1855
and Pambo, Saint, 1878
patristic writings, 1920, 1921
Philostorgius on, 1959
poetry on, 1985, 1986
and power of Alexandrian See, 913, 914
on Psoï, 2030
and Sabellianism, 2072
and Sakha, 2087
on Samannud, 2090
and Sarapion of Tmuis, Saint, 2087, 2095-2096
successor, 1947
and Theodorus of Alexandria, Saint, 2055, 2238
and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2248
and Timothy I, 2263
and Western monasticism, 417
on wooden altar, 580
writings, 301-302, 1920, 1921
Athanasius II, Saint and Patriarch, 302, 2082
and Acacian schism, 44
dates of patriarchy, 1915
Athanasius III, Saint and Patriarch, 33, 302-303
burial site, 848
contemporaries, 686
dates of patriarchy, 1917
and Yusab, Bishop, 2359
Athanasius 1(1725-1766), Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325
Athanasius, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Coptic relations with Rome, 610
Athanasius of Anazarbus (Collucianist), 1484
Athanasius of Antioch (Jacobite patriarch), 304
Athanasius of Clysma (martyr), 304-306, 1140, 1552
Athanasius of Qus, Bishop, 303-304, 829, 1106, 1132, 2045
Athenaeus (2nd-century author), on Church of Saint Michael, 1617
Athenagoras, 1472, 1867
Atheniensis, 1445
Athom (martyr), 1558
Athribis. See Atrib
Atiya, Aziz S., 1230
Atnatewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1036-1037
Atonement, 306-307, 1287
Atrasis (martyr), 1552
Atrib, 307
Greek inscriptions found at, 1292
toponymy, 2272
Atripe. See Suhaj
Atris, 307-308
Atrium, 195, 1414
Atticus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 2033
Audians, 143
Audientia episcopalis, 308
ancient correspondence on, 401
curtailments, 945
on penalization, 1931
see also Interdict
Augury. See Lecanoscopy
Augustine, Saint, 921, 1921
on archdeacon rank, 191
on baptism and immersion, 1286
on canon of Scripture, 2110
and conversion, 151
description of heaven, 1214
on Egyptian worship, 1867
on incense use, 1472
and Joseph the Carpenter, Saint, 1371
on Kiss of Peace, 1416
on Last Judgment, 1379
and Lord’s Prayer, 1481
on marriage, 1543
on mummification, 1697
Neoplatonist influence on, 1982
patristic writings, 1920, 1921
and Pelagius, 1929, 1930
onTrinity, 1114-1115
Augustus. See Octavian Augustus
Aur (Coptic legend), 845
Aurelianus, Emperor, 1556
patriarch under, 1914
Aurelius Achilleus, 906
Aurelius of Carthage, Bishop, 921
Aurelius Victor, 907
Australia
Coptic churches, 1622-1623
Coptic collections, 1701
Austria
Coptic churches, 1624
Coptic collections, 1702, 2049
papyrus collections, 1891
Authentikos Logos, 309
and Interpretation of Knowledge, 1301
‘Awad, Ahmad Hafiz, 1990
‘Awad, Jirjis Philuthawus, 1911
‘Awad, Louis, 1995
Awlad al-‘Assal, family of, 309-311
and al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal, 2075
works of, 1462-1463
see also Fakhr al-Dawlah Abu al-Mufaddal ibn al-‘Assal
Awshim. See Karanis
Awshiyah, 311
Awshiyah, melodies of. See Music, Coptic
Awsim, 311-312
Axum (Aksum), 312-313, 1802
Aybak, Sultan, 1517
‘Ayin. See Appendix
‘Ayn ‘Amur (ruins), 313, 1658
‘Ayn Bardah, 728
see also Monasteries of the Eastern Desert
‘Ayn al-Ghazal, 1517
‘Ayn Murrah, 314
inscription list of monks, 1291
‘Ayn Nisimah. See Qasr Nisimah
Ayrout, Habib, Father, 1330
‘Ayyad Bishay, 1465
Ayyubid dynasty and the Copts, 314-315, 1534, 1535, 2037
and Islamization, 940
Azari, 315-316, 1649, 1652
Azhar ‘Abdallah al-Shabruhi, Al-, Shaykh, 1538
Azhar University, Al-, 1465
‘Aziz, Al-, Caliph, 1097, 1098, 1461, 1524
‘Azmi, Mahmud, 1995

B_______________________

Baalsemes (pagan deity), 1500-1501
Ba‘arat, 800
Babah (second month of Coptic calendar), 438, 440, 2175-2176
Babij, 317
Babluhiyyah. See Tanis
Babnuda. See Paphnutius the Hermit, Saint
Babylas, Bishop of Antioch, 889, 1552
Babylon, 92, 317-323
Arab seizure of, 100, 185-187, 655
castrum of, 465
metropolitan see of, 1613
Qasr al-Sham‘ fortress, 2038
on route of flight into Egypt, 1118
as shipbuilding center, 89
see also Church of al-Mu‘allaqah; Misr
Bacchus (martyr), 1558
Bacchylides, 1889
Bachatly, Charles, 323, 779
Bacheus, 324
Badari, Al-monasteries
at, 1655
pilgrimages to, 1971
Badasius (martyr), 1552
Badet, Louis, 1743
Badr al-Jamali, 324-325, 782, 1099, 1128, 1535, 1574
Bagawat, Al-, 326-329, 327, 328
inscriptions found at, 1290, 1291
necropolis at, 1873
Bagham ibn Baqurah al-Sawwaf, 329-330, 329-330
Bahariyyah, al-, 1658
Bahij, 330
Bahjurah, 330
Bahna (martyr), 1552
Bahnam and Sarah (martyrs), 1552
Bahnasa, Al-, 330, 808
and Bani Suef, 335
and Butrus, Bishop, recasting of Holy Week Scripture readings, 1251
Coptic sculpture in stone at, 2112, 2116
remains and representations of Coptic clothing. See Costume, civil
Bahnasawi, Al-. See Latson, Saint
Bahram I, 1519
Bahram, Vizier, 702, 764, 782, 1128
Bahrein, Coptic churches in, 1621
Babri Mamluks, 750
Bahr Yusuf, Dayr Balujah and, 788
Bahtit (village), 1655
Ba’issah. See Athanasia of Minuf, Saint
Bajuj (martyr), 1552
Bajuri, Shaykh Ibrahim, al-, 330-331, 1636
Bajush (martyr), 1552
Bakhanis-Tmoushons, 331, 731-732, 1656
Bakharas. See Faras
Bakhumius of Beheira, Bishop, 1624
Bakhum, Saint. See Pachomius, Saint
Bakr al-Shadhli, Abu, 884
Bakwa. See Menarti
Balagh, Al- (publication), 1990
Balana (martyr), 1552
Balances. See Weights and balances
Baldachin, 332
Baldwin (Bardawil) (crusader), 1090, 1488
Balestri, Giuseppe, 332
Ballana kingdom and culture, 332-333
Nubian evangelization, 1802
and royal tombs of Nobatae kings, 1797
and Talmis, 2200
Ballas, Al-, 333
Balujah. See Dayr Balujah
Balyana, Al-, Dayr Anba Bakhum near, 729
Bamha, 1653
Bana, 333-334, 925
Banawan, al-, 334
Bane, Abba, 698
Bani Ezra (synagogue), 320
Bani Hasan and Speos Artemidos, 334-335
Bani Kalb, 335
Bani Khasib. See Minya
Bani Murr, pilgrimages to, 1971
Bani Musa. See Dayr Abu Musa
Banina (martyr), 1552
Bani Ridah, Dayr al-‘Adhra, 714
Bani Suef, 335
Dayr al-Sanquriyyah, 861
women’s religious community, 2325
Banu al-Kanz, 335-336, 344, 1955
and Nubian Islamization, 1803
Banu al-Muti (Christian clan), 1959
Bapheús (Coptic textile term), 2221
Baptism, 336-338, 1699
and absolution of women, 339
administration of, 336-338
Apostles’ Creed during, 178-179
awshiyahi recited during, 311
candle use during, 446
circumcision relationship with, 1106
and confirmation, 585-586
deaconesses’ assistance at, 888
Dialogue of the Savior on, 898
Didache on, 898
Dionysius the Great on rebaptism of repentant apostates, 910
and Epiphany, 1103
and Eucharist, 1056
features of, 336-338
Hippolytus on, 182
and immersion, 1285-1286
importance in Coptic family life, 1087
of infants, 338
instruction for. See Catechumen
Monophysites on, 1673
and Nicene Creed, 1792-1793
origin of, 336-338
Paraphrase of Shem on, 1902
and Paul’s laying-on of hands, 1433
Pelagianism on, 1930
and pilgrimages, 1968
poem in Ordo on, 1132
rite of, 137-138
ritual books for, 1729
statements of faith, 178-179
turning toward the East during, 1846
Baptismal font. See Baptistery
Baptism of Jesus
depicted in Coptic art, 529-530, 537
see also Epiphany
Baptistery, 197-200, 198, 199
Baptistery, consecration of, 342-343
Baqirah (deacon), 1573
Baqt Treaty, 343-344, 547, 1099, 1514, 2037
Ibn Salim al-Aswani and, 1271
and Nubian independence, 921, 1800, 1802
Baramhat (seventh month of Coptic calendar), 439, 442, 2181-2183
Baramudah (eighth month of Coptic calendar), 439, 442, 2183-2184
Baramun, al-, 344-345, 1556
Baramusi, Father Antonios, al-, 1622
Barari, al-. See Pilgrimages
Barbara (martyr), 1552-1553
Barbarikários (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Barbish, 349
Barbiyyah, 1649
Bardenhewer, Otto, 345, 1921
Bardesanes (Syrian writer), 1635
Bar Hebraeus, 345-346, 1923
Bari, Council of (1098), 1113
Barjanus, Dayr Anba Bakhum, 729
Barjawan (tutor to al-Hakim), 18
Barkalas (martyr), 1553
Barlam and Yuwasaf, 346
Barmius. See Primus
Barnabas (Judaic-Christian missionary in Alexandria), 1150
Barnabas, Saint, 1529, 2082
and laying-on of hands, 1432
Barns, John Wintour Baldwin, 347
Baronius, Cesare Cardinal, 347
Barqah, 1934
Barquq, Sultan, 1570
Barsanuphians, 347-348, 1553- 1534
at Rashid, 2054
Simon I on, 2139
Barsanuphius, Saint, 348-349, 1553
Barsbay, Caliph, 1130 1130
Barsuma. See Barsum the Naked, Saint
Barsum the Naked, Saint, 348-349, 550, 1626, 2082
at Dayr Shahran, 862, 863
hagiographical collection, 1780
laura of, 718
predictions about Benjamin II, 377
Bartalomewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1012-1013, 1054
Bartholomew, Saint, 764, 1183
Baruch, in Apocryphon of Jeremiah, 170
Baruh Ahtah Adonai (Jewish benediction), 1731
Bashans (ninth month of Coptic calendar), 439, 442-443, 2184-2186
Bashmur, al-, 349
Bashmuric dialect. See Appendix
Bashmuric revolts, 349-351, 1411
affected by Islamization, 938
and burning of Rashid, 2054
Bashrudat, al-. See Bashmur, al-
Bashrut. See Bashmur, al-
Basidi (martyr), 1553
Basil (martyr), 1553
Basil II, Emperor, 1098
Basil of Ancyra, 1254
Basil (Basilios), Bishop (martyr), 1553
Basil of Caesarea. See Basil the Great
Basil the Great, Saint and Archbishop, 114, 351-352, 1183, 1184, 1309
anaphora, 71, 121-123, 124, 1066-1067
anaphora used in Ethiopian liturgy, 988-990
on angels, 132
and the Anomoeans, 142
on Athanasius I, 298
and baptism, 337
on canonical hours, 449
on celibacy, 476
condemnation of cheirotonia, 517
and Constantine of Asyut, 592
cycle of, 667
on Eucharist, 1060
and Evagrius Ponticus, 1076-1077
and filioque justification, 1115
and Greek monasticism, 1663
on incense use, 1472
and Julian the Apostate, 1380
and liturgical music, 1733; see also Liturgy of Saint Basil
on matins, 1568
on Mercurius of Caesarea, 1592, 1593
on Michael, Archangel, 1619
on Monarchianism, 1638
on nature of Christ, 523
as older brother of Saint Gregory of Nyssa, 1184
on orientation toward the East during prayers, 1846
and Origen, 1854, 1855
patristic writings, 1920, 1921
on regulations for nuns, 1822
on Sabellianism, 2072
and use of compline, 582
and Western monasticism, 417
see also Anaphora of Saint Basil; Canons of Saint Basil
Basilica, 269, 353-355
at al-Bagawat, 326
function replaced by Bayt al-Nisa’, 373
Greco-Roman influence on Coptic, 260, 264
at Hawwariyyah, 1211-1212, 1211
at Hilwan, 1233
Nubian, 1807-1810, 1808, 1809
Basilidas (martyr), 14, 127, 892, 1553
Basilides, 356-357, 1148, 1151, 1307, 1866
and Besamon, Saint, 379
as heretic, 1222
and Justus, Saint, 1386
and Ter and Erai, Saints, 2209
and Theodorus, Saint, 2238
and Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2303
Basilides, Bishop of the Pentapolis, 912, 1612
Basilides, family of (martyrs), 1553, 1554, 1556, 1559
see also Basilidas (martyr)
Basilides the General. See Basilidas (martyr)
Basilios, archive of, 226, 228, 229, 358-359
Basilios I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 872, 1325
Basilios II, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 358, 873, 1246, 1325, 1614
Basilios III, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 358, 1246, 1325
Basilios IV, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 873-874, 1245, 1326, 2049
Basilios the Great. See Basilios II, Archbishop of Jerusalem
Basiliscus, 1671
Basilius, Abuna (20th-century Ethiopia), 1613
Basilius, Bey, 359-360, 1636
Basil of Nikiou, Bishop, 1794
Basil of Oxyrhynchus, 360, 1778
Basin and ewer, 1469, 1601- 1602
Basket, eucharistic bread, 1473
Basketmaking, 1640, 1662
Basset, René, 360
Bassos, Bishop, 925
Bastah, 360-361
Batanun, Al-, 361
pilgrimages to, 1971
Bath of the Infant Jesus, depicted in Coptic art, 530-531, 530
Baths, 690
Batn al-Hajar, 361-362
and Nubian archaeology, 1805
and Nubian islamization, 1804
Nubian monasteries in, 1817
Batos (melody type), 1986 see also Watus
Batra (martyr), 1553, 1556
Baumeister, T., as Coptic hagiographer, 1192
Baumstark, Anton, on use of Hos, 1726
Ba’unah (tenth month of Coptic calendar), 439, 443, 2186-2187
Bavarian State Library, Munich, 1893
Bawit, 362-372, 365, 366
Abraham of Hermonthis portrait found at, 402
Apollo of, 1953
archive, 226-227
art at, 2004-2005
cells, 270
ceramics of. See Ceramics, Coptic
and Christian subjects in Coptic art, 533
church artwork, 406
and Coptic sculpture in stone, 2117
Dayr Balujah and, 788, 1654
decoration of monastery cells at, 525, 555, 556
examples of hunting theme in Coptic art at, 1258-1259
excavation at, 256, 694, 700, 1482, 1483
founders of, 362-363, 843
fresco depicting magical objects, 1509-1510
frescoes, Islamic-influenced, 1311
frescoes of the Virgin Enthroned at, 542, 543
fresco of Phoibammon at, 1965
iconographical paintings at, 245-247, 246, 250
inscriptions found at, 193, 1291, 1292
Islamic-influenced Coptic art, 1311, 1311
Menas, Saint, at, 1588-1589
monastery mural painting at, 1874, 1875; see also frescoes 
subheads
paintings at, 272-273, 402, 1588-1589, 1660
remains and representations of Coptic clothing. See Costume, civil
representation of military costumes at, 650
sculpture in stone at, 2112, 2115
wood carvings at, 1753
Bayad al-Nasara
monasteries at, 714, 1653
pilgrimages to, 1971
Bayahu, Al-, pilgrimages to, 1972
Baybars, Sultan, 1517-1518, 1588
Bayt al-‘Ajin, 372
Bayt al-Nisa’, 373
in Babylonian church, 322
at Dayr Abu Hinnis, 373, 703
Beatty, Chester, 518-519, 1885, 1894
see also Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri; Chester Beatty Coptic
Papyri; Chester Beatty Library
Beckwith, John, 257, 258
Bede (8th-century historian), 418-419
Bedouins
and fugitive Mamluks, 1538
sacking of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 720, 722
sacking of Dayr Anba Bula, 742, 1134
sacking of Dayr Anba Maqar, 750
sacking of Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun, 758
sacking of Dayr Mar Maryam, 835
sacking of Scetis, 1534
sackings of monasteries, 1449; see also specific names
Beheirah Province
Damanhur as capital, 686-687
monasteries in, 1646
Beinecke Library (Yale University) and Nag Hammadi Codices, 1771
papyrus collection, 1895
Beirut, Lebanon, 1098
Beja tribes, 373, 905
and Axum, 312
Ibn Hawqal on, 1266
Ibn Salim al-Aswani on, 1272
influence on Ballana kingdom and culture, 332
influence on Banu al-Kanz, 335
and Nabis, Bishop, 1769
and Nestorius, 1786
Qasr Ibrim seizure by, 2037
Bejrash. See Faras
Bekkos, John, 1114, 1115, 1116
Belgium
Coptic collections, 1702
papyrus collections, 1891
Belial. See Antichrist; Satan
Belisarius (Byzantine general), 1385, 1675, 2019, 2020
Bell, Harold Idris, 374
Bellerophon and the Chimera, depicted in Coptic art, 1754-1755
Bells, 1605, 1605, 1738, 1739
Belts, 645
Beltz, W., 1893
Benam and Sarah (martyrs), 1553
Benedict, Saint (monk), 417
Benedict VIII, Pope (Rome), 1113
Bénédite, George, 1481
Benevolent societies, Coptic, 374-375
Benevolent societies, Coptic, role in education, 933
Benjamin (monk of Nitria), 915
Benjamin I, Saint and Patriarch, 94, 102, 375-377, 926, 1609, 1667, 1940, 1979
Agathon of Alexandria as successor to, 65
and Arab conquest of Egypt, 188, 682
and Arab rule, 656, 947
Cyrus al-Muqawqas persecution of, 682-683
dates of patriarchy, 1915
Dayr Matra residence, 837
feast day, 2082
and forty-nine martyrs of Scetis, 1120
and John, Hegumenos of Scetis, 1362
and the Kellia, 1397
panegyrics by, 1456
refuge at Dayr Qibriyus, 850
Saint Mark’s Cathedral construction, 1531-1532
sanctuary at Dayr Anba Maqar, 751, 751, 752
Benjamin II, Patriarch, 377-378
burial at Dayr Shahran, 378, 862
dates of patriarchy, 1917
and Ethiopian Sabbath controversy, 993, 1050-1051
and Ewostatewos, Ethiopian saint, 1050-1051
and reconstruction of Dayr Anba Bishoi, 734
successor, 1948
visit to Dayr Yuhannis Kama, 883
Benjamin and Eudoxia (martyrs), 1553
Berbers
capture of Christodoulus, 1573
in Pentapolis region, 1933, 1934
plunder of Damru, 689
plunder of Dayr Anba Maqaar, 750, 753, 1652
plunder of Dayr Yuhannis al-Qasir, 884
plunder of Scetis monasteries, 1120
Berlin, Germany. See State Museum of Berlin
Bermudez, João, and first Portuguese mission to Ethiopia, 1017-1018
Bernard the Wise, 783, 1089, 1646
Bert, Alexis, 700
Bertrada, Queen, 2293, 2302
Beryllus, Bishop of Bostra, 1638
Bes (pagan deity), 1869, 1870
Besa, Abbot, 378-379, 737, 1448
as desert father, 894
and Shenute, Saint, 762, 2131
and Zenobios, 2371
Besamon, Saint, 379, 1553, 1880
Bess (pagan deity), 134
Bessarion, Saint, 379, 1114, 2082
Bessus, Saint, 2082
Bethlehem. See Holy Land
Betrothal customs, 379-380, 1481 see also Marriage
Betrus Agha Armaniyus, 1636
Bi-Amr-Illah Abu ‘Ali Mansur, 939
Bibawi, Ibrahim Hunayn, al-, 1465
Bible
Arabic, 80; see also Old Testament, Arabic versions of the 
canon of the Scripture, 2108-2111
Coptic version. 
See Old Testament, Coptic translation of; New Testament, Coptic versions
Greek. 
See Bible manuscripts, Greek
Hesychian, 1226
Latin translation by Jerome, Saint, 1323
lectern, 1434-1435
lectionary, 1435-1437
Lucianic texts, 1484
manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1776-1783
multilingual, 782
Polyglot and Arabic versions of Old Testament, 1827, 1829-1830, 1832, 1835
Polyglot of London, 80
see also New Testament; Old Testament
Bible manuscripts, Greek, 380-381, 566-567
Acts, Michigan papyrus of, 58
see also Codex Alexandrinus; Codex Ephraemi Syri; Codex
Sinaiticus; Codex Vaticanus
Bible text, Egyptian, 381-382
Biblical subjects in Coptic art, 382-390, 384, 387, 388
and hunting theme, 1259
icons of, 1276-1279
Roman influence on, 270
types, 2283-2284
see also Art and architecture, Coptic; Christian subjects in Coptic
art; Illumination; Mythological subjects in Coptic art
Biblical subjects in Coptic poetry, 1985
Biblioteca Medicea Laurentiana, Florence, Italy, 1894
Bibliotheca Bodmeriana (Bodmer Library), Zurich, Switzerland, 404
Bidaba. See Patape, Bishop of Coptos (martyr)
Biet Giorgios (house of George) (Lalibala church), 1425
Biet Maryam (house of Mary) (Lalibala church), 1425
Bifam, Saint, 696, 697
Bijij. See Jabal Khashm al-Qu’ud
Bikabes. See Pihebs (martyr)
Bikawarnidas (Lobsh), 1479
Bi Kha Isus. See Dayr al-Maghtis
Bikhibis. See Pihebs (martyr)
Bilabel, Friedrich, 390-391
Bilad, 391
Bilbeis, 391
Dayr Mart Maryam, 835
and flight into Egypt, 1118
Biljay, 391
Bilqas
Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 870
monasteries near, 783, 818, 838
pilgrimages to, 1968, 1969, 1970
Bima. See Epima, Saint
Bimin, Saint. See Pamin, Saint
Bimin. See Poemen, Saint
Binayin. See Tayaban (martyr)
Bir al-‘Azamah. See Dayr al-‘Izam (Monastery of the Bones)
Birma, 392
churches dedicated to Saint George at, 1140
Birth of Christ. See Nativity
Birth rites and customs, 392-393
Bisadah. See Psoï
Bisadah, Anba, 1973
see also Dayr Anba Bisadah; Psote
Bisab (martyr), 718, 719
Bishay. See Bishoi (desert father)
Bishay, Basta, 1465
Bishoi, Anba. See Dayr Anba Bishoi; Pshoi of Scetis
Bishoi, Anub of Naesi (martyr), 1553
Bishoi, Saint. See Pshoi, Saint
Bishoi, Hor, and Diodora (martyrs), 1553
Bishop, 393-395
apostles and, 2015
and apostolic succession, 181
and Chalcedon, Council of, 914-9 15
chorepiscopus, 520-521
in church hierarchy, 1229
consecration of liturgical vestments by, 1475-1476
and defrocking of priests, 891
Didascalia on, 899
Dionysius the Great’s epistles to, 911
in ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2015
election of, 1934
Eucharist officiation, 1061
excommunication powers of, 1079-1080
Gabriel II antisimony policy, 1128
interdicts by, 1299
laying-on of hands by, 1432
liturgical insignia, 1468-1469
liturgical vestments, 1476-1478
and Nicene Creed, 1792
and ordination of deacons and priests, 885, 886-888, 1844-1845,
2013-2015
penalization powers, 1931-1932
rules on election as patriarch, 1911
and selection of patriarch, 1998, 1999, 2000
throne in sanctuary, 221-222
see also Metropolitan; specific bishoprics and bishops
Bishop, consecration of, 394, 395-398
and Kiss of Peace, 1416-1417
at Qasr Ibrim, 2037
Bishop, translation of, 398-399
Bishop of Alexandria. See Patriarch; Pope in the Coptic church
Bishopric. See Eparchy
Bishops
Abraam I, 10
Abraham of Hermonthis, 13
Basil the Great, 35 1-352
Butrus, 428
Butrus ibn al-Khabbaz, 429
Butrus Sawirus al-Jamil, 431
Constantine of Asyut, 590-593
Dioscorus, 915-916
from al-Farama, 1089-1090
Flavian of Ephesus, 1117
in Giza, 1142
Hadra of Aswan, Saint, 1190
Hasaballah, 1209-1210
Hesychius, 1226
Ibn al-Dahiri, 1266
Ignatius of Antioch, 1281-1282
John of Antioch, 1354
John of Mayuma, 1366
John of Nikiou, 1366-1367
John of Shmun, 1369
Judas Cyriacus, Saint, 1377- 1378
Julian, 1379
Macrobius, Saint, 1494
Marcellus, 1526
Marqus, 1541-1542
Melitius, 1585
of Memphis, 1587
Mena, 334
Mikha’il of Atrib and Malij, 1625-1627
Mikha’il of Damietta, 1625-1625
Moses of Aw Sim, 1678-1679
of Nikiou, 1793-1794
Paphnutius, 1882
Patape, 1907-1908
Paul of Bahnasa, 1922
and Pentapolis, 1934
Philip of Anatolia, 1956
Pisentius of Armant (Hermonthis), 1978
Pisentius of Qift, 1978-1980
Polycarp, 1997-1998
Psote of Psoï, 2031-2032
Synesius, 2192
Theodosius of Jerusalem, 2242
Theodotus of Ancyra, 2242-2243
Theophilos I, 2247
Timotheos I, 2262
Yacobos II, 2349
Yu’annis, 2355
Yuhanna, 2355-2356
Yusab (13th-century), 2359
Yusab (15th-century), 2359
Yusab (18th-century), 2360
Zacharias, Saint, 2368
see also Ethiopian prelates; specific names
Bishops, biographies of, 399-400
Bishops, correspondence of, 400-402
Bishops, Nubian, 1813
Bishops, portraits of, 402-403
Bistizzi, Vespasiano da, 1119
Bisurah al-Hariri, 403
Bisus (monk), 1574
Bitimios, Abbot, 1967
Biuka (martyr), 1553
Biyukhah. See Biuka (martyr)
Black Book (Makram), 1515-15 16
Black Death, 708, 750, 877 see also Plagues
Blake, William, 1149
Blemmye. See Beja tribes
Blessing, 403-404 see also Laying-on of hands
Blind singers. See Cantors
Blin, Jules, 1743
Blue turbans, 1535
Bochtor, Ellious. See Ilyas Buqtur
Bodleian Library (Oxford University), 1894
Bodmer, Martin, 404-405 Bodmer papyri, 1885, 1894, 1895, 1899
and Coptological studies, 615
of Egyptian Bible texts, 381-382
of Greek Bible manuscripts, 380-381
see also Appendix
Body and Blood of Christ. See Communion; Concomitance;
Consubstantiation; Sacrament, reservation of the blessed
Boehme, Jacob, 1149, 1151
Boeser, Pieter Adriaan Art, 405
Bogdanoff, Pierre de, 1666
Bohairic dialect, 605, 606, 613
Alexander’s encomium on Peter I, 1943-1944
Canons, Apostolic, 45 1-452
canons, ecclesiastical, 454
and Coptological studies, 613
Life of Pachomius in, 1860
New Testament in, 1788, 2107
in Old Testament, Coptic translations of, 1837-1838
poetry and hymns, 1986
Psalis in, 1727
see also Appendix
Bollandists, 56-57, 405, 1929
Bone and ivory carving, Coptic, 280, 405-407, 406, 407
Bonhome, Alphonse, 1647
Bonifacius (legate), 914
Bonnets. See Headdress, Coptic women
Bookbinding, 407-409, 407-409, 573
Book of Canonical Hours. See Canonical hours, book of
Book of Canon Law (Ibn al-‘Assal), on use of candles in church, 445
Book on the Christian Religion, 1626
Book of Chronicles, 19, 1460, 1463
Book of the Consecration of the Sanctuary of Benjamin, on the Kellia, 1397
Book of the Councils (Severus of al-Ashmunayn), 1779
Book of the Dead, 573
Book of Dialectic (‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi), 5, 6
Book of Epact, 409-411
Book of the Exposition of the Union, 1626
Book of the Foundation (Mani), 1520-1521
Book of the Hidden Pearls
on Dayr Abu Lifah, 704
on Dayr al-Ballas, 788
on Dayr al-Hammam, 806
on Dayr Mansur (Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il, Idfu), 825
on Dayr al-Maymun, 838
on monasteries of the Fayyum, 1651
on monasteries of the Sharqiyyah Province, 1655, 1656
Book of the Hours. See Horologion
Book of the Investiture of Michael (John the Apostle), 1618, 1619
Bookkeeping. See Accounts and accounting, history of Coptic
Book of the Miracles of Mary, 818-819, 840
Book of the Rolls (Pseudo-Clement of Rome), 1782
Books. See Archives; Bookbinding; Illumination; Lectern;
Lectionary; Libraries; Literature; Manuscripts; specific titles
Books of Chronicles, Arabic versions of, 1827-1829
Books of Enoch, 162-163
Books of Maccabees, 166
Book of Spiritual Medicine, 1089, 1626
Book of Thomas the Contender, 411-412, 897
Book of the Tower (Mari ibn Sulayman), 1779
Boots. See Costume, civil
Boreaux, Charles, 924
Borgia, Stefano Cardinal, 412, 1448, 1894
Borsai, Ilona, 1726, 1732, 1741, 1743
“Bosnians”. See Qasr Ibrim
Bostra affair (394), 2249
Bottles. See Glass, Coptic; Metalwork, Coptic
Bouclé technique of linen weaving, 2211, 2217
Boule, 413-414
Bourguet, Pierre du, S. J., 414
Bouriant, Urbain, 414-415
Boutos. See Ibtu
Boutros Ghali, 375, 415-416, 580, 1466
assassination of, 416, 603
and Cyril V, Patriarch, 677
and Egyptian national unity, 950-951
role in British occupation of Egypt, 420
role in Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty, 1693
and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2074
and Sa‘d Zaghlul, 2074
Boxes
bone and ivory carvings, 407
wooden, 2328-2330, 2337-2338, 2338-2339
Bracelets, 1606
Brakários (Coptic weaving term), 2221
Branding of Copts, 87
Braziers, 1601, 1601
Bread, consecrated. See Fraction
Bread, Eucharistic. See Eucharistic bread
Bread and wine, donation of. See Offertory
Breccia, A. Evaristo, 416, 1527
Brendan, Saint (Ireland), 418
Bricks, in Kellia construction, 1401, 1402
Bridal chamber, 898
Brienne, Jean de, 783
Brightman, Frank Edward, 416
Britain. See British Isles, Coptic influences in the; British
occupation of Egypt; Great Britain
British Isles, Coptic influences in the, 416-419
Irish harp, 1734, 1740
British Library, London, 780, 825, 876, 899, 1427
papyrus collections, 1893
British Museum, London, 780, 1136, 1410, 1508, 1592, 1708-1709
collection of Coptic manuscripts, 612
Coptic Street, 611-612
papyrus collections, 1893
British occupation of Egypt, 419-422, 1466, 1627-1628, 1637, 1693-
1694, 1748
Boutros Ghali and, 415-416
Coptic press on, 2010-2011
and Dayr al-Sultan, 873-874
and Egyptian national identiy, 949, 950
political thought under, 1993, 1994-1995
Sa‘d Zaghlul and, 2074-2075
Salamah Musa and, 2089
Wafd party independence movement, 1989-1990
and Wissa Wassef, 2323-2324
Bronze, 1596-1597, 1599
Brooklyn Museum, New York City, papyrus collection, 1895
Browne, G. M., 1894
Bruce, James, 422
Brugsch, Heinrich Ferdinand Karl, 422
Bryennios, Metropolitan, 898
“Bubal”. See Paphnutius of Scetis, Saint
Buckets, 1601-1602
Bucolic iconography, 1766-1767
Buddhism, 1520, 1521
Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis, 422-423, 614, 1449
Buildings (Procopius), 2019, 2020
Bukharas. See Faras
Bukhisha, heretical sect at, 94-95
Bula, Anba. See Dayr Anba Bula; Paul of Thebes, Saint
Bulaq Museum and Service des Antiquités, 693, 1561
Bulaq printing press, 1993
Bulbinus and Pupienus, Emperors, patriarch under, 1914
Bulus al-Bushi, 29, 32, 423-424, 1613
Bulus Ghubriyal al-Muharraqi. See Abraam I
Bulus al-Habis, Saint (Paul the Solitary), 424-425
feast day, 1553, 2086
at Hilwan, 1233
as rescuer of Dhimmis, 424-425, 1517
Buqayrah al-Rashidi the Deacon. See History of the Patriarchs
Buqtur. See Dayr Buqtur of Shu; Victor, Saint
Burah, 425
Bureaucratic offices in the Mamluk state. See Copts in late medieval
Egypt
Burgundians, 1572
Burial rites and practices, 425-426, 1901
and Egyptian tunic finds, 648
Gabriel II, Patriarch, policy, 1128
see also Funerary customs; Mourning in early Christian times;
Mummification; Stela; Tombs
Buried Monastery. See Dayr al-Matmar
Burij, 1652
Burkitt, Francis Crawford, 426
Burmester, Oswald Hugh Edward, 426
Burning bush, site of the, 1681-1682, 1683, 1684
Burullus, Al-, 427
Bush, 427
Busir Quridus (Busiris). See Abusir al-Malaq
Busts. See Portraiture, Coptic
Butcher, Edith L., 428
Butler, Alfred Joshua, 428, 2000
Butros, Nabil Kamal, 1743
Butrus I and II, Archbishops of Jerusalem, 1325
Butrus, Basili, 374-375, 1124
Butrus, Bishop of al-Bahnasa, 1251
Butrus, Bishop of Cairo, 1614
Butrus, Bishop of Misr (Melchite), 428, 1613
Butrus ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 428-429, 1614
Butrus ibn al-Khabbaz, Metropolitan of Ethiopia, 429
Butrus ibn Sahyun al-Ghannami, 430
Butrus ibn Salim al-Sunbaati, 430-431
Butrus al-Jawli. See Peter VII
Butrus Sawirus al-Jamil, 431
Butrus al-Sidmanti, 431-432, 831, 1974
Byzantine church architecture, cross-and-square building, 660-661
Byzantine Empire
and Alexandrine See, 913-914, 915
Coptic patriarchs contemporary with, 688-689
Dayr Abu Ishaq’s importance during, 703
and Egyptian government, 2063
and Egypt in late antiquity, 942-947
icon-painting stylistic rules, 1277
impact on Egypt and the Copts, 942-947
monenergism and, 1666-1667
and taxation in Egypt, 2204
see also Constantinople; Eastern Orthodox churches; Fatimids and
Copts; Jerusalem
Byzantine influences on Coptic art. See Art, Byzantine influences on
Coptic; Islamic influences on Coptic art
Byzantium. See Constantinople