Cities and towns; Christian converts; Byzantine Empire; Greek language; Coptic language; Copts; Persecution; Politics; Roman Empire; Arab Conquest of Egypt; Arabic language; Monasteries; Coptic Church; Muslim converts from Christianity;
Crusades; History; Council of Chalcedon (451); Christology; Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 454; Islam; Jerusalem; Historians; History of the Patriarchs; Patriarchs and patriarchate; Ayyubid dynasty; Fatimid dynasty; Mamluks