Patriarchs and patriarchate; Copts; Coptic Church; Monks; Monasteries; Alexandria (Egypt); History of the Patriarchs; Archons; Muslims; Islam; Taxation; ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, Caliph, d. 644; Council of Chalcedon (451)
Copts; Coptic Church; Fatimid dynasty; Politics; Law and society; al-Hakim; Persecution; Islam; Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 1137-1193; Jews; Judaism; Christianity; Conversion - Christianity; Christian converts; Muslim converts from...