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[Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372] C_______________________ Cabalistic amulets, 1508 Caecilian, Bishop, 920, 921 Caesarea library, 1447 Mercurius, Saint, 1592-1594 see also Basil the Great; Eusebius of Caesarea Caesarion. See Church of Saint Michael Caetani, Leone, 433 Cailliaud of Nantes, 927 Cairensis Gnosticus. See Nag Hammadi Library Cairo Babylon, 317 Coptic burning of (1320), 1518 Coptic churches’ legal status in, 687 founding, 810 Franciscan churches, 1123 monasteries in and around, 1646-1647 patriarchal residence at, 1913 as patriarchal seat, 689, 1999-2000 pilgrims and travelers to, 1977 tombstone material, 1295 see also Babylon; Fustat, al- Cairo Museum. See Coptic Museum (Old Cairo) Cairo University, 1141, 1423 Calamus. See Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud; Kalamon Calendar and agriculture, 440-443 Calendar, Coptic, 19, 430, 433-436, 435 Advent, 63 Anno Martyrum, 1549 fast days, 1093-1096 lectionary and, 1435-1437 Paschal controversy, 1905-1906 and Shamm al-Nasim feast day, 2126 see also Calendar, months of Coptic; Synaxarion, Copto-Arabic Calendar, Gregorian, 436-437 Calendar, Julian, 437 Calendar, months of Coptic, 438-439 Calendar, seasons, and Coptic liturgy, 443-444 Calendologia, 444-445 Caligula, Emperor (Gaius), 2062 Philo of Alexandria and, 1956 Calixtus, Bishop of Rome, 1638 Calligraphy, at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 Callinicum, Conference of (568), 1676 Callinicus, Bishop of Syene (martyr), 1553 Calotychius, 2241 Cambridge University, 1138, 1893 Cambyses Romance, 2060 Camoul, Saint, 445, 1553 Camp (castrum) of Hierakion. See Dayr al-Jabrawi Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, 1090, 1091 Canada Coptic churches in, 1621 Coptic collections, 1702-1703 papyrus collections, 1891 Cancelli, 200-201, 217 Cancellii, 200-201, 217 Candelabrum, 1469 see also Candles; Lighting equipment; Liturgical instruments; Metalwork, Coptic Candlemas, 1106-1107 Candles, 445-446 as altar lights, 109-110 during consecration of church, 548 Canons of Ammonius, 32 Canon, derivation of term, 2108-2109 Canonical Hours, Book of, 446-449, 1724, 1733 Agathon the Stylite and, 69 compline, 582-583 and Coptic doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 1250 and Giyorgis, 1052 and Holy Week Scripture readings, 1251 hymns. See Music, Coptic, description liturgy of matins, 1568-1569 Lord’s Prayer, 1481 vespers, 2301 Canonical Letter (Peter I), 1944-1945, 1946 Canonization, 449 Canon law, 449-451 and Cyril III ibn Laqlaq, 310-311 Kitab al-Burhun fi al-Qawanin, 33, 1463 al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal works on, 2076 Canons, Apostolic, 179-180, 451-453 on confession and penitence, 585 on fasting on Saturday, 1248, 2098 on immersion, 1286 on incense use, 1472 see also Canons, ecclesiastical Canons of Clement, 456 copied by Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri, 1273 Canon of the Scripture. See Scripture, canon of the Canons, ecclesiastical, 453-455 on clerical instruction, 564 on clerical ordination, 1844 Canons of Epiphanius, 456-457 Canons of Eusebius, 32 Canons of Gregory of Nyssa, 457 Canons of Hippolytus, 458, 1235, 1455 Canons of Pseudo-Athanasius, 458-459 Canons of Saint Basil, 459 in condemnation of cheirotonia, 517 see also Anaphora of Saint Basil Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459-460 Canopus. See Abuqir; Dayr Qibriyus; Metanoia, Monastery of the Canopy. See Baldachin Cantate Domino, 1119 Canticles, 1729, 1733 Cantor, 460, 1732, 1736-1738, 1742 antiphon, 148-149 Clerical College, 564 Mu‘allim Mikha’il Jirjis, 1629- 1630 responsory, 2058 see also Chant Cap, bishops’, 1476 Cape, priests’ and bishops’, 1476 Capital Coptic sculpture in stone, 2114 Saqqara South, 776, 777 see also Column; Corinthian capital Cappadocian fathers, 44, 114-116, 351, 1183, 1184, 1310, 1921, 1982 Caracalla, Emperor and massacre of Alexandria, 97, 1177 patriarch under, 1914 visit to Egypt, 2063, 2066 Caraccioli, Clement, 461 Carausius, 904, 905 Carbon-14 dating method, 694 Carinus, 904 Carion of Scetis. See Zacharius of Scetis Carolingians, patron saint of, 1572 Carolingian theologians, controversy over filioque, 1115 Carpentry, 2326-2327 Carpocrates, 460-461, 1222, 2118 Carthage Arsenal of Tunis, 239 rivalry with Numidia, 920, 921 sacrifice to Roman gods at, 890 Carthage, Council of (397), on regulations for nuns, 1822 Carus, Emperor, 904 patriarch under, 1914 Caskets, wooden, 2328-2330, 2329 Cassian, Saint John, 461-463, 2024, 2082 on anchorites in Diolkos, 908 on canonical hours, 449 Conferences and Cenobitic Institutes, 1663 and costume of the religious, 650 on devil as black, 248 in France, 1623 on genuflection, 1139 on Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud, 1316 and John Colobos, Saint, 1359 on John of Lycopolis, Saint, 1364 on matins, 1568 on the monks of Scetis, 2103 and Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884 on respect for one’s body, 958-959 on Sarapion, 2094, 2095 Castanets, 1604-1605, 1739-1740 wooden, 2333, 2334 Castle of the two gates. See Qal‘at al-Babayn Castrum, 464-468, 466, 467, 468 at Abusir (Taposiris Magna), 34 at Naj‘ al-Hajar, 1774 see also Qasr headings Castrum Memnonium, 1657 Catecheses (Cyril of Jerusalem), 667, 681 Catechesis (Pachomius), 1862-1863 Catechetical Lectures on finding Holy Cross, 1243 on prayers for the dead, 889 Catechetical School of Alexandria, 55, 77, 100-101, 103, 469-472, 474, 1533 and Athanasius I, 298 and Clement of Alexandria, 562-563 Clerical College in footsteps of, 563 Demetrius I and, 892, 893 Didymus the Blind and, 900 Dionysius of Alexandria and, 909 Eusebius of Caesarea and, 1070-1071 Heraclas, Saint, and, 909, 911, 1219 influence on Coptic education, 931-932 Jerome, Saint, and, 1323 library, 1447 Origen and, 176, 1847, 1852 Theonas, Patriarch, and, 2245, 2246 use of Egyptian Bible text, 381-382 Catechumen, 103, 473-474, 1473 and Holy Communion, 578 liturgy of the, 1715 and Lord’s Prayer, 1480-1481 Mass of the. See Mass of the Catechumens oil of the, 522, 523 Catena, Arabic tradition of, 475 Cathedral Church of Abu Sayfayn (Saint Mercurius), 1535 Cathedral Church of the Jacobites (Alexandria), 93-94 Cathedral of Faras, 1090, 1091-1092 Cathedral of Heliopolis, 2051 Cathedral of Nicomedia, 907 Cathedral of Qasr Ibrim, 2037 Cathedral of Saint Mark (Alexandria), 1531-1532 papal investiture at, 1999 restoration of, 1303 Cathedral of Saint Mark (al-Azbakiyyah), 1538 Cathedral of Saint Mark (Cairo), 1434, 2091 consecration of patriarchs in, 1909, 1913 master chanter, 1629 Cathedral of Saint Mark (Venice), 1532 Cathedral of Zamalek, 2051 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint cult of, 1976, 1977 martyrdom of, 2325 monastery of, 1681-1685, 2325 Catholic church, Coptic. See Coptic Catholic church Catholicism. See Coptic Catholic church; Coptic relations with Rome; Eastern Orthodox churches; Franciscans in Egypt; Jesuits and the Coptic church; Oriental Orthodox churches; Roman Catholic church Catholicos (title), 475 Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 1951 Cauldrons, 1601, 1602 Caves Abui Hinnis, 703 at Abydos, 39, 41-42 of Barsum the Naked, 348 and cells, 477 Dayr Abu Lifah, 704 Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 725 Dayr Anba Hadra, 746 Dayr al-Dik, 799 Dayr al-Janadlah, 705 Dayr Mar Mina (Jabal Abu Fudah), 834 Dayr al-Naqlun, 845, 846 Dayr al-Nasara, 847 and hermits’ cells, 477 of Saint Paul of Thebes, 741 Wadi al-Nakhlah, 795 Caxo, Saint, 1151-1152 Ceiling, 201-202 Celadion, Saint and Patriarch, 475, 2082 dates of patriarchy, 1914 Celestinus of Rome, Bishop, 475-476 and Coptic tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2303 and Copto-Arabic tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2305-2306 Celestius (disciple of Pelagius), 1930 Celibacy, 84, 88, 476-477, 1543 Encratites, 958 Hieracas of Leontopolis on, 1229 Cell, 477-478, 1403 Celsus, 478-479, 1868 refuted by Origen, 176-177, 1847, 1854 Cemeteries ‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4 Alexandria, 96-97 Anba Ruways, 2000 Asyut region, 1654 Coptic mummification, 1697 Damru, 690 Dayr Abu Ishaq, 703 Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 709 Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn (Qus), 711 Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 717, 718 Dayr Anba Abshay (near al-Tud), 719 Dayr Apa Phoibammon, 780 Dayr al-‘Azab, 785 Dayr Epiphanius, 801 Dayr al-Hammam, 807 Dayr al-‘Izam, 809 Dayr al-Janadlah, 705 Dayr al-Khanadaq, 814-815 Dayr al-Madinah, 817 Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 825 Dayr al-Nastur, 848 Dayr al-Qusayr, 853 Dayr al-Shuhada’, 867 Dayr al-Zawiyah, 884 Faras, 1091 funerary customs concerning, 1125 Kom al-Rahib, 1418 Nubian, 1805 Qararah grave sites, 2036 Qusur ‘Isa 1, 1405 see also Burial rites and practices; Stela; Tombs Cenobites. See Monasticism, Pachomian; Pachomius of Tabennese, Saint Cenobitic Institutes (John Cassian), 1663 Censer, 1469-1472, 1470, 1471 Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, 924, 1419 Ceramics, Coptic, 267-268, 480-503, 484, 485, 486 as dating tool at Kellia site, 1400-1401, 1402, 1407 decorative techiques and motifs, 483-487, 483, 484, 485, 486 Faras, 1090, 1091 figurines, 500-503, 501, 502, 503 manufacturing techniques, 480-482 from Monastery of Mark the Evangelist (Qurnat Mar‘i), 2042 preservation of terra-cotta, 278-279 statuary, 2147-2148 types of ceramic ware, 487-499, 489, 491, 492, 496, 499 see also Art, historiography of Coptic Ceramics of the late Coptic period, 504-510, 505-510 Ceramics, Nubian, 1806-1807 Cerdon, Saint and Patriarch, 511, 2082 dates of patriarchy, 1913 Ceremony of the Holy Light, 1248-1249 Cerinthus, 511, 917, 1222, 1288 Cerny, Jaroslav, 511 Chaeremon, Bishop of Neilopolis/Dalas, 685 Chaîne, Marius Jean Joseph, 511-512 Chairemon of Alexandria, 512 Chalcedon, Council of (451), 20, 37, 88, 102, 126, 512-515, 914-915 and Abraham of Farshut, 11-12 and Acacian schism, 42-47, 102 Acephaloi opposition to, 55 and Agathon of Alexandria, 65 aims, 1670 and Antioch, Council of, 190 and Armenian church, 234 Christological definition of, 523, 547, 578, 1638, 2255 on clerical ordination, 1844 on communicatio idiomatum, 578 and Constantinople, First Council of, 594 and Constantinople, Second Council of, 595-596 and Coptic art and architecture, 269-270 Coptic music post, 1734 Coptic music prior to, 1732-1734 and Coptic relations with Rome, 609, 661-662 and Cyrus al-Muqawqas, 682-683 Dayr Matra monks’ resistance to dogma of, 837 on deaconesses, 888 and divisions among monks of the Kellia, 1397 and ecclesiastical use of eparchy, 959 Enaton monks’ opposition to dogma of, 956-957 and Ephesus councils, 960, 961, 962 and Eutyches, 1075 and Henoticon edict, 1217-1218, 2370 and homilies on Michael, Archangel, 1618-1619 and hypostatic union, 1262 and iconoclasm, 1276 impact on Coptic literature and thought, 1454-1455 impact on Copts, 66, 146, 661-662, 693, 943, 1211; see also subhead reactions to Isidorus of Pelusium role, 1308 and John II, 1337 and John I, 1337 and John of Lycopolis, Saint, 1365 and Julian, Bishop, 1379 and Justin I, 1383 and Justinian, Emperor, 1385, 1386 and Leo I the Great, 1441-1442 and Macarius of Tkow, 1556 and Mark II, 1533, 1534 and Melchite-Coptic split, 1583 and Monastery of the Metanoia, 1609- 1610 monenergism and, 1666-1667 and monenergist formula, 1666 and monophysitism, 1575-1576, 1669-1670; see also Monophysitism on nature of Christ. See subhead Christological definition of and Nicene Creed, 1793 and nine saints from Ethiopia, 1045-1047 on oikonomos, 1825 and the Oriental Orthodox churches, 1845-1846 and Pachomian-Shenutean traditions, 1453 and Peter III Mongus, 1947, 1948 and Philoxenus of Mabbug, 1962 and Pulcheria, Empress, 513-514, 1441, 1442, 1670, 2033 reactions to, 1670-167 1, 1672 and saints recognized by Ethiopian church, 1044-1045 and Severus of Antioch, 2124 and Simon I, 2139 and Theodoret, 2236 and Theodosius of Jerusalem, 2242 and Theopistus of Alexandria, 2254 and Theotokos, 1218, 2255; see also subhead Christological definition of and Timothy II Aelurus, 2264-2267 and Western alienation of Copts, 661-662 and Zeno, Emperor, 1217-1218, 2369-2370 see also Nestorians and Copts Chalcedonians. See Chalcedon, Council of; specific issues Chaldaean Oracles, 516 Chalice, as Eucharistic vessel, 1065 Chalice veil. See Eucharistic veils Chamoul. See Camoul, Saint Champollion, Jean François, 516,614, 1424, 1440, 1445, 2073, 2125 Chanazhum (martyr), 1553 Chancel. See Cancelli Chandeliers. See Lighting equipment; Metalwork Chants, 63, 1721 Adam, 63, 1722 and Agnus Dei, 71 antiphon, 148-149, 1717, 1732 Coptic poetry, 1985 responsory, 2058 watus, 1722, 1724, 2320-2321 see also Choral singing Chapel 180 (al-Bagawaat), 327 Chapel of Anba Antuniyus (Saint Antony), 753, 754 Chapel of the Archangel Michael, 753, 754, 755 Chapel of the Exodus (al-Bagawat), 1873 Chapel of the Forty-nine Martyrs (Dayr al-Suryan), 876, 880 Chapel of the Hermits, 753, 754 Chapel of Mar Jirjis, Dayr Anba Bishoi, 736 Chapel of Peace (al-Bagawat), 1873 Chapel of Saint Michael (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 721 Chapel of the Virgin, Dayr Anba Maqar, 754 Charisios, 516 Charlemagne, 1110, 1112 Charles of Anjou, 1114 Chassinat, Emile Gaston, 516-517, 1561-1562, 1579 Daumas, François, association, 695 Cheirotonia, 517 Abraham, Patriarch, suppression of, 10 and Bulus al-Bushi, 423 and Cyril III, Patriarch, 677 and Cyril II, Patriarch, 676 and John VI, Patriarch, 1342 Mark III, Patriarch, abolished by, 1536 and Philotheus’ patriarchy, 1959, 1960 revival of, 1413 and Shenute I, Patriarch, 2134 Chenoboskion, as burial site of Nag Hammadi codices, 1771 Chenoboskion Sheneset. See Pachomius of Tabennese, Saint Cherubic Hymn, 518, 1565 Cherubim and seraphim, 518, 1875, 2015 oldest-known painting of, 751 Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, 380-382, 518-519, 1899-1900 Chester Beatty Coptic Papyri, 519 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, 1894 Chiftichi, Yuhanna, 519-520 see also Ya‘qub, General Children Coptic family life, 1086-1088 donation to monasteries, 918-919 infant baptism, 338 martyrs, 1553, 1556, 1557, 1960- 1961 sacrament administration to, 2072 see also Education; Toys and games; Youth of Egypt; Youth movements Chillebert de Lannon, 720 Chironomy system, 1730 Chitty, D. J., on Letter of Ammon, 1445 Choir, 202 wood carvings on enclosures, 2342 see also Khurus Choirs. See Choral singing Chora, Alexandrian exemptions, 1180 Choral singing antiphonal, 148-149, 1717, 1732 cantors, 1736-1738 responses, 1719, 1720, 1721 unison, 1 718-1719, 1721 vocalise, 1720, 1721, 1732 Chordophones, 1738, 1740-1741 Chorepiscopus, 520-521 in ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2015 Neocaesarea, Council of, on, 1785 Chosroes II Parvez, 1243, 1676, 1938 Chotsko, 1519 Chrism, 521-522, 1473, 1474 and Benjamin II, Patriarch, 377 at Church of Abu Sayfyn, 550 Damanhur bishops at preparation of, 686 and Jesuits, 1330 and John XVI, Patriarch, 1348 use in confirmation, 586 use in consecration of new church, 548-549 Chrism, consecration of the, 522-523, 580 Giza bishops at, 1141-1142 Jirjis al-Jawhari translation, 1334 manuscript copied by Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri, 1273 Chrismatory, 523, 1473 Christ, nature of, 523-525 ‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi on, 6-7 Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib on, 33 Agnoetae on, 70-71 in Alexandrian theology, 103- 104 and alpha and omega symbol, 2151 Apollinarianism and, 173-174 Arius on, 230, 232, 597 Chalcedon, Council of, on, 512-515, 523, 547, 1638, 1670 and church art, 555-556 communicatio idiomatum, 578-579 Coptic church-Roman Catholic church statement (1988), 1786 Cyril I, Patriarch, on, 913-914, 1669 Docetists on, 917 ecthesis formula, 682, 931 Ephesus councils on, 959-962 Ethiopian controversy, 1033 Eutyches on, 913-914, 1074-1075, 1669-1670, 2267 gnosticism on, 1301, 2256 Henoticon on, 1671 Homoeans on, 1252-1253 homoiousion and homoousion concepts, 1253-1254, 2096 and hypostatic union, 1262 and Incarnation, 1287-1290 Johannine thought on, 2157 Julian of Halicarnassus on, 547, 734, 1379, 2125, 2241 Manichaeans on, 1520, 1521 Maximus, Patriarch, on, 1575 Melitius on, 1376 monarchianism on, 1637-1638 monenergism, 1666-1667 monophysitism on, 1669-1677, 1672, 1673, 1676, 1678 Nestorianism on, 913, 547, 913, 1575, 1669, 1785-1786, 1787 Nicene Creed on, 1792-1793 Origen on, 103, 104, 1638, 1790-1791, 1848, 1849-1850 al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal on, 2077-2078, 2079 Sarapion of Tmuis on, 2096 Severus of Antioch on, 70, 2125 subordinationism and, 1484, 2156-2 157 Theodoret on, 2236 Theodosian thought on, 2240-2241 Timothy II Aelurus on, 2266-2267 Timothy III on, 2268 see also Christology; Henoticon; Hypostasis; Theotokos; Tome of Leo Christ, Triumph of, 525-526 iconography, 244-246 see also Ascension of Christ Christendom, division of, and Constantinople, Second Council of, 596 Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, 1423 Christian encounter. See Waq‘at al-Nasara Christianity introduction and growth in Egypt, 1866-1870 see also specific aspects, subjects, and personal names Christian Museum of the Lateran, 1559 Christian Orient, study of the. See Oriens Christianus Christian religious instruction in Egyptian public schools, 526 Christian spells, 1503 Christian subjects in Coptic art, 270-271, 526-544, 1874-1875 Adoration of the Magi, 527 Annunciation, 528-529, 528 apostles and evangelists, 529 baptism of Jesus, 529-530, 537 bath of the Infant Jesus, 530-531, 530 cave paintings near Dayr Abui Hinnis, 703 Galactotrophousa, 531 icons of Astasi al-Rumi, 293 icons of, 1276-1279 Jeremiah, Saint, 532-533 massacre of the innocents, 533 Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint, 534, see also Abu Mina mid-fifth to late seventh century, 269-277 Nativity, 534-536, 535 Orant, 536-538, 536, 537; see also Mythological subjects in Coptic art Parthian horseman, 538, 538 Shenute, Saint, 538-540 tetramorph, 539-540 Thecla, Saint, 540-541, 541 Triumph of the Cross, 658-659 twenty-four elders, 541-542 types, 2283-2284 Virgin Enthroned, 542-544 see also Biblical subjects in Coptic art; specific churches and monasteries Christian Topography (Cosmas Indicopleustes), 640-641, 1635 Christmas, Feast of, 1102-1103 see also Nativity Christodoros of Coptos, 544, 1799 Christodorus, Saint, 2083 Christodoulos I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Christodoulos II, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Christodoulos III, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Christodoulos, Bishop of Dumyat, 925, 1613 Christodoulos, Bishop of Fuwwah, 1126 Christodoulus, Patriarch, 102, 544-547, 1413, 1594 Alexandrian church consecrations, 92, 544 biography, 1573-1574 and canons of Coptic law, 450, 2 159-2160 and Church of Abui Sayfayn, 550 and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 92, 558, 1999 Damru residence, 689 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and Fiqtor, Ethiopian prelate, 1003 and James of Scetis, 1322 miracles under, 707 as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 at Naqizah, 1774 patriarchal seat moved by, 92, 1613, 1615, 1912, 1999 on Saturday fasting, 2098 on Sunday burial services, 2159-2160 Christodoulus, Saint (ascetic), 2083 Christology, 547-548 see also Chalcedon, Council of; Christ, nature of; Henoticon; Hypostasis; Theotokos; Tome of Leo Christopher (martyr), 1553 Christ Pantocrator, in Nubian church art, 1812 Chronicle (Michael bar Elias), on Alexandria, 97-98 Chronicles of John. See John of Nikiou Chronicon orientale, 19, 289, 548 Chrysaphius, 913, 2033, 1075 Chrysostom, John. See John Chrysostom, Saint Church, consecration of, 548-549 Church, laying the cornerstone of, 549 Church of Abu Mina (Alexandria), 92, 94, 116-117 Church of Abu Sarjah (Saint Sergius) (Old Cairo), 1118, 1977, 2038 Church of Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 78, 549-551, 1427, 1613 consecration of John XVII at, 1348 consecration of Yuhanna, Bishop at, 2355 Gabriel II and, 1128 Gabriel VII and, 1133, 1134 Gabriel V Ordo submitted at, 1131 Ignatius IX patriarchal consecration at, 1131 illustration of Barsum the Naked’s cave at, 348-349 illustration of “two-finger blessing” at, 404 liturgical instruments, 1473 patriarchal seat at, 1912, 1913 restoration of, 11 see also Architectural elements of churches; Christian subjects in Coptic art Church of al-’Adhra’, 736, 878, 879-880, 880 see also Balyana, al-; Dayr al-`Adhra’; Jabal al-Tayr Church of Anba Bishoi. See Dayr al-Barshah and Dayr al-Nakhlah Church of Anba Ruways, 815 Gabriel VI buried in, 1133 Church of the Angelion (Alexandria), 93 Church of the Apparition of the Holy Virgin (Jerusalem), 1327 Church of Arcadius, 1870 Church architecture in Egypt, 552-555 octagon-domed church, 1823-1824 see also Architecture; Art and architecture; Coptic; specific churches Church architecture in Nubia. See Nubian Christian architecture Church art, 555-556 see also Art and architecture, Coptic; Cross, triumph of the; Christian subjects in Coptic art; Symbols in Coptic art Church art, Nubian, 1811-1812 Church of the Ascension (Jerusalem), 1328-1329 Church of Cosmas and Damian (Alexandria), 93, 2017 Church of Creniua (Alexandrian Melchite church), 94 Church of Dandarah, 690, 691 Church doors, wood, 2331-2333, 2332-2333 Church of Emperor Arcadius (Alexandria), 93 Church of England. See Anglican Church in Egypt Church of the Epiphany (Dayr Sitt Dimyanah), 872 Churches at ‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4 Abraham, Patriarch, restoration of, 11 Abu al-Makarim listing of, 92-94, 1462 at Abu Mina, 24-29 Akhmim, 78-80 Alexandria, 101-102 Alexandria, historic, 92-95 altar, 105-110 altar form and location, 106- 107 ambo, 111 Antinoopolis, 145 architectural elements, 194-225 Babylonia, 318-323, 319 Bayt al-Nisa’ (area reserved for women), 373 Chalcedonian. See Eastern Orthodox churches in Daqaduls, 692 at Dayr Abu Fanah, 698, 699-700 at Dayr Abu Hinnis, 701, 702-703 at Dayr Abu Ishaq, 703 at Dayr Abu Matta, 706 at Dayr Abu Musha, 708 at Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 709 at Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn (Qus), 711 at Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah, 712, 713 at Dayr al-‘Adhra’, 713, 714, 715 at Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (al-Ruzayqat), 2069 at Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (Samalut), 716 at Dayr al-Ahmar (Giza), 716-717 at Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 717, 718 at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 720-721, 724-727, 725 at Dayr Anba Bakhum, 730-731, 731 at Dayr Anba Bisadah, 733 at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Scetis), 735-736, 736 at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj), 739-740 at Dayr Anba Bula, 741, 742-744 at Dayr Anba Hadra, 746, 747, 855 at Dayr Anba Helias (Naqadah), 747 at Dayr Anba Maqar, 749, 750-756 at Dayr Anba Palaemon, 757 at Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun, 758, 759, 760 at Dayr Anba Shinudah (Suhaj), 761, 763, 768-770 at Dayr Apa Hor (Sawadah), 770-771 at Dayr Apa Ishaq, 772 at Dayr Apa Jeremiah (Saqqara), 773, 774-776, 775 at Dayr Apa Thomas, 781 at Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783 at Dayr al-‘Awanah (Asyut), 784 at Dayr al-‘Azab, 784, 785 at Dayr al-Bala‘yzah, 787 at Dayr al-Banat, 788-789 at Dayr al-Baramus, 791-794, 792, 793 at Dayr al-Barshah and Dayr al-Nakhlah, 795-796, 796 at Dayr al-Bisrah, 797 at Dayr Buqtur of Shu, 797-798 at Dayr Durunkah, 799, 856 at Dayr al-Fakhuri, 803-805, 804 at Dayr al-Hammam, 806, 807 at Dayr Harmina, 808 at Dayr al-Ikhwah, 808 at Dayr al-‘Izam, 810 at Dayr al-Jabrawi, 810, 811-812 at Dayr al-Janadlab, 704, 705-706 at Dayr al-Jarnus, 813 at Dayr al-Khandaq, 815 at Dayr al-Kubaniyyah, 815-816, 816 at Dayr al-Madinah, 817, 818 at Dayr al-Majma‘, 820-82 1 at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 713, 823, 825-826 at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Naqadah), 827 at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Qamulah), 828 at Dayr Mar Buqtur (Qamulah), 829-830 at Dayr Mar Jirjis (Sadamant-Fayyum), 831 at Dayr Mar Jirjis al-Hadidi, 713 at Dayr Mar Tumas, 835-836 at Dayr al-Matmar, 836-837 at Dayr al-Maymun, 838, 839 at Dayr al-Muharraq, 1969 at Dayr al-Naqlun, 845-846 at Dayr al-Nasara, 848 at Dayr al-Qasriyyah, 849-850 at Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 851-852 at Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah), 854-855 at Dayr Rifah, 855-856 at Dayr al-Sanquriyyah, 860 at Dayr al-Shahid Tadrus al-Muharib, 862 at Dayr al-Sham‘, 863, 864, 865 at Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Akhmim), 865-866 at Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Isna), 868-870 at Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 713, 871, 872 at Dayr al-Sultan, 872 at Dayr al-Suryan, 876, 878, 880 at Dayr Tasa, 881 at Dayr al-Tin, 881 at Dayr al-Zawiyah, 884 dedicated to Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2307 in Dinushar, 903 donations to, 1430 in Dumyat, 926 in al-Farama, 1089 in Faras, 1090, 1091 Franciscan in Egypt, 1123 Gabriel II prohibition against burial within, 1128 Gospel caskets in sanctuary, 1153 At Hawwarah, 1210-1211 at Hawwariyyah, 1211-1212 historic Alexandrian, 92-95 in Holy Land, 1244-1247 icon placement in, 1276 icons, post-l7th-century, 1270 inscriptions, 192-193 in Jerusalem, Coptic see of, 1326- 1329 at Karm al-Akhbariyyah,1391- 1392 at Karnak, 1393, 1394, 1394 of Kellia, 1404-1405, 1406-1407 at Khirbat al-Filusiyyah, 1414 at Kom Namrud, 1418 at Lalibala, 1425-1426 lecterns, 1434-1435 at Luxor temples, 1485 at Madamud, 1494-1495 at Madinat Habu, 1497 at Madinat Madi, 1498 at Makhurah, 1512-1513 Mamluk destruction of, 1518 at Manqabad, 1523 Maqrizi history on, 1525 at Mareotis, 1527 Mark’s home as first, 1529 in Memphis, 1587 at Mit Damsis, 1970-1971 at Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine, 1682-1684, 1683, 1902 murals in, 1874-1875 at Musturud, 1970 non-Chalcedonian. See Oriental Orthodox churches Nubian architecture, 1807-1810, 1808, 1809, 1810 Nubian art, 1091-1092 octagon-domed, 1823-1824 parekklesia (subsidiary), 1902 at Pbow, 1927-1929, 1928 at Philae, 1956, 1955 at Qal‘at al-Babayn, 2035 at Qasr Ibrim, 2037 at Qasr Nisimah, 2038 at Qasr al-Sham‘, 2038 at Qift, 2039-2040 in Qus, 2043, 2045 restorations under Mark III, 1535 rock, 716, 747, 770, 771, 798, 853, 1425-1426, 1426, 1656 Saladin decree for painting black, 1535 Shams al-Din, 2127, 2127 Shaykh ‘abd al-Qurnah, 2128, 2129 status during Muslim domination, 687, 693-694, 1098, 1535 at Tud, 2279-2280, 22 at Umm al-Barakat, 2290, 2290 see also specific church and saint names The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries Attributed to Aba Salih (Abu al-Makarim), 23, 33, 856, 1462 Church of the Forty-nine Martyrs (Harit al-Rum), 753, 2046 Church of the Four Beasts of the Revelation (Jerusalem), 1328 Church hierarchy. See Ecclesiastical hierarchy; Hierarchy, church Church historians. See Historians; specific names Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 720, 722, 724 Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem), 1097, 1098, 1099 destruction of, 1203 Church of the Holy Virgin (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 721 Church of the Holy Virgin Mary (Dayr Anba Bula), 741 Church of the Island (Pharos), 93 Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints, 2108 Church of John the Baptist (Alexandrian Melchite church), 94 Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372 Church of John the Baptist and the Prophet Elijah (Alexandria), 93 Church of Joseph (the Prophet) (Alexandria vicinity), 94 Church of al-Khandaq. See Dayr al-Khandaq Church manual. See Didache Church of Mar Jirjis (Saint George) (Old Cairo), 2038 Church of Mark the Evangelist (al-Qamhah) (Alexandria), 94 Church of Mar Mina (Babylon), 320, 321 Church of Mar Saba (Alexandria), 92 Church of the Martyr Abiskhanun, 752 Church of Mercurius. See Church of Abu Sayfayn Church of Michael the Archangel, see also Church of Saint Michael Church of Michael the Archangel (Alexandria), 92, 93 dedication of, 1617-1618 Church of Michael the Archangel (Durunkah), 927 Church of Michael the Archangel (Jerusalem), 1328 Church Missionary Society (CMS), 131 Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Alexandria), 93, 94 Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 557-560, 557, 559, 1207, 1208-1209, 1532, 1536, 2038 ambo in, 111 convent at, 2325 destruction of portions during patriarchy of John XI, 1345 Gabriel II anointed in, 1128 Gabriel V as hegumenos of, 1130 iconography of Ascension of Christ, 244, 558 lintel, 244-245, 245 and Nasim Abu Sa‘d ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 1775 as patriarchal seat, 92, 558, 1912, 1999, 2159-2160 repairs and restoration, 11, 558 wood lintel, 2343 Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem), 1244-1245 Church of Niederglatt (Saint Gall), 1110 Church of Saint John (Alexandria), 93, 94 Church of Saint John (Dayr al-Majma‘), 820, 821 Church of Saint John (Dayr al-Suryan), 879 Church of the Holy Virgin in Gethsemane. See Jerusalem, Coptic See of Church of Our Lady (Dayr al-Muharraq), 1969 Church of Our Lady (Martmaryam) (Alexandria), 93 Church of Our Lady (Old Cairo). See Church of al-Mu‘allaqah Church of Our Lady (Shubra), 882 Church of Qasriyat al-Rihan. See Babylon Church of the Qaysariyyah (Alexandrian Melchite church), 94 Church of Queen Helena (Jerusalem), 1327 Church of the Resurrection (Jerusalem), 446, 1326, 1328 Church of Rome. See Roman Catholic church Church of Saint Ammonius and the Martyrs (Dayr al-Shuhada’), 869 Church of Saint Andrew (Jericho), 1245 Church of Saint Antony (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 720, 722, 724, 725 Church of Saint Antony (Dayr al-Mayun), 839, 839 Church of Saint Antony (Jaffa), 1246- 1247 Church of Saint Antony (Jericho), 1246 Church of Saint Antony (Jerusalem), 1327 Church of Saint Colluthus (Antinoopolis), 1874 Church of Saint Gabriel (al-Naqlun), 845 Church of Saint George (Alexandria), 92, 94 Church of Saint George (Jerusalem), 1327-1328 Church of Saint George (Old Cairo), 881, 1207, 1208-1209 Church of Saint George (Turah), 1536 Church of Saint John the Baptist (Alexandria), 101, 1870 Church of Saint John the Baptist (River Jordan), 1246 Church of Saint John the Baptist (Scetis), 792 Church of Saint John the Evangelist (Alexandria), 92 Church of Saint John of Sanhut (Damanhur Shubra), 882 Church of Saint Joseph (Cairo), 1123 Church of Saint Macarius, 749, 750-75 1, 754 Church of Saint Mark (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 720-721, 722 Church of Saint Mark (Dayr Asfal al-Ard), 783 Church of Saint Mary (Philae), 1954 Church of Saint Menas (Abu Mina) (Alexandria), 92, 94 Church of Saint Mercurius (Alexandria), 92 Church of Saint Mercurius (Dayr Anba Bula), 743 Church of Saint Mercurius (Dayr al-Maymun), 839, 839 Church of Saint Mercurius (Old Cairo). See Church of Abu Sayfayn; Dayr Abu Sayfayn Church of Saint Michael (Babylon), 323 Church of Saint Michael (al-Bhari), 815 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr Anba Bishoi), 736 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr Anba Bula), 741 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr al-Majma‘), 820, 821 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr al-Naqlun), 845 Church of Saint Michael (Kafr al-Dayr), 1656 Church of Saint Nicholas (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Palaemon. See Dayr Sitt Dimyanah Church of Saint Paul of Thebes, 721, 741 Church of Saint Peter the Apostle (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Raphael at Tamit, 2201 Church of Saint Sanutius (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Sergius, 318, 319, 320 altar made of wood, 2328 as patriarchal site, 1912 Church of Saints Felix and Regula (Zurich), 1110 Church of Saint Shenute, 768-769, 1875 Church of Saint Sinuthius, 321-322, 322, 321-322, 322 Church of Saint Sophia (Constantinople), 2143, 2144 Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (Church of the Nativity) (Cairo), 1875 Church of Saints Sergius and Wachas (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Stephen (Philae), 1870 Church of Saint Theodorus (Shubra), 882 Church of Saint Thomas, 835-836 Church of Santa Maria Novella (Florence), 1119 Church of the Saviour (Alexandria), 94 Church of the Sepulcher of the Holy Virgin (Jerusalem), 1328 Church of Sitt Barbarah (Old Cairo), 318-319, 2038 door, 2332 screen, 2335 Church of Sitt Dimyanah, 872 Church of Sitt Maryam, 3 19-320, 879, 880 Church of Thaddaeus (Alexandria), 93 Church of Thalwil (Zurich), 1110 Church of Theodosius (Alexandria), 94 Church of the Three Peasants (Dayr al-Shuhada’), 870 Church of the Tomb of the Prophet Jeremiah (Alexandria vicinity), 94 Church of the Virgin (Babylon), 320, 323 Church of the Virgin in the Desert of Apa Shenute, 763 Church of the Virgin Mary (Alexandria), 93 Church of the Virgin Mary (Dahshur), 685 Church of the Virgin Mary (Dayr al-‘Adhra’), 927 Church of the Virgin Mary (Dumyat), 925 Church of the Virgin (Old Cairo), 1207, 1208-1209 Church of Wattwil (Saint Gall), 1110 Ciasca, Agostino, 560 Ciborium, 202 Circumcellion movement, 920 Circumcision, 1581, 1699 Circumcision, Feast of, 1106 Cities Abuqir, 31-32 Abusir (Taposiris Magna), 34 Abyar, 38 al-Afrajun, 64 Alexandria, 95-102 Ansina, 142-143 Armant, 233-234 Ashmun, 285 al-Ashmunayn, 285-288 Atrib, 307 Babylon, 317 al-Bahnasa, 330 al-Balyana, 333 Bana, 333 Bani Suef, 335 al-Baramun, 344-345 Bastah, 360-361 al-Batanun, 361 Bilbeis, 391 Dongola, 921-922 Dumyat, 925-926 Durunkah, 926-927 al-Farama, 1089-1090 Fayyum, 1100 Fuwwah, 1125-1126 Giza, 1141-1142 Greek in Egypt, 1179-1181 Harit al-Rum section of Old Cairo, 1206-1207 Harit Zuwaylah section of Old Cairo, 1207-1209 Hiw, 1242-1243 Ibtu, 1275 Idfa, 1280 Idku, 1280-1281 Isna, 1312 Itfih, 1313 Luxor, 1484 al-Mahallah al-Kubra, 1510 al-Mansurah, 1524 Mareotis, 1526- 1527 Memphis, 1586-1587 Minuf al-‘Ulyah, 1633 Minya, 1634 Naqadah, 1774 Naucratis, 1783-1784, 1783-1784 Nikiou, 1793 Pimandjoili, 1977 Qallin, 2036 Qalyub, 2036 al-Qays, 2038 Qift, 2038-2040 Qina, 2040 Rashid, 2054 Samannud, 2090 Soba, 2141-2142 Tinnis, 2269 Tmuis, 2270 see also Toponymy, Coptic; Towns and settlements; specific cities Civil law. See Law, Coptic Clapper (castanet), 1739, 2333, 2334 Claremont Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, 1899 Clarinet, 1740 Clarke, Somers, 560 on Dayr al-Majma‘, 820, 821 on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Idfu), 825 on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 825-826 on Durunkah, 926 Classical subjects. See Mythological subjects in Coptic art; specific pagan deities Claude of Antioch, Saint, 592, 701 Claudian (poet), 100 Claudius II, Emperor, 1377, 1378, 1530, 1914 Claudius Labib. See Iqladyus Labib Claudius, Saint, 561, 732 paintings of, 727, 869 Claudius Ptolemy, 1731 Claudius Stratelates (martyr), 1456, 1553 Cleansing. See Ablution Clédat, Jean, 561, 1482 Clement, Canons of. See Canons of Clement Clement I, Saint, 561-562, 2083 as apostolic father, 180 patristic writings, 1920 see also Octateuch of Clement Clement VIII, Pope (Rome), signing of Act of Union, 716, 810 Clement of Alexandria, Saint, 562-563, 1096 and Alexandrian theology. See subhead Catechetical School on angels, 132 apologia, 176 and baptism, 337 and Basilides, 356-357 on Carpocratian sect, 460-461 and Catechetical School, 100-101, 103-104, 470, 474, 892, 893, 931 on celibacy, 476 and Chairemon of Alexandria, 512 on Clement I, Saint, 561 and Coptic education, 932 in defense of the faith, 176-177 docetism and, 917 on ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2016 on Egyptian religion, 1867 on encratites, 958 and eschatology, 973 on Eucharist, 597, 1065 feast day, 2083 and Gnostic-related concepts, 470, 1076, 1148, 1150, 1163 on Gospel of Saint Mark, 1158, 1161 and Heracleon, 1219 on incense use, 1472 in Jerusalem, 1324 and liturgical music, 1732, 1733 on marriage, 1542, 1543 on mixing Eucharistic wine with water, 1065 on Nativity date, 1102 Pantaenus’ influence on, 1881 Philo and, 1957 and Secret Gospel of Saint Mark, 2118-2119 on symbolism of women’s headdress, 641 and Teachings of Silvanus, 2207 and Testimony of Truth, 2210 and Theotokos, 2255 Clement of Rome. See Clement I, Saint Cleopas, Saint, 2083 Cleopatra, Queen, 90, 1617 Cleopatra (town), 695-696 Clerestory. See Basilica Clerical College (Cairo), 563-564, 1302, 1397, 1737, 1962 and Anba Ruways Monastery, 129 and Cyril V, 679 and Habib Jirjis, 1189 and Higher Institute of Coptic Studies, 1230 and inception of Coptic youth movements, 2354 and Iqaldiyus Labib, 1302 reforms in, 1465 role in Coptic education, 931-933 and Samuel, Bishop, 2090-2091 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2096 and Shenouda III, 567, 2130 and Tadrus Shinudah al-Manqabadi, 2197-2198 and Yacobos II, 2349 and Yassa ‘Abd al-Masih, 2353 Clerical instruction, 564-565, 1844 Clermont-Tonnerre, Amédée de, 1285 Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, 1764 Clodius Culcianus, Prefect, 1937, 1963-1964, 2009 Cloister. See Atrium Clothing. See Costume, civil; Costume, military; Costume of the religious; Textiles, Coptic Clysma, 565 chapels marking Exodus, 1976 as John Colobos refuge, 701, 795 as shipbuilding center, 89 Coats. See Costume, civil Codex, 565-566, 566, 567 bookbinding, 407-409 see also Codicology; Manuscripts; Nag Hammadi Library Codex Alexandrinus, 566-567 Codex Askewianus, 1148 Codex Brucianus, 1148 Codex cover, 409 Codex Ephraemi Syri, 566, 568 Codex Jung, 568-569 Codex Justinianus, 569-570, 1889, 1385 Codex Sinaiticus, 566, 567, 570-571, 1222, 1900 Codex Theodosianus, 1889 Codex Vaticanus, 566, 567, 572 Codex VII. See Second Treatise of the Great Seth Codicology, 572-573 Coffer, 203 Coffins, wood, 2330-233 1 Cohort. See Army, Roman Coinage in Egypt, 573-576 Byzantine, 53, 574 Coptic, 944 Dayr Abu Qarqurah excavation, 709 Islamic period, 575-576 Roman Empire, 905, 907 Colcasia antiquorum (vegetable), 1103 Collège de France, 1440 Collucianists. See Lucian of Antioch Colluthus, 577 Colluthus, Saint, 771 martyrdom of, 701, 702, 1554 Colobos, John. See John Colobos, Saint Cologne Mani Codex, 1899 Colonnade, 204 Colophon, 577 Columbia University, New York City, 780, 1895 Column, 202-207, 205-207, 2167 woodwork, 2345 Combs ivory artwork, 406-407, 406 weaver’s wooden, 2340-2341, 2341 woodwork, 2327, 2336-2337, 2337 Comintern, 1996 Commentaries of ‘Abdallah ibn al-Tayyib, manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1777 Commentaries on Corinthians (Origen), 1847 Commentaries on the Creed (medieval) of Abu al-Majd, 22-23 of Ibn Kabar, 21 of Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 21 Commentaries on the Gospels, manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1777, 1778 Commentaries on Job (Didymus), 900 Commentaries of Origen, 1847, 1852-1853 Commentary on the Apocalypse, 1268 Commentary on the Creed (Abu al-Majd), 21-23 Commentary on Ecclesiastes (Gregory of Nyssa), 1184-1185 A Commentary on Psalms XX-XLXI (Didymus), 900 Commentary on Saint John’s Gospel (Origen), 1847 Commission for the Preservation of Arab Monuments, 1700 Commodus, Emperor, 892, 1914 Communicatio idiomatum, 578, 1441, 2255 Communion, 578-579, 1567-1568 ablution before and during, 8-9 and absolution, 17 and baptism, 339 baptism prerequisite, 1106 concomitance belief, 584 and confirmation, 586 consubstantiation doctrine, 597-598 excommunication from, 1079-1080 liturgical instruments, 1472-1473 in marriage ceremony, 1543 and pilgrimages, 1968 and reservation of the blessed sacrament, 2073 on Saturday, 2098-2099 see also Eucharist Communion of the sick, 579-580, 2073 see also Unction of the sick Communion table, 580 Communion vessels chalice, 1065 Coptic glass, 1146 Community Council, Coptic, 580-581 and Boutros Ghali, 416 and Clerical College founding, 563 defense of, 1962, 1963 formation of, 1941-1942 and Habib Jirjis, 1189 and Higher Institute of Coptic Studies founding, 1230 and John XIX, 1351 and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073-2074 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2097 and Tadrus Shinudah al-Manqabadi, 2198 and waqf, 2319 and Ya‘qub Nakhlah Rufaylah, 2353 Compline, 582-583, 900 Concept of Our Great Power, 583 Conch shell, as Coptic art symbol, 2163-2164 Concomitance, 584 Concordat of 616, 688 Conferences (John Cassian), 1663 Confession and penitence, 584-585 absolution, 15-17 penance, 1932 Confessions (Augustine), 1929, 1982 Confessions of the Fathers (anthology), 21 Confirmation, 585-586 anointing and, 138, 586 Confraternity, 586-587 Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, 1122 Congress of Asyut, Coptic. See Coptic Congress of Asyut Conon. See Quna (martyr) Consecration, 588 of altar, 108-109 of baptistery, 342-343 of bishop, 394, 395-398 of building and objects, 139-140 of church. See Church, consecration of of liturgical instruments, 1469 of liturgical vestments, 1475-1476 of patriarch, 1909-1910, 1912 prayers for, 1566-1567 of vessels and icons, 140; see also Eucharistic vessels Constans, Emperor, 150, 1678 Constantine I, Emperor, 588-590, 920, 1618, 2063 and Alexandria, 101 antipaganism of, 1869 and Antony of Egypt, Saint, 150 and Athanasius exile, 299 and audientia episcopalis, 308 and canon law, 1941 and Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem), 1244-1245 conversion of, 1551 on Easter designation, 1104 and Eudoxia, 1067 and Eusebius, 1071 and Eusignius, Saint, 1072 and holy places rediscovered in Jerusalem, 1324 and homoousion controversy, 1253 and Nicaea, Council of, 81, 83, 232, 589-590, 1791, 1792 patriarch under, 1914 reforms in Egypt, 943, 944 and Theodotus of Ancyra, 2243 vision of the cross of Christ; 1072, 1243-1244, 1377 Constantine II, Emperor and Melchite patriarchy, 93 patriarch under, 1914 Constantine V, Emperor, and iconoclasm, 1275, 1276 Constantine VI, Emperor, 1275 Constantine VII, Emperor, 1098 Constantine IX, Emperor, 1099 Constantine of Asyut, Bishop, 84, 296, 590-592 Basil of Oxyrhynchus writings and, 360 on Coptic hagiography, 1192-1193 panegyrics by, 1456 Constantine the Great. See Constantine I, Emperor Constantinople Acacian schism with Rome, 42-47 administrative organization of Egypt, 934 Alexandria and, 98-99 Antiochene problem, 688 Arab naval assault on (717-718), 85, 2286 Byzantine influences on Coptic art, 241-243 and Egyptian annona, 135 founding of, 590, 943 patriarchs, 2016-2017 see of, 913 Tall Brothers exile in, 916 Theotokos as protector of, 1276 Constantinople, First Council of (381), 230, 593-595, 1671 on anointing of heretics,138-139 on Apollinarianism, 174, 1669 and Apostolic Constitutions, 179 and Arian controversy, 230 bishop’s consecration affirming, 394, 396 on confirmation, 586 and ecclesiastical use of eparchy, 959 and Gregory of Nyssa, 1184 Henoticon edict affirming, 1217 on the Holy Spirit, 1250 and homoiousion controversy, 1253 homoousion reinstatement, 1253 on nature of Christ, 525 and Nicene Creed, 1116, 1793 on Origen, 1850 on Sabellianism, 2072 and semi-Arians, 2118 and Timothy I, 2263 and Zeno, Emperor, 2370 Constantinople, Second Council of (553), 595-596, 1676 and Didymus the Blind, 900 on Origen, 1851, 1855-1856 and Theodorus of Mopsuestia’s writings, 2239 on three-immersion baptism, 1286 Constantinople, Third Council of (680-681), 1678, 596-597 Constantius II, Emperor, 2, 101, 102, 150, 904, 1380, 1381, 1869, 1959 Constitutions of the Holy Apostles. See Apostolic Constitutions Consubstantiation, 590, 597-598 see also Homoiousion; Homoousion Consultative Council, 598 Contra Celsum (Origen), 176-177, 1847, 1854 Contra Julianum (Cyril of Alexandria), 177 Convents. See Women’s religious communities Conversion of dates, 435-436 Conversion to Christianity. See Baptism; Catechumen; Missionaries Conversion to Islam. See Egypt, Islamization of Cooking vessels. See Ceramics, Coptic Copper coins, 575, 576 Copres, Saint (monk and martyr), 598, 1554 Copt, definition of, 599-601 Coptic archbishops in Jerusalem, 1325-1326 Coptic art. See Art headings; Art and architecture; Christian subjects in Coptic art; Church art; Monastery paintings; Mythological subjects in Coptic art; Painting, Coptic mural; Portraiture; Statuary; Sculpture in stone; Symbols in Coptic art Coptic Catholic Church, 601-602 and Coptic relations with Rome, 611 and Jesuits in Egypt, 1330 and monophysitism, 547-548 and Sicard, Claude, 2137 in the Sudan, 2157-2 158 see also Coptic relations with Rome Coptic Clerical College (Cairo). See Clerical College Coptic collections. See Museums, Coptic collections in; Papyrus collections; specific museums Coptic Community Council. See Community Council, Coptic Coptic Congress of Asyut (1911), 602-603, 1465, 1466, 1627, 1693, 1911, 2011 and Egyptian Conference of Heliopolis, 948 and Egyptian national unity, 950-951 and Wissa Wassef, 2323 Coptic correspondence, 970-971 Coptic Dictionary (Crum), 614, 661 Coptic Dictionary (Spiegelberg), 2145 Coptic Evangelical Church, 603-604 in the Sudan, 2158 Coptic Grammar (Steindorif), 2148 Coptic history. See Hagiography, Coptic; Historians; specific aspects Coptic Horologion, 4 Coptic Hospital, 1693 Coptic language. See Language, Coptic; specific dialects and Appendix Coptic language, spoken, 604-606 Coptic Legion, 1206, 1512, 1524, 2089, 2137 establishment of, 1417 study sources, 2350 see also Ya‘qub, General Coptic Life of Maximus and Domitius. See Maximus and Domitius Coptic literature. See Literature, Coptic Coptic martyrs. See Martyrs Coptic Museum (Old Cairo), 4, 8, 74-76, 208, 607-608, 607, 710, 776, 777, 800, 824, 844, 1138, 1427, 1449, 1698, 1701, 2040 Coptic metalwork examples, 1596, 1598, 1599-1601, 1599, 1602 and Coptological studies, 615-616 founder of, 1700 manuscript on life of Paul of Tamma at, 1925 and Nag Hammadi codices, 1771-1773 papyrus collection, 1892 pen cases at, 1933 Coptic Nation Association (Jama‘at al-Ummah al-Qibtiyyah), 1694 Coptic Orthodox Church, History of. See History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria Coptic Orthodox Hermitage of Saint Mark (Toulon), 1623 Coptic Patriarchate (Cairo), 1892 Coptic Reform Society, 608-609 Coptic relations with Rome, 609-611 see also Roman Catholic church; Trent, Council of Coptic See of Jerusalem. See Jerusalem, Coptic See of Coptic Street, London, 611-612 Coptic studies. See Coptological studies; Coptology; Scholars Coptic Testament of Isaac, 164, 612 Coptic Trading Corporation, 2198 Copto-Armenian relations. See Armenians and the Copts Copto-Ethiopian church negotiations. See Ethiopian Church Autocephaly Coptologia (journal), 613 Coptological studies, 612-616 Awlad al-‘Assal family and, 310-311 Chaîne, Marius Jean Joseph, 511-512 Chassinat, Emile Gaston, 516-517 Ciasca, Agostino, 560 Clédat, Jean, 561 Cramer, Maria, 656-657 Crum, Walter Ewing, 663 Gaselee, Stephen, 1136 Heuser, Gustav, 1227 international congresses and associations, 1299-1301 Jernstedt, Peter Viktorovich, 1323 Jesuit contributions, 1330 Junker, Hermann, 1383 and Nag Hammadi Library, 1770-1773 O’Leary, De Lacy Evans, 1840 OmarToussoun, 1315-1316 Rösch, Friedrich, 2067 Saint-Paul-Girard, Louis, 2081 Schmidt, Carl, 2106-2107 Scholtz, Christian, 2107 Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, 2107 Simon, Jean, 2140 Stegemann, Viktor, 2148 Steindorff, Georg, 2148 Thompson, Henry Francis Herbert, 2257 Till, Walter, 2261 value of inscriptions, 1291 Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 2299 Worrell, William Hoyt, 2348 see also Archaeologists; Archives; Coptology; Excavations; Libraries; Manuscripts; Museums; Papyrus collections; Scholars; Society of Coptic Archaeology; specific countries, personal names, and subjects Coptology, 616-618 Coptos. See Qift Copts in late medieval Egypt, 618-634 Copts and Moslems Under the British Control (Mikhail), 1627 Corbels, wood, 2344-2345, 2344 Corinthian capital, 205-206, 205, 206, 739, 760 at al-Ashmunayn, 287 church at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj), 739 church at Dayr Anba Samu’iil of Qalamun, 760 church at Dayr al-Maymun, 839 Cornelius, 635, 1618 Cornelius the Centurion, Saint, 2083 Corpus, Apollo, and Peter, Saints, 2083 Corpus Hermeticum. See Hermes Trismegistus Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium edition. See Synaxarion, Copto-Arabic Correspondence. See Epistolography Cosmas I, Patriarch, 334, 636, 1589, 2083 dates of patriarchy, 1915 Cosmas II, Patriarch, 636-637, 902, 903, 2083 dates of patriarchy, 1916 Yuhanna biography of, 2356 Cosmas III, Patriarch, 637-638, 2083 dates of patriarchy, 1916 Cosmas and Damian, Saints (martyrs), 636-640, 1554, 1576, 1973 churches dedicated to, 93, 126, 716-717, 2017 as doctors, 1213 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 640-641, 1635 and Timothy III, 2268 Cosmos. See Quzman of Taha and his companions (martyrs) Cosson, A. F. C., de, 1397, 1402 Costume, civil, 641-648, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647 belts and handbags, 645 dalmatic, 647-648 Dhimmis requirements, 72 distinguishing Copts, 1535 headdresses, 641-642 hides and skins, preservation of, 280 leather sandals and shoes, 1433 Nubian, 1820 scarves, 643-644 shawls, 642-643 socks, sandals, and shoes, 645-647 tunics, 644-645 undergarments, 645 see also Textiles, Coptic Costume, military, 649-650, 649 Costume of the religious, 650-655 anchorites, 130 bishop’s consecration, 395-396 see also Liturgical vestments Cotton, used in Coptic textiles, 2213 Councils, ecumenical. See name inverted, e.g., Chalcedon, Council of Courts. See Law; Personal status courts Covenant of ‘Umar, 655-656, 1570 and Cosmas I, 636 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah commentary on, 1269-1270 and Incident of the Churches, 2314 and John VIII patriarchy, 1343-1344 and John XI patriarchy, 1345 and Mamluks, 2318 renewal of, 1518 Cramer, Maria, 656-657, 1727 Credit. See Law of obligation Creed. See Apostle’s Creed; Athanasian Creed; Constantinople, First Council of; Nicene Creed Crete, 1098 Cromer, Lord (British High Commissioner), 1693 Cronius of Nitria, Saint, 149, 2083 see also Antony of Egypt, Saint Cronus (pagan god), 1617 Crops. See Agriculture Crosby Scliøyen Codex, 656-658 Cross ankh shape, 134-135 on antimension, 144 apparitions of sign of the, 1243-1244 Constantine the Great vision, 1072, 1243-1244, 1377 Coptic, 406, 407 Coptic colored glass inlays, 1146 Coptic metalwork, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1597, 1606 Holy Cross Day, 1243-1244 illuminated manuscript depiction, 1284 intersected, 252 Lalibala church in shape of,1425 legends on discovery of, 1377-1378; see also Constantine, Emperor; Helena, Saint liturgical insignia, 1468-1469 manual, liturgical use of, 1472 in mural paintings, 1875 pectoral. See Liturgical insignia as primary motif in the Kellia, 1409 processional. See Liturgical insignia Saladin’s decrees against, 1535 sculpture in stone depictions, 2114, 2116 as symbol in Coptic art, 2 164-2166 wall painting depictions, 779, 1660, 1875 woodworked, 2331, 2331 Cross, sign of the, 658 see also Holy Cross Day Cross, Triumph of the, 658-659, 659 Cross, veneration of the, 660 Cross of Christ. See Holy Cross Day Cross-in-square, 660-661 in Nubian Christian architecture, 661, 1810 see also Architectural elements of churches Cross with tapers, 1469 Cross vault. See Vault Crotalum, 1604-1605, 1740 Crowns. See Diadems; Miter Crucifixion. See Cross; Good Friday; Holy Cross Day; Incarnation Cruet, 1472-1473, 1598 Crum, Walter Ewing, 614, 663, 780, 806, 1448, 1726, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895 and Erman, Adolf, 973 and identity of Hor, 1254 and identity of John of Armant, 1354 on Latson, Apa, 1427 on Severian of Jabalah, 2123 and Shenute text-editing, 1452 Crusades, Copts and the, 314-3 15, 663-665 alliances with Fatimids and Byzantines, 1099 in Apocryphal Apocalypse of Daniel, 165 and Athanasius III patriarchy, 303 and Ayyubid dynasty, 3 14-315 Coptic view of, 1488, 1615 and Dayr al-‘Adhra (Samalut), 716 and Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783 and Dayr al-Sultan, 872 defeat at al-Mansurah, 1524 and Dumyat destruction, 925 and al-Farama destruction, 1090 Muslim view of, 939 Peter I (Pierre) de Lusignan, 1537, 1569-1570 and pilgrimages to Christian Egypt, 1975 Crux ansata in Triumph of the Cross tapestry, 659 see also Ankh Crypt, 208-209 Saint Sergius, 318, 320 Cryptograms, 1863 Cryptography. See Appendix Cryptophoneme. See Appendix Cultural Center of the Villa Hügel (Essen), 257 Cups, 1601-1602 Currency. See Coinage in Egypt Curses, 1931-1932 Curzon, Robert, 665-666, 879, 1448 Cuthbert, Saint (British Isles), 419 Cycle, 666-668, 1457-1458 Anub, 152 Archelaus of Neapolis, 192 Bacheus, 324 Basilidas, 1553 Basil of Oxyrhynchus, 360 and Coptic hagiography, 1191-1193, 1196 Demetrius of Antioch, 893 Eustathius of Thrace, 1073 John Chrysostom, 1358 Theodosius of Jerusalem, 2242 see also Hagiography; Literature, Coptic; specific cycles Cycle of Athanasius, 666-667 Cycle of Basil of Caesarea, 667 Cycle of Basilides. See Basilides; names of specific martyrs and saints Cycle of Cyril of Jerusalem, 667 Cycle of Evodius of Rome, 667-668 Cycle of John Chrysostom and Demetrius, 667 Cycle of Julius of Aqfahs, and martyrdom of Saint Ari, 229 Cycle of Theodores, 668 Cycle of Theophilus, 667 Cycle of Victor, Claudius, and Cosmas and Damian, 668 Cymbals, 1604-1605, 1738, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1968 Cyriacus and Julitta, Saints (martyrs), 671, 1554 Cyprian of Carthage, 890 Cyprian the Magician, Saint, 668-669, 1504, 1945, 1946 Cyprus, monasteries in, 1647-1648 Cyrenaica. See Pentapolis Cyriacus, Bishop of al-Bahnasa, 669-670, 813, 2305 Cyriacus, King of Nubia, 1411 Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch, 20, 44, 55, 71, 93, 671-675, 926, 1674, 1676, 1921, 2083 anaphora, 71, 123-124, 352, 988-990, 1066-1067, 1539 on anathema, 127-128, 1217 anathemas accepted at Ephesus, Second Council of, 961-962 on Assumption, 292 and bishop’s translation, 399 and Celestinus, 475 and Chalcedon, Council of, 512-515 Christology, 514-515, 523, 547, 596, 913, 914, 1669, 1672 on communicatio idiomatum, 578 contra Julianum, 177 and Coptic Catholic Church, 601-602 and Cycle of Athanasius, 666 Cyrillian mass, 1532 dates of patriarchy, 1915 in defense of the faith, 176-177 and Dioscorus I, 912-913 and Egyptian paganism, 1868 and Ephesus, First Council of, 762, 959-960 on the Eucharist, 597 and Eutyches, 1074-1075 and filioque justification, 1115 and Henoticon edict, 1217 Hesychius of Alexandria and letters of, 1227 homily on John Chrysostom and Theophilius, 1358 homily on Raphael, Archangel, 2053 homily on the Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2258 and hypostatic union, 1262 on Incarnation, 1287 and John of Antioch, Bishop, 1354 and Leo I the Great, 1440, 1441 liturgical authorship, 1733 on marriage, 1542-1543 on musical instruments, 1738 on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology and Nestorians, 609, 1785-1786 opposition to anthropomorphism, 758, 1652 on paschal controversy, 1906 patristic writings, 1921 and Pelagianism, 1930 and Pulcheria, 2033 and Shenute, Saint, 213 1-2132 and Susinius, Saint, 2087 and Theodoret, 2236 and Theodotus of Ancyra, Bishop, 2242 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247, 2248 on Theotokos, 270, 542, 2255 on unction of the sick, 2292 Cyril II, Patriarch, 675-676 and Alexandrian historic church restoration, 94 and Badr al-Jamali, 325 biography, 1573, 1574 and canons of Coptic law, 450 and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 558 condemnation of cheirotonia, 517 consecration of Sawiros as Ethiopian metropolitan, 1005 Dahlak refuge, 685 dates of patriarchy, 1917 feast day as saint, 2083 and Ghuzz plunder, 689 and James of Scetis, 1322 and liturgical language, 1734 Cyril III ibn Laqlaq, Patriarch, 38, 677, 1009, 1207, 1209, 1613 and Basilios I as Jerusalem archbishop, 1325 and Bulus al-Bushi, 423 church law codification, 1942 and Coptic relations with Rome, 609 and Damanhur bishops, 686 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and Dayr al-Nastur, 848 death and burial at Dayr al-Sham‘, 865 and Epiphany tanks, 968 and Joseph, Bishop of Fuwwah, 1126 and al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal, 2075, 2078 Cyril IV, Patriarch, 358, 677-679, 1613, 1614, 1693, 1993 and cantorial training, 1736-1737 and Coptic Clerical College founding, 1962 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 723 educational reforms, 932-933 Ethiopian visit, 1035 icon destruction by, 293, 1278 and ‘Iryan Jirjis Muftah, 1302-1303 patriarchal residence, 1206, 2000 and printing of Bohairic-Coptic Bible, 564 reforms of, 580-58 1, 932-933, 1465, 1466 and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073 and Tadrus al-Mashriqi as historian of, 2197 Cyril V, Patriarch, 679, 1465, 1629, 1647 and ‘Abd al-Masih Salib al-Masu‘di, 7 and Abraam I, 10 and apocryphal literature, 161 and baptismal prayer wording, 343 and Boutros Ghali, 416 and British occupation of Egypt, 420-422 and cantorial training, 1737 and Clerical College founding, 563 condemnation of apocrypha, 161 and Coptic community council, 580, 1693 and Coptic Congress of Asyut, 602-603 and Coptic education, 932-933 and Coptic Museum (Old Cairo), 607 dates of patriarchy, 1919 Dayr al-Amir Tadrus as retirement site, 718 and Dayr Shahran, 863 and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 980 and Ethiopian church controversies, 986-987 and Habib Jirjis, 1189 and Haile Selassie I, 1198 and inception of Coptic Youth movements, 2354 and Iqladiyus Labib scholarship, 1302 and Isidhurus, 1307 and John XIX, 1351 and Matewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1038 as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 and Petros IV, Ethiopian prelate, 1038 and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073-2074 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2096 and Timotheos I, 2262 and ‘Urabi’s revolt, 1693 Cyril VI, Patriarch, 679-681, 680, 1621, 1942 and Community Council, 582 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Dayr Abu Mina, 706-707 and Dayr al-Baramus, 791 and Dayr al-Sultan, 873, 874 on divorce, 1943 early monastic life, 1541 and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 983 and Makari al-Suryani, 2091 and relics of Mark, Apostolic Saint, 1532 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2097 successors, 1911 Cyril of Alexandria. See Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch Cyril of Antioch, and hypostasis controversy, 1260 Cyril of Alexandria, Pseudo-. See Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria Cyril the Father of Reform. See Cyril IV, Patriarch Cyril the Great. See Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint, 681-682, 2083 on ablution, 9 on angels, 132 anti-Manichaeism, 1522 on Bacheus, 324 and baptism, 337 on candle use at Easter, 446 on celibacy, 476 cycle of, 667 on Easter designation, 1104 on Eucharist, 1056-1057, 1061 on Gospel of Saint Mark, 1161 on hand position for receiving Eucharist, 1065-1066 on Holy Cross of Christ, 1243, 1244 on homoiousion, 1253 and Judas Cyriacus legend, 1378 on Kiss of Peace, 1416 on prayers for the dead, 889 and rite of baptism, 138 on second marriage, 901, 1545 Cyril Maqar. See Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch Cyril of Scythopolis, 894, 1560 Cyril the Syrian, Bishop of Jerusalem, 1131 Cyrus, Anba, marital chastity of, 1543 Cyrus (Apa Kir) of Alexandria (martyr), 31, 1554 Cyrus (Apa Kir) of Damanhur (martyr), 688, 1554 Cyrus the Caucasian (Chalcedonian patriarch), 1609, 1666-1667, 1676, 2092 Cyrus al-Muqawqas, 90, 102, 682-683, 1528, 1610 and Arab conquest of Egypt, 184-188 tomb in Alexandria, 94 Cyrus of Phasis, 2241 Czechoslovakia Coptic collections, 1703 papyrus collections, 1891
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Entry Title | Index C Volumes 1-7 |
Publication | The Coptic encyclopedia, volume 8 |
Entry Reference | CE: Index C Volumes 1-7 |
Creator | Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988 (editor-in-chief) |
Contributors | Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988 (editor-in-chief) |
Subject |
Copts Encyclopedias and dictionaries Indexes |
Description | [Editorial notes: See PDF version of this article where page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion and page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372] C_______________________ Cabalistic amulets, 1508 Caecilian, Bishop, 920, 921 Caesarea library, 1447 Mercurius, Saint, 1592-1594 see also Basil the Great; Eusebius of Caesarea Caesarion. See Church of Saint Michael Caetani, Leone, 433 Cailliaud of Nantes, 927 Cairensis Gnosticus. See Nag Hammadi Library Cairo Babylon, 317 Coptic burning of (1320), 1518 Coptic churches’ legal status in, 687 founding, 810 Franciscan churches, 1123 monasteries in and around, 1646-1647 patriarchal residence at, 1913 as patriarchal seat, 689, 1999-2000 pilgrims and travelers to, 1977 tombstone material, 1295 see also Babylon; Fustat, al- Cairo Museum. See Coptic Museum (Old Cairo) Cairo University, 1141, 1423 Calamus. See Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud; Kalamon Calendar and agriculture, 440-443 Calendar, Coptic, 19, 430, 433-436, 435 Advent, 63 Anno Martyrum, 1549 fast days, 1093-1096 lectionary and, 1435-1437 Paschal controversy, 1905-1906 and Shamm al-Nasim feast day, 2126 see also Calendar, months of Coptic; Synaxarion, Copto-Arabic Calendar, Gregorian, 436-437 Calendar, Julian, 437 Calendar, months of Coptic, 438-439 Calendar, seasons, and Coptic liturgy, 443-444 Calendologia, 444-445 Caligula, Emperor (Gaius), 2062 Philo of Alexandria and, 1956 Calixtus, Bishop of Rome, 1638 Calligraphy, at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 Callinicum, Conference of (568), 1676 Callinicus, Bishop of Syene (martyr), 1553 Calotychius, 2241 Cambridge University, 1138, 1893 Cambyses Romance, 2060 Camoul, Saint, 445, 1553 Camp (castrum) of Hierakion. See Dayr al-Jabrawi Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, 1090, 1091 Canada Coptic churches in, 1621 Coptic collections, 1702-1703 papyrus collections, 1891 Cancelli, 200-201, 217 Cancellii, 200-201, 217 Candelabrum, 1469 see also Candles; Lighting equipment; Liturgical instruments; Metalwork, Coptic Candlemas, 1106-1107 Candles, 445-446 as altar lights, 109-110 during consecration of church, 548 Canons of Ammonius, 32 Canon, derivation of term, 2108-2109 Canonical Hours, Book of, 446-449, 1724, 1733 Agathon the Stylite and, 69 compline, 582-583 and Coptic doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 1250 and Giyorgis, 1052 and Holy Week Scripture readings, 1251 hymns. See Music, Coptic, description liturgy of matins, 1568-1569 Lord’s Prayer, 1481 vespers, 2301 Canonical Letter (Peter I), 1944-1945, 1946 Canonization, 449 Canon law, 449-451 and Cyril III ibn Laqlaq, 310-311 Kitab al-Burhun fi al-Qawanin, 33, 1463 al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal works on, 2076 Canons, Apostolic, 179-180, 451-453 on confession and penitence, 585 on fasting on Saturday, 1248, 2098 on immersion, 1286 on incense use, 1472 see also Canons, ecclesiastical Canons of Clement, 456 copied by Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri, 1273 Canon of the Scripture. See Scripture, canon of the Canons, ecclesiastical, 453-455 on clerical instruction, 564 on clerical ordination, 1844 Canons of Epiphanius, 456-457 Canons of Eusebius, 32 Canons of Gregory of Nyssa, 457 Canons of Hippolytus, 458, 1235, 1455 Canons of Pseudo-Athanasius, 458-459 Canons of Saint Basil, 459 in condemnation of cheirotonia, 517 see also Anaphora of Saint Basil Canons of Saint John Chrysostom, 459-460 Canopus. See Abuqir; Dayr Qibriyus; Metanoia, Monastery of the Canopy. See Baldachin Cantate Domino, 1119 Canticles, 1729, 1733 Cantor, 460, 1732, 1736-1738, 1742 antiphon, 148-149 Clerical College, 564 Mu‘allim Mikha’il Jirjis, 1629- 1630 responsory, 2058 see also Chant Cap, bishops’, 1476 Cape, priests’ and bishops’, 1476 Capital Coptic sculpture in stone, 2114 Saqqara South, 776, 777 see also Column; Corinthian capital Cappadocian fathers, 44, 114-116, 351, 1183, 1184, 1310, 1921, 1982 Caracalla, Emperor and massacre of Alexandria, 97, 1177 patriarch under, 1914 visit to Egypt, 2063, 2066 Caraccioli, Clement, 461 Carausius, 904, 905 Carbon-14 dating method, 694 Carinus, 904 Carion of Scetis. See Zacharius of Scetis Carolingians, patron saint of, 1572 Carolingian theologians, controversy over filioque, 1115 Carpentry, 2326-2327 Carpocrates, 460-461, 1222, 2118 Carthage Arsenal of Tunis, 239 rivalry with Numidia, 920, 921 sacrifice to Roman gods at, 890 Carthage, Council of (397), on regulations for nuns, 1822 Carus, Emperor, 904 patriarch under, 1914 Caskets, wooden, 2328-2330, 2329 Cassian, Saint John, 461-463, 2024, 2082 on anchorites in Diolkos, 908 on canonical hours, 449 Conferences and Cenobitic Institutes, 1663 and costume of the religious, 650 on devil as black, 248 in France, 1623 on genuflection, 1139 on Jabal Khashm al-Qu‘ud, 1316 and John Colobos, Saint, 1359 on John of Lycopolis, Saint, 1364 on matins, 1568 on the monks of Scetis, 2103 and Paphnutius of Scetis, 1884 on respect for one’s body, 958-959 on Sarapion, 2094, 2095 Castanets, 1604-1605, 1739-1740 wooden, 2333, 2334 Castle of the two gates. See Qal‘at al-Babayn Castrum, 464-468, 466, 467, 468 at Abusir (Taposiris Magna), 34 at Naj‘ al-Hajar, 1774 see also Qasr headings Castrum Memnonium, 1657 Catecheses (Cyril of Jerusalem), 667, 681 Catechesis (Pachomius), 1862-1863 Catechetical Lectures on finding Holy Cross, 1243 on prayers for the dead, 889 Catechetical School of Alexandria, 55, 77, 100-101, 103, 469-472, 474, 1533 and Athanasius I, 298 and Clement of Alexandria, 562-563 Clerical College in footsteps of, 563 Demetrius I and, 892, 893 Didymus the Blind and, 900 Dionysius of Alexandria and, 909 Eusebius of Caesarea and, 1070-1071 Heraclas, Saint, and, 909, 911, 1219 influence on Coptic education, 931-932 Jerome, Saint, and, 1323 library, 1447 Origen and, 176, 1847, 1852 Theonas, Patriarch, and, 2245, 2246 use of Egyptian Bible text, 381-382 Catechumen, 103, 473-474, 1473 and Holy Communion, 578 liturgy of the, 1715 and Lord’s Prayer, 1480-1481 Mass of the. See Mass of the Catechumens oil of the, 522, 523 Catena, Arabic tradition of, 475 Cathedral Church of Abu Sayfayn (Saint Mercurius), 1535 Cathedral Church of the Jacobites (Alexandria), 93-94 Cathedral of Faras, 1090, 1091-1092 Cathedral of Heliopolis, 2051 Cathedral of Nicomedia, 907 Cathedral of Qasr Ibrim, 2037 Cathedral of Saint Mark (Alexandria), 1531-1532 papal investiture at, 1999 restoration of, 1303 Cathedral of Saint Mark (al-Azbakiyyah), 1538 Cathedral of Saint Mark (Cairo), 1434, 2091 consecration of patriarchs in, 1909, 1913 master chanter, 1629 Cathedral of Saint Mark (Venice), 1532 Cathedral of Zamalek, 2051 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint cult of, 1976, 1977 martyrdom of, 2325 monastery of, 1681-1685, 2325 Catholic church, Coptic. See Coptic Catholic church Catholicism. See Coptic Catholic church; Coptic relations with Rome; Eastern Orthodox churches; Franciscans in Egypt; Jesuits and the Coptic church; Oriental Orthodox churches; Roman Catholic church Catholicos (title), 475 Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 1951 Cauldrons, 1601, 1602 Caves Abui Hinnis, 703 at Abydos, 39, 41-42 of Barsum the Naked, 348 and cells, 477 Dayr Abu Lifah, 704 Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 725 Dayr Anba Hadra, 746 Dayr al-Dik, 799 Dayr al-Janadlah, 705 Dayr Mar Mina (Jabal Abu Fudah), 834 Dayr al-Naqlun, 845, 846 Dayr al-Nasara, 847 and hermits’ cells, 477 of Saint Paul of Thebes, 741 Wadi al-Nakhlah, 795 Caxo, Saint, 1151-1152 Ceiling, 201-202 Celadion, Saint and Patriarch, 475, 2082 dates of patriarchy, 1914 Celestinus of Rome, Bishop, 475-476 and Coptic tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2303 and Copto-Arabic tradition of Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2305-2306 Celestius (disciple of Pelagius), 1930 Celibacy, 84, 88, 476-477, 1543 Encratites, 958 Hieracas of Leontopolis on, 1229 Cell, 477-478, 1403 Celsus, 478-479, 1868 refuted by Origen, 176-177, 1847, 1854 Cemeteries ‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4 Alexandria, 96-97 Anba Ruways, 2000 Asyut region, 1654 Coptic mummification, 1697 Damru, 690 Dayr Abu Ishaq, 703 Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 709 Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn (Qus), 711 Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 717, 718 Dayr Anba Abshay (near al-Tud), 719 Dayr Apa Phoibammon, 780 Dayr al-‘Azab, 785 Dayr Epiphanius, 801 Dayr al-Hammam, 807 Dayr al-‘Izam, 809 Dayr al-Janadlah, 705 Dayr al-Khanadaq, 814-815 Dayr al-Madinah, 817 Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 825 Dayr al-Nastur, 848 Dayr al-Qusayr, 853 Dayr al-Shuhada’, 867 Dayr al-Zawiyah, 884 Faras, 1091 funerary customs concerning, 1125 Kom al-Rahib, 1418 Nubian, 1805 Qararah grave sites, 2036 Qusur ‘Isa 1, 1405 see also Burial rites and practices; Stela; Tombs Cenobites. See Monasticism, Pachomian; Pachomius of Tabennese, Saint Cenobitic Institutes (John Cassian), 1663 Censer, 1469-1472, 1470, 1471 Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, 924, 1419 Ceramics, Coptic, 267-268, 480-503, 484, 485, 486 as dating tool at Kellia site, 1400-1401, 1402, 1407 decorative techiques and motifs, 483-487, 483, 484, 485, 486 Faras, 1090, 1091 figurines, 500-503, 501, 502, 503 manufacturing techniques, 480-482 from Monastery of Mark the Evangelist (Qurnat Mar‘i), 2042 preservation of terra-cotta, 278-279 statuary, 2147-2148 types of ceramic ware, 487-499, 489, 491, 492, 496, 499 see also Art, historiography of Coptic Ceramics of the late Coptic period, 504-510, 505-510 Ceramics, Nubian, 1806-1807 Cerdon, Saint and Patriarch, 511, 2082 dates of patriarchy, 1913 Ceremony of the Holy Light, 1248-1249 Cerinthus, 511, 917, 1222, 1288 Cerny, Jaroslav, 511 Chaeremon, Bishop of Neilopolis/Dalas, 685 Chaîne, Marius Jean Joseph, 511-512 Chairemon of Alexandria, 512 Chalcedon, Council of (451), 20, 37, 88, 102, 126, 512-515, 914-915 and Abraham of Farshut, 11-12 and Acacian schism, 42-47, 102 Acephaloi opposition to, 55 and Agathon of Alexandria, 65 aims, 1670 and Antioch, Council of, 190 and Armenian church, 234 Christological definition of, 523, 547, 578, 1638, 2255 on clerical ordination, 1844 on communicatio idiomatum, 578 and Constantinople, First Council of, 594 and Constantinople, Second Council of, 595-596 and Coptic art and architecture, 269-270 Coptic music post, 1734 Coptic music prior to, 1732-1734 and Coptic relations with Rome, 609, 661-662 and Cyrus al-Muqawqas, 682-683 Dayr Matra monks’ resistance to dogma of, 837 on deaconesses, 888 and divisions among monks of the Kellia, 1397 and ecclesiastical use of eparchy, 959 Enaton monks’ opposition to dogma of, 956-957 and Ephesus councils, 960, 961, 962 and Eutyches, 1075 and Henoticon edict, 1217-1218, 2370 and homilies on Michael, Archangel, 1618-1619 and hypostatic union, 1262 and iconoclasm, 1276 impact on Coptic literature and thought, 1454-1455 impact on Copts, 66, 146, 661-662, 693, 943, 1211; see also subhead reactions to Isidorus of Pelusium role, 1308 and John II, 1337 and John I, 1337 and John of Lycopolis, Saint, 1365 and Julian, Bishop, 1379 and Justin I, 1383 and Justinian, Emperor, 1385, 1386 and Leo I the Great, 1441-1442 and Macarius of Tkow, 1556 and Mark II, 1533, 1534 and Melchite-Coptic split, 1583 and Monastery of the Metanoia, 1609- 1610 monenergism and, 1666-1667 and monenergist formula, 1666 and monophysitism, 1575-1576, 1669-1670; see also Monophysitism on nature of Christ. See subhead Christological definition of and Nicene Creed, 1793 and nine saints from Ethiopia, 1045-1047 on oikonomos, 1825 and the Oriental Orthodox churches, 1845-1846 and Pachomian-Shenutean traditions, 1453 and Peter III Mongus, 1947, 1948 and Philoxenus of Mabbug, 1962 and Pulcheria, Empress, 513-514, 1441, 1442, 1670, 2033 reactions to, 1670-167 1, 1672 and saints recognized by Ethiopian church, 1044-1045 and Severus of Antioch, 2124 and Simon I, 2139 and Theodoret, 2236 and Theodosius of Jerusalem, 2242 and Theopistus of Alexandria, 2254 and Theotokos, 1218, 2255; see also subhead Christological definition of and Timothy II Aelurus, 2264-2267 and Western alienation of Copts, 661-662 and Zeno, Emperor, 1217-1218, 2369-2370 see also Nestorians and Copts Chalcedonians. See Chalcedon, Council of; specific issues Chaldaean Oracles, 516 Chalice, as Eucharistic vessel, 1065 Chalice veil. See Eucharistic veils Chamoul. See Camoul, Saint Champollion, Jean François, 516,614, 1424, 1440, 1445, 2073, 2125 Chanazhum (martyr), 1553 Chancel. See Cancelli Chandeliers. See Lighting equipment; Metalwork Chants, 63, 1721 Adam, 63, 1722 and Agnus Dei, 71 antiphon, 148-149, 1717, 1732 Coptic poetry, 1985 responsory, 2058 watus, 1722, 1724, 2320-2321 see also Choral singing Chapel 180 (al-Bagawaat), 327 Chapel of Anba Antuniyus (Saint Antony), 753, 754 Chapel of the Archangel Michael, 753, 754, 755 Chapel of the Exodus (al-Bagawat), 1873 Chapel of the Forty-nine Martyrs (Dayr al-Suryan), 876, 880 Chapel of the Hermits, 753, 754 Chapel of Mar Jirjis, Dayr Anba Bishoi, 736 Chapel of Peace (al-Bagawat), 1873 Chapel of Saint Michael (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 721 Chapel of the Virgin, Dayr Anba Maqar, 754 Charisios, 516 Charlemagne, 1110, 1112 Charles of Anjou, 1114 Chassinat, Emile Gaston, 516-517, 1561-1562, 1579 Daumas, François, association, 695 Cheirotonia, 517 Abraham, Patriarch, suppression of, 10 and Bulus al-Bushi, 423 and Cyril III, Patriarch, 677 and Cyril II, Patriarch, 676 and John VI, Patriarch, 1342 Mark III, Patriarch, abolished by, 1536 and Philotheus’ patriarchy, 1959, 1960 revival of, 1413 and Shenute I, Patriarch, 2134 Chenoboskion, as burial site of Nag Hammadi codices, 1771 Chenoboskion Sheneset. See Pachomius of Tabennese, Saint Cherubic Hymn, 518, 1565 Cherubim and seraphim, 518, 1875, 2015 oldest-known painting of, 751 Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, 380-382, 518-519, 1899-1900 Chester Beatty Coptic Papyri, 519 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, 1894 Chiftichi, Yuhanna, 519-520 see also Ya‘qub, General Children Coptic family life, 1086-1088 donation to monasteries, 918-919 infant baptism, 338 martyrs, 1553, 1556, 1557, 1960- 1961 sacrament administration to, 2072 see also Education; Toys and games; Youth of Egypt; Youth movements Chillebert de Lannon, 720 Chironomy system, 1730 Chitty, D. J., on Letter of Ammon, 1445 Choir, 202 wood carvings on enclosures, 2342 see also Khurus Choirs. See Choral singing Chora, Alexandrian exemptions, 1180 Choral singing antiphonal, 148-149, 1717, 1732 cantors, 1736-1738 responses, 1719, 1720, 1721 unison, 1 718-1719, 1721 vocalise, 1720, 1721, 1732 Chordophones, 1738, 1740-1741 Chorepiscopus, 520-521 in ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2015 Neocaesarea, Council of, on, 1785 Chosroes II Parvez, 1243, 1676, 1938 Chotsko, 1519 Chrism, 521-522, 1473, 1474 and Benjamin II, Patriarch, 377 at Church of Abu Sayfyn, 550 Damanhur bishops at preparation of, 686 and Jesuits, 1330 and John XVI, Patriarch, 1348 use in confirmation, 586 use in consecration of new church, 548-549 Chrism, consecration of the, 522-523, 580 Giza bishops at, 1141-1142 Jirjis al-Jawhari translation, 1334 manuscript copied by Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Najjar al-Miri, 1273 Chrismatory, 523, 1473 Christ, nature of, 523-525 ‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi on, 6-7 Abu Shakir ibn al-Rahib on, 33 Agnoetae on, 70-71 in Alexandrian theology, 103- 104 and alpha and omega symbol, 2151 Apollinarianism and, 173-174 Arius on, 230, 232, 597 Chalcedon, Council of, on, 512-515, 523, 547, 1638, 1670 and church art, 555-556 communicatio idiomatum, 578-579 Coptic church-Roman Catholic church statement (1988), 1786 Cyril I, Patriarch, on, 913-914, 1669 Docetists on, 917 ecthesis formula, 682, 931 Ephesus councils on, 959-962 Ethiopian controversy, 1033 Eutyches on, 913-914, 1074-1075, 1669-1670, 2267 gnosticism on, 1301, 2256 Henoticon on, 1671 Homoeans on, 1252-1253 homoiousion and homoousion concepts, 1253-1254, 2096 and hypostatic union, 1262 and Incarnation, 1287-1290 Johannine thought on, 2157 Julian of Halicarnassus on, 547, 734, 1379, 2125, 2241 Manichaeans on, 1520, 1521 Maximus, Patriarch, on, 1575 Melitius on, 1376 monarchianism on, 1637-1638 monenergism, 1666-1667 monophysitism on, 1669-1677, 1672, 1673, 1676, 1678 Nestorianism on, 913, 547, 913, 1575, 1669, 1785-1786, 1787 Nicene Creed on, 1792-1793 Origen on, 103, 104, 1638, 1790-1791, 1848, 1849-1850 al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal on, 2077-2078, 2079 Sarapion of Tmuis on, 2096 Severus of Antioch on, 70, 2125 subordinationism and, 1484, 2156-2 157 Theodoret on, 2236 Theodosian thought on, 2240-2241 Timothy II Aelurus on, 2266-2267 Timothy III on, 2268 see also Christology; Henoticon; Hypostasis; Theotokos; Tome of Leo Christ, Triumph of, 525-526 iconography, 244-246 see also Ascension of Christ Christendom, division of, and Constantinople, Second Council of, 596 Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, 1423 Christian encounter. See Waq‘at al-Nasara Christianity introduction and growth in Egypt, 1866-1870 see also specific aspects, subjects, and personal names Christian Museum of the Lateran, 1559 Christian Orient, study of the. See Oriens Christianus Christian religious instruction in Egyptian public schools, 526 Christian spells, 1503 Christian subjects in Coptic art, 270-271, 526-544, 1874-1875 Adoration of the Magi, 527 Annunciation, 528-529, 528 apostles and evangelists, 529 baptism of Jesus, 529-530, 537 bath of the Infant Jesus, 530-531, 530 cave paintings near Dayr Abui Hinnis, 703 Galactotrophousa, 531 icons of Astasi al-Rumi, 293 icons of, 1276-1279 Jeremiah, Saint, 532-533 massacre of the innocents, 533 Menas the Miracle Maker, Saint, 534, see also Abu Mina mid-fifth to late seventh century, 269-277 Nativity, 534-536, 535 Orant, 536-538, 536, 537; see also Mythological subjects in Coptic art Parthian horseman, 538, 538 Shenute, Saint, 538-540 tetramorph, 539-540 Thecla, Saint, 540-541, 541 Triumph of the Cross, 658-659 twenty-four elders, 541-542 types, 2283-2284 Virgin Enthroned, 542-544 see also Biblical subjects in Coptic art; specific churches and monasteries Christian Topography (Cosmas Indicopleustes), 640-641, 1635 Christmas, Feast of, 1102-1103 see also Nativity Christodoros of Coptos, 544, 1799 Christodorus, Saint, 2083 Christodoulos I, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Christodoulos II, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Christodoulos III, Archbishop of Jerusalem, 1325 Christodoulos, Bishop of Dumyat, 925, 1613 Christodoulos, Bishop of Fuwwah, 1126 Christodoulus, Patriarch, 102, 544-547, 1413, 1594 Alexandrian church consecrations, 92, 544 biography, 1573-1574 and canons of Coptic law, 450, 2 159-2160 and Church of Abui Sayfayn, 550 and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 92, 558, 1999 Damru residence, 689 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and Fiqtor, Ethiopian prelate, 1003 and James of Scetis, 1322 miracles under, 707 as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 at Naqizah, 1774 patriarchal seat moved by, 92, 1613, 1615, 1912, 1999 on Saturday fasting, 2098 on Sunday burial services, 2159-2160 Christodoulus, Saint (ascetic), 2083 Christology, 547-548 see also Chalcedon, Council of; Christ, nature of; Henoticon; Hypostasis; Theotokos; Tome of Leo Christopher (martyr), 1553 Christ Pantocrator, in Nubian church art, 1812 Chronicle (Michael bar Elias), on Alexandria, 97-98 Chronicles of John. See John of Nikiou Chronicon orientale, 19, 289, 548 Chrysaphius, 913, 2033, 1075 Chrysostom, John. See John Chrysostom, Saint Church, consecration of, 548-549 Church, laying the cornerstone of, 549 Church of Abu Mina (Alexandria), 92, 94, 116-117 Church of Abu Sarjah (Saint Sergius) (Old Cairo), 1118, 1977, 2038 Church of Abu Sayfayn (Old Cairo), 78, 549-551, 1427, 1613 consecration of John XVII at, 1348 consecration of Yuhanna, Bishop at, 2355 Gabriel II and, 1128 Gabriel VII and, 1133, 1134 Gabriel V Ordo submitted at, 1131 Ignatius IX patriarchal consecration at, 1131 illustration of Barsum the Naked’s cave at, 348-349 illustration of “two-finger blessing” at, 404 liturgical instruments, 1473 patriarchal seat at, 1912, 1913 restoration of, 11 see also Architectural elements of churches; Christian subjects in Coptic art Church of al-’Adhra’, 736, 878, 879-880, 880 see also Balyana, al-; Dayr al-`Adhra’; Jabal al-Tayr Church of Anba Bishoi. See Dayr al-Barshah and Dayr al-Nakhlah Church of Anba Ruways, 815 Gabriel VI buried in, 1133 Church of the Angelion (Alexandria), 93 Church of the Apparition of the Holy Virgin (Jerusalem), 1327 Church of Arcadius, 1870 Church architecture in Egypt, 552-555 octagon-domed church, 1823-1824 see also Architecture; Art and architecture; Coptic; specific churches Church architecture in Nubia. See Nubian Christian architecture Church art, 555-556 see also Art and architecture, Coptic; Cross, triumph of the; Christian subjects in Coptic art; Symbols in Coptic art Church art, Nubian, 1811-1812 Church of the Ascension (Jerusalem), 1328-1329 Church of Cosmas and Damian (Alexandria), 93, 2017 Church of Creniua (Alexandrian Melchite church), 94 Church of Dandarah, 690, 691 Church doors, wood, 2331-2333, 2332-2333 Church of Emperor Arcadius (Alexandria), 93 Church of England. See Anglican Church in Egypt Church of the Epiphany (Dayr Sitt Dimyanah), 872 Churches at ‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4 Abraham, Patriarch, restoration of, 11 Abu al-Makarim listing of, 92-94, 1462 at Abu Mina, 24-29 Akhmim, 78-80 Alexandria, 101-102 Alexandria, historic, 92-95 altar, 105-110 altar form and location, 106- 107 ambo, 111 Antinoopolis, 145 architectural elements, 194-225 Babylonia, 318-323, 319 Bayt al-Nisa’ (area reserved for women), 373 Chalcedonian. See Eastern Orthodox churches in Daqaduls, 692 at Dayr Abu Fanah, 698, 699-700 at Dayr Abu Hinnis, 701, 702-703 at Dayr Abu Ishaq, 703 at Dayr Abu Matta, 706 at Dayr Abu Musha, 708 at Dayr Abu Qarqurah, 709 at Dayr Abu al-Sayfayn (Qus), 711 at Dayr al-‘Adawiyyah, 712, 713 at Dayr al-‘Adhra’, 713, 714, 715 at Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (al-Ruzayqat), 2069 at Dayr al-‘Adhra’ (Samalut), 716 at Dayr al-Ahmar (Giza), 716-717 at Dayr al-Amir Tadrus, 717, 718 at Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 720-721, 724-727, 725 at Dayr Anba Bakhum, 730-731, 731 at Dayr Anba Bisadah, 733 at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Scetis), 735-736, 736 at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj), 739-740 at Dayr Anba Bula, 741, 742-744 at Dayr Anba Hadra, 746, 747, 855 at Dayr Anba Helias (Naqadah), 747 at Dayr Anba Maqar, 749, 750-756 at Dayr Anba Palaemon, 757 at Dayr Anba Samu’il of Qalamun, 758, 759, 760 at Dayr Anba Shinudah (Suhaj), 761, 763, 768-770 at Dayr Apa Hor (Sawadah), 770-771 at Dayr Apa Ishaq, 772 at Dayr Apa Jeremiah (Saqqara), 773, 774-776, 775 at Dayr Apa Thomas, 781 at Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783 at Dayr al-‘Awanah (Asyut), 784 at Dayr al-‘Azab, 784, 785 at Dayr al-Bala‘yzah, 787 at Dayr al-Banat, 788-789 at Dayr al-Baramus, 791-794, 792, 793 at Dayr al-Barshah and Dayr al-Nakhlah, 795-796, 796 at Dayr al-Bisrah, 797 at Dayr Buqtur of Shu, 797-798 at Dayr Durunkah, 799, 856 at Dayr al-Fakhuri, 803-805, 804 at Dayr al-Hammam, 806, 807 at Dayr Harmina, 808 at Dayr al-Ikhwah, 808 at Dayr al-‘Izam, 810 at Dayr al-Jabrawi, 810, 811-812 at Dayr al-Janadlab, 704, 705-706 at Dayr al-Jarnus, 813 at Dayr al-Khandaq, 815 at Dayr al-Kubaniyyah, 815-816, 816 at Dayr al-Madinah, 817, 818 at Dayr al-Majma‘, 820-82 1 at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 713, 823, 825-826 at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Naqadah), 827 at Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Qamulah), 828 at Dayr Mar Buqtur (Qamulah), 829-830 at Dayr Mar Jirjis (Sadamant-Fayyum), 831 at Dayr Mar Jirjis al-Hadidi, 713 at Dayr Mar Tumas, 835-836 at Dayr al-Matmar, 836-837 at Dayr al-Maymun, 838, 839 at Dayr al-Muharraq, 1969 at Dayr al-Naqlun, 845-846 at Dayr al-Nasara, 848 at Dayr al-Qasriyyah, 849-850 at Dayr Qubbat al-Hawa, 851-852 at Dayr al-Qusayr (Turah), 854-855 at Dayr Rifah, 855-856 at Dayr al-Sanquriyyah, 860 at Dayr al-Shahid Tadrus al-Muharib, 862 at Dayr al-Sham‘, 863, 864, 865 at Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Akhmim), 865-866 at Dayr al-Shuhada’ (Isna), 868-870 at Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 713, 871, 872 at Dayr al-Sultan, 872 at Dayr al-Suryan, 876, 878, 880 at Dayr Tasa, 881 at Dayr al-Tin, 881 at Dayr al-Zawiyah, 884 dedicated to Victor Stratelates, Saint, 2307 in Dinushar, 903 donations to, 1430 in Dumyat, 926 in al-Farama, 1089 in Faras, 1090, 1091 Franciscan in Egypt, 1123 Gabriel II prohibition against burial within, 1128 Gospel caskets in sanctuary, 1153 At Hawwarah, 1210-1211 at Hawwariyyah, 1211-1212 historic Alexandrian, 92-95 in Holy Land, 1244-1247 icon placement in, 1276 icons, post-l7th-century, 1270 inscriptions, 192-193 in Jerusalem, Coptic see of, 1326- 1329 at Karm al-Akhbariyyah,1391- 1392 at Karnak, 1393, 1394, 1394 of Kellia, 1404-1405, 1406-1407 at Khirbat al-Filusiyyah, 1414 at Kom Namrud, 1418 at Lalibala, 1425-1426 lecterns, 1434-1435 at Luxor temples, 1485 at Madamud, 1494-1495 at Madinat Habu, 1497 at Madinat Madi, 1498 at Makhurah, 1512-1513 Mamluk destruction of, 1518 at Manqabad, 1523 Maqrizi history on, 1525 at Mareotis, 1527 Mark’s home as first, 1529 in Memphis, 1587 at Mit Damsis, 1970-1971 at Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine, 1682-1684, 1683, 1902 murals in, 1874-1875 at Musturud, 1970 non-Chalcedonian. See Oriental Orthodox churches Nubian architecture, 1807-1810, 1808, 1809, 1810 Nubian art, 1091-1092 octagon-domed, 1823-1824 parekklesia (subsidiary), 1902 at Pbow, 1927-1929, 1928 at Philae, 1956, 1955 at Qal‘at al-Babayn, 2035 at Qasr Ibrim, 2037 at Qasr Nisimah, 2038 at Qasr al-Sham‘, 2038 at Qift, 2039-2040 in Qus, 2043, 2045 restorations under Mark III, 1535 rock, 716, 747, 770, 771, 798, 853, 1425-1426, 1426, 1656 Saladin decree for painting black, 1535 Shams al-Din, 2127, 2127 Shaykh ‘abd al-Qurnah, 2128, 2129 status during Muslim domination, 687, 693-694, 1098, 1535 at Tud, 2279-2280, 22 at Umm al-Barakat, 2290, 2290 see also specific church and saint names The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries Attributed to Aba Salih (Abu al-Makarim), 23, 33, 856, 1462 Church of the Forty-nine Martyrs (Harit al-Rum), 753, 2046 Church of the Four Beasts of the Revelation (Jerusalem), 1328 Church hierarchy. See Ecclesiastical hierarchy; Hierarchy, church Church historians. See Historians; specific names Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 720, 722, 724 Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem), 1097, 1098, 1099 destruction of, 1203 Church of the Holy Virgin (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 721 Church of the Holy Virgin Mary (Dayr Anba Bula), 741 Church of the Island (Pharos), 93 Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints, 2108 Church of John the Baptist (Alexandrian Melchite church), 94 Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372 Church of John the Baptist and the Prophet Elijah (Alexandria), 93 Church of Joseph (the Prophet) (Alexandria vicinity), 94 Church of al-Khandaq. See Dayr al-Khandaq Church manual. See Didache Church of Mar Jirjis (Saint George) (Old Cairo), 2038 Church of Mark the Evangelist (al-Qamhah) (Alexandria), 94 Church of Mar Mina (Babylon), 320, 321 Church of Mar Saba (Alexandria), 92 Church of the Martyr Abiskhanun, 752 Church of Mercurius. See Church of Abu Sayfayn Church of Michael the Archangel, see also Church of Saint Michael Church of Michael the Archangel (Alexandria), 92, 93 dedication of, 1617-1618 Church of Michael the Archangel (Durunkah), 927 Church of Michael the Archangel (Jerusalem), 1328 Church Missionary Society (CMS), 131 Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Alexandria), 93, 94 Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 557-560, 557, 559, 1207, 1208-1209, 1532, 1536, 2038 ambo in, 111 convent at, 2325 destruction of portions during patriarchy of John XI, 1345 Gabriel II anointed in, 1128 Gabriel V as hegumenos of, 1130 iconography of Ascension of Christ, 244, 558 lintel, 244-245, 245 and Nasim Abu Sa‘d ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid, 1775 as patriarchal seat, 92, 558, 1912, 1999, 2159-2160 repairs and restoration, 11, 558 wood lintel, 2343 Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem), 1244-1245 Church of Niederglatt (Saint Gall), 1110 Church of Saint John (Alexandria), 93, 94 Church of Saint John (Dayr al-Majma‘), 820, 821 Church of Saint John (Dayr al-Suryan), 879 Church of the Holy Virgin in Gethsemane. See Jerusalem, Coptic See of Church of Our Lady (Dayr al-Muharraq), 1969 Church of Our Lady (Martmaryam) (Alexandria), 93 Church of Our Lady (Old Cairo). See Church of al-Mu‘allaqah Church of Our Lady (Shubra), 882 Church of Qasriyat al-Rihan. See Babylon Church of the Qaysariyyah (Alexandrian Melchite church), 94 Church of Queen Helena (Jerusalem), 1327 Church of the Resurrection (Jerusalem), 446, 1326, 1328 Church of Rome. See Roman Catholic church Church of Saint Ammonius and the Martyrs (Dayr al-Shuhada’), 869 Church of Saint Andrew (Jericho), 1245 Church of Saint Antony (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 720, 722, 724, 725 Church of Saint Antony (Dayr al-Mayun), 839, 839 Church of Saint Antony (Jaffa), 1246- 1247 Church of Saint Antony (Jericho), 1246 Church of Saint Antony (Jerusalem), 1327 Church of Saint Colluthus (Antinoopolis), 1874 Church of Saint Gabriel (al-Naqlun), 845 Church of Saint George (Alexandria), 92, 94 Church of Saint George (Jerusalem), 1327-1328 Church of Saint George (Old Cairo), 881, 1207, 1208-1209 Church of Saint George (Turah), 1536 Church of Saint John the Baptist (Alexandria), 101, 1870 Church of Saint John the Baptist (River Jordan), 1246 Church of Saint John the Baptist (Scetis), 792 Church of Saint John the Evangelist (Alexandria), 92 Church of Saint John of Sanhut (Damanhur Shubra), 882 Church of Saint Joseph (Cairo), 1123 Church of Saint Macarius, 749, 750-75 1, 754 Church of Saint Mark (Dayr Anba Antuniyus), 720-721, 722 Church of Saint Mark (Dayr Asfal al-Ard), 783 Church of Saint Mary (Philae), 1954 Church of Saint Menas (Abu Mina) (Alexandria), 92, 94 Church of Saint Mercurius (Alexandria), 92 Church of Saint Mercurius (Dayr Anba Bula), 743 Church of Saint Mercurius (Dayr al-Maymun), 839, 839 Church of Saint Mercurius (Old Cairo). See Church of Abu Sayfayn; Dayr Abu Sayfayn Church of Saint Michael (Babylon), 323 Church of Saint Michael (al-Bhari), 815 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr Anba Bishoi), 736 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr Anba Bula), 741 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr al-Majma‘), 820, 821 Church of Saint Michael (Dayr al-Naqlun), 845 Church of Saint Michael (Kafr al-Dayr), 1656 Church of Saint Nicholas (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Palaemon. See Dayr Sitt Dimyanah Church of Saint Paul of Thebes, 721, 741 Church of Saint Peter the Apostle (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Raphael at Tamit, 2201 Church of Saint Sanutius (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Sergius, 318, 319, 320 altar made of wood, 2328 as patriarchal site, 1912 Church of Saints Felix and Regula (Zurich), 1110 Church of Saint Shenute, 768-769, 1875 Church of Saint Sinuthius, 321-322, 322, 321-322, 322 Church of Saint Sophia (Constantinople), 2143, 2144 Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (Church of the Nativity) (Cairo), 1875 Church of Saints Sergius and Wachas (Alexandria), 94 Church of Saint Stephen (Philae), 1870 Church of Saint Theodorus (Shubra), 882 Church of Saint Thomas, 835-836 Church of Santa Maria Novella (Florence), 1119 Church of the Saviour (Alexandria), 94 Church of the Sepulcher of the Holy Virgin (Jerusalem), 1328 Church of Sitt Barbarah (Old Cairo), 318-319, 2038 door, 2332 screen, 2335 Church of Sitt Dimyanah, 872 Church of Sitt Maryam, 3 19-320, 879, 880 Church of Thaddaeus (Alexandria), 93 Church of Thalwil (Zurich), 1110 Church of Theodosius (Alexandria), 94 Church of the Three Peasants (Dayr al-Shuhada’), 870 Church of the Tomb of the Prophet Jeremiah (Alexandria vicinity), 94 Church of the Virgin (Babylon), 320, 323 Church of the Virgin in the Desert of Apa Shenute, 763 Church of the Virgin Mary (Alexandria), 93 Church of the Virgin Mary (Dahshur), 685 Church of the Virgin Mary (Dayr al-‘Adhra’), 927 Church of the Virgin Mary (Dumyat), 925 Church of the Virgin (Old Cairo), 1207, 1208-1209 Church of Wattwil (Saint Gall), 1110 Ciasca, Agostino, 560 Ciborium, 202 Circumcellion movement, 920 Circumcision, 1581, 1699 Circumcision, Feast of, 1106 Cities Abuqir, 31-32 Abusir (Taposiris Magna), 34 Abyar, 38 al-Afrajun, 64 Alexandria, 95-102 Ansina, 142-143 Armant, 233-234 Ashmun, 285 al-Ashmunayn, 285-288 Atrib, 307 Babylon, 317 al-Bahnasa, 330 al-Balyana, 333 Bana, 333 Bani Suef, 335 al-Baramun, 344-345 Bastah, 360-361 al-Batanun, 361 Bilbeis, 391 Dongola, 921-922 Dumyat, 925-926 Durunkah, 926-927 al-Farama, 1089-1090 Fayyum, 1100 Fuwwah, 1125-1126 Giza, 1141-1142 Greek in Egypt, 1179-1181 Harit al-Rum section of Old Cairo, 1206-1207 Harit Zuwaylah section of Old Cairo, 1207-1209 Hiw, 1242-1243 Ibtu, 1275 Idfa, 1280 Idku, 1280-1281 Isna, 1312 Itfih, 1313 Luxor, 1484 al-Mahallah al-Kubra, 1510 al-Mansurah, 1524 Mareotis, 1526- 1527 Memphis, 1586-1587 Minuf al-‘Ulyah, 1633 Minya, 1634 Naqadah, 1774 Naucratis, 1783-1784, 1783-1784 Nikiou, 1793 Pimandjoili, 1977 Qallin, 2036 Qalyub, 2036 al-Qays, 2038 Qift, 2038-2040 Qina, 2040 Rashid, 2054 Samannud, 2090 Soba, 2141-2142 Tinnis, 2269 Tmuis, 2270 see also Toponymy, Coptic; Towns and settlements; specific cities Civil law. See Law, Coptic Clapper (castanet), 1739, 2333, 2334 Claremont Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, 1899 Clarinet, 1740 Clarke, Somers, 560 on Dayr al-Majma‘, 820, 821 on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Idfu), 825 on Dayr al-Malak Mikha’il (Jirja), 825-826 on Durunkah, 926 Classical subjects. See Mythological subjects in Coptic art; specific pagan deities Claude of Antioch, Saint, 592, 701 Claudian (poet), 100 Claudius II, Emperor, 1377, 1378, 1530, 1914 Claudius Labib. See Iqladyus Labib Claudius, Saint, 561, 732 paintings of, 727, 869 Claudius Ptolemy, 1731 Claudius Stratelates (martyr), 1456, 1553 Cleansing. See Ablution Clédat, Jean, 561, 1482 Clement, Canons of. See Canons of Clement Clement I, Saint, 561-562, 2083 as apostolic father, 180 patristic writings, 1920 see also Octateuch of Clement Clement VIII, Pope (Rome), signing of Act of Union, 716, 810 Clement of Alexandria, Saint, 562-563, 1096 and Alexandrian theology. See subhead Catechetical School on angels, 132 apologia, 176 and baptism, 337 and Basilides, 356-357 on Carpocratian sect, 460-461 and Catechetical School, 100-101, 103-104, 470, 474, 892, 893, 931 on celibacy, 476 and Chairemon of Alexandria, 512 on Clement I, Saint, 561 and Coptic education, 932 in defense of the faith, 176-177 docetism and, 917 on ecclesiastical hierarchy, 2016 on Egyptian religion, 1867 on encratites, 958 and eschatology, 973 on Eucharist, 597, 1065 feast day, 2083 and Gnostic-related concepts, 470, 1076, 1148, 1150, 1163 on Gospel of Saint Mark, 1158, 1161 and Heracleon, 1219 on incense use, 1472 in Jerusalem, 1324 and liturgical music, 1732, 1733 on marriage, 1542, 1543 on mixing Eucharistic wine with water, 1065 on Nativity date, 1102 Pantaenus’ influence on, 1881 Philo and, 1957 and Secret Gospel of Saint Mark, 2118-2119 on symbolism of women’s headdress, 641 and Teachings of Silvanus, 2207 and Testimony of Truth, 2210 and Theotokos, 2255 Clement of Rome. See Clement I, Saint Cleopas, Saint, 2083 Cleopatra, Queen, 90, 1617 Cleopatra (town), 695-696 Clerestory. See Basilica Clerical College (Cairo), 563-564, 1302, 1397, 1737, 1962 and Anba Ruways Monastery, 129 and Cyril V, 679 and Habib Jirjis, 1189 and Higher Institute of Coptic Studies, 1230 and inception of Coptic youth movements, 2354 and Iqaldiyus Labib, 1302 reforms in, 1465 role in Coptic education, 931-933 and Samuel, Bishop, 2090-2091 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2096 and Shenouda III, 567, 2130 and Tadrus Shinudah al-Manqabadi, 2197-2198 and Yacobos II, 2349 and Yassa ‘Abd al-Masih, 2353 Clerical instruction, 564-565, 1844 Clermont-Tonnerre, Amédée de, 1285 Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, 1764 Clodius Culcianus, Prefect, 1937, 1963-1964, 2009 Cloister. See Atrium Clothing. See Costume, civil; Costume, military; Costume of the religious; Textiles, Coptic Clysma, 565 chapels marking Exodus, 1976 as John Colobos refuge, 701, 795 as shipbuilding center, 89 Coats. See Costume, civil Codex, 565-566, 566, 567 bookbinding, 407-409 see also Codicology; Manuscripts; Nag Hammadi Library Codex Alexandrinus, 566-567 Codex Askewianus, 1148 Codex Brucianus, 1148 Codex cover, 409 Codex Ephraemi Syri, 566, 568 Codex Jung, 568-569 Codex Justinianus, 569-570, 1889, 1385 Codex Sinaiticus, 566, 567, 570-571, 1222, 1900 Codex Theodosianus, 1889 Codex Vaticanus, 566, 567, 572 Codex VII. See Second Treatise of the Great Seth Codicology, 572-573 Coffer, 203 Coffins, wood, 2330-233 1 Cohort. See Army, Roman Coinage in Egypt, 573-576 Byzantine, 53, 574 Coptic, 944 Dayr Abu Qarqurah excavation, 709 Islamic period, 575-576 Roman Empire, 905, 907 Colcasia antiquorum (vegetable), 1103 Collège de France, 1440 Collucianists. See Lucian of Antioch Colluthus, 577 Colluthus, Saint, 771 martyrdom of, 701, 702, 1554 Colobos, John. See John Colobos, Saint Cologne Mani Codex, 1899 Colonnade, 204 Colophon, 577 Columbia University, New York City, 780, 1895 Column, 202-207, 205-207, 2167 woodwork, 2345 Combs ivory artwork, 406-407, 406 weaver’s wooden, 2340-2341, 2341 woodwork, 2327, 2336-2337, 2337 Comintern, 1996 Commentaries of ‘Abdallah ibn al-Tayyib, manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1777 Commentaries on Corinthians (Origen), 1847 Commentaries on the Creed (medieval) of Abu al-Majd, 22-23 of Ibn Kabar, 21 of Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 21 Commentaries on the Gospels, manuscripts in National Library, Paris, 1777, 1778 Commentaries on Job (Didymus), 900 Commentaries of Origen, 1847, 1852-1853 Commentary on the Apocalypse, 1268 Commentary on the Creed (Abu al-Majd), 21-23 Commentary on Ecclesiastes (Gregory of Nyssa), 1184-1185 A Commentary on Psalms XX-XLXI (Didymus), 900 Commentary on Saint John’s Gospel (Origen), 1847 Commission for the Preservation of Arab Monuments, 1700 Commodus, Emperor, 892, 1914 Communicatio idiomatum, 578, 1441, 2255 Communion, 578-579, 1567-1568 ablution before and during, 8-9 and absolution, 17 and baptism, 339 baptism prerequisite, 1106 concomitance belief, 584 and confirmation, 586 consubstantiation doctrine, 597-598 excommunication from, 1079-1080 liturgical instruments, 1472-1473 in marriage ceremony, 1543 and pilgrimages, 1968 and reservation of the blessed sacrament, 2073 on Saturday, 2098-2099 see also Eucharist Communion of the sick, 579-580, 2073 see also Unction of the sick Communion table, 580 Communion vessels chalice, 1065 Coptic glass, 1146 Community Council, Coptic, 580-581 and Boutros Ghali, 416 and Clerical College founding, 563 defense of, 1962, 1963 formation of, 1941-1942 and Habib Jirjis, 1189 and Higher Institute of Coptic Studies founding, 1230 and John XIX, 1351 and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073-2074 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2097 and Tadrus Shinudah al-Manqabadi, 2198 and waqf, 2319 and Ya‘qub Nakhlah Rufaylah, 2353 Compline, 582-583, 900 Concept of Our Great Power, 583 Conch shell, as Coptic art symbol, 2163-2164 Concomitance, 584 Concordat of 616, 688 Conferences (John Cassian), 1663 Confession and penitence, 584-585 absolution, 15-17 penance, 1932 Confessions (Augustine), 1929, 1982 Confessions of the Fathers (anthology), 21 Confirmation, 585-586 anointing and, 138, 586 Confraternity, 586-587 Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, 1122 Congress of Asyut, Coptic. See Coptic Congress of Asyut Conon. See Quna (martyr) Consecration, 588 of altar, 108-109 of baptistery, 342-343 of bishop, 394, 395-398 of building and objects, 139-140 of church. See Church, consecration of of liturgical instruments, 1469 of liturgical vestments, 1475-1476 of patriarch, 1909-1910, 1912 prayers for, 1566-1567 of vessels and icons, 140; see also Eucharistic vessels Constans, Emperor, 150, 1678 Constantine I, Emperor, 588-590, 920, 1618, 2063 and Alexandria, 101 antipaganism of, 1869 and Antony of Egypt, Saint, 150 and Athanasius exile, 299 and audientia episcopalis, 308 and canon law, 1941 and Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem), 1244-1245 conversion of, 1551 on Easter designation, 1104 and Eudoxia, 1067 and Eusebius, 1071 and Eusignius, Saint, 1072 and holy places rediscovered in Jerusalem, 1324 and homoousion controversy, 1253 and Nicaea, Council of, 81, 83, 232, 589-590, 1791, 1792 patriarch under, 1914 reforms in Egypt, 943, 944 and Theodotus of Ancyra, 2243 vision of the cross of Christ; 1072, 1243-1244, 1377 Constantine II, Emperor and Melchite patriarchy, 93 patriarch under, 1914 Constantine V, Emperor, and iconoclasm, 1275, 1276 Constantine VI, Emperor, 1275 Constantine VII, Emperor, 1098 Constantine IX, Emperor, 1099 Constantine of Asyut, Bishop, 84, 296, 590-592 Basil of Oxyrhynchus writings and, 360 on Coptic hagiography, 1192-1193 panegyrics by, 1456 Constantine the Great. See Constantine I, Emperor Constantinople Acacian schism with Rome, 42-47 administrative organization of Egypt, 934 Alexandria and, 98-99 Antiochene problem, 688 Arab naval assault on (717-718), 85, 2286 Byzantine influences on Coptic art, 241-243 and Egyptian annona, 135 founding of, 590, 943 patriarchs, 2016-2017 see of, 913 Tall Brothers exile in, 916 Theotokos as protector of, 1276 Constantinople, First Council of (381), 230, 593-595, 1671 on anointing of heretics,138-139 on Apollinarianism, 174, 1669 and Apostolic Constitutions, 179 and Arian controversy, 230 bishop’s consecration affirming, 394, 396 on confirmation, 586 and ecclesiastical use of eparchy, 959 and Gregory of Nyssa, 1184 Henoticon edict affirming, 1217 on the Holy Spirit, 1250 and homoiousion controversy, 1253 homoousion reinstatement, 1253 on nature of Christ, 525 and Nicene Creed, 1116, 1793 on Origen, 1850 on Sabellianism, 2072 and semi-Arians, 2118 and Timothy I, 2263 and Zeno, Emperor, 2370 Constantinople, Second Council of (553), 595-596, 1676 and Didymus the Blind, 900 on Origen, 1851, 1855-1856 and Theodorus of Mopsuestia’s writings, 2239 on three-immersion baptism, 1286 Constantinople, Third Council of (680-681), 1678, 596-597 Constantius II, Emperor, 2, 101, 102, 150, 904, 1380, 1381, 1869, 1959 Constitutions of the Holy Apostles. See Apostolic Constitutions Consubstantiation, 590, 597-598 see also Homoiousion; Homoousion Consultative Council, 598 Contra Celsum (Origen), 176-177, 1847, 1854 Contra Julianum (Cyril of Alexandria), 177 Convents. See Women’s religious communities Conversion of dates, 435-436 Conversion to Christianity. See Baptism; Catechumen; Missionaries Conversion to Islam. See Egypt, Islamization of Cooking vessels. See Ceramics, Coptic Copper coins, 575, 576 Copres, Saint (monk and martyr), 598, 1554 Copt, definition of, 599-601 Coptic archbishops in Jerusalem, 1325-1326 Coptic art. See Art headings; Art and architecture; Christian subjects in Coptic art; Church art; Monastery paintings; Mythological subjects in Coptic art; Painting, Coptic mural; Portraiture; Statuary; Sculpture in stone; Symbols in Coptic art Coptic Catholic Church, 601-602 and Coptic relations with Rome, 611 and Jesuits in Egypt, 1330 and monophysitism, 547-548 and Sicard, Claude, 2137 in the Sudan, 2157-2 158 see also Coptic relations with Rome Coptic Clerical College (Cairo). See Clerical College Coptic collections. See Museums, Coptic collections in; Papyrus collections; specific museums Coptic Community Council. See Community Council, Coptic Coptic Congress of Asyut (1911), 602-603, 1465, 1466, 1627, 1693, 1911, 2011 and Egyptian Conference of Heliopolis, 948 and Egyptian national unity, 950-951 and Wissa Wassef, 2323 Coptic correspondence, 970-971 Coptic Dictionary (Crum), 614, 661 Coptic Dictionary (Spiegelberg), 2145 Coptic Evangelical Church, 603-604 in the Sudan, 2158 Coptic Grammar (Steindorif), 2148 Coptic history. See Hagiography, Coptic; Historians; specific aspects Coptic Horologion, 4 Coptic Hospital, 1693 Coptic language. See Language, Coptic; specific dialects and Appendix Coptic language, spoken, 604-606 Coptic Legion, 1206, 1512, 1524, 2089, 2137 establishment of, 1417 study sources, 2350 see also Ya‘qub, General Coptic Life of Maximus and Domitius. See Maximus and Domitius Coptic literature. See Literature, Coptic Coptic martyrs. See Martyrs Coptic Museum (Old Cairo), 4, 8, 74-76, 208, 607-608, 607, 710, 776, 777, 800, 824, 844, 1138, 1427, 1449, 1698, 1701, 2040 Coptic metalwork examples, 1596, 1598, 1599-1601, 1599, 1602 and Coptological studies, 615-616 founder of, 1700 manuscript on life of Paul of Tamma at, 1925 and Nag Hammadi codices, 1771-1773 papyrus collection, 1892 pen cases at, 1933 Coptic Nation Association (Jama‘at al-Ummah al-Qibtiyyah), 1694 Coptic Orthodox Church, History of. See History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria Coptic Orthodox Hermitage of Saint Mark (Toulon), 1623 Coptic Patriarchate (Cairo), 1892 Coptic Reform Society, 608-609 Coptic relations with Rome, 609-611 see also Roman Catholic church; Trent, Council of Coptic See of Jerusalem. See Jerusalem, Coptic See of Coptic Street, London, 611-612 Coptic studies. See Coptological studies; Coptology; Scholars Coptic Testament of Isaac, 164, 612 Coptic Trading Corporation, 2198 Copto-Armenian relations. See Armenians and the Copts Copto-Ethiopian church negotiations. See Ethiopian Church Autocephaly Coptologia (journal), 613 Coptological studies, 612-616 Awlad al-‘Assal family and, 310-311 Chaîne, Marius Jean Joseph, 511-512 Chassinat, Emile Gaston, 516-517 Ciasca, Agostino, 560 Clédat, Jean, 561 Cramer, Maria, 656-657 Crum, Walter Ewing, 663 Gaselee, Stephen, 1136 Heuser, Gustav, 1227 international congresses and associations, 1299-1301 Jernstedt, Peter Viktorovich, 1323 Jesuit contributions, 1330 Junker, Hermann, 1383 and Nag Hammadi Library, 1770-1773 O’Leary, De Lacy Evans, 1840 OmarToussoun, 1315-1316 Rösch, Friedrich, 2067 Saint-Paul-Girard, Louis, 2081 Schmidt, Carl, 2106-2107 Scholtz, Christian, 2107 Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, 2107 Simon, Jean, 2140 Stegemann, Viktor, 2148 Steindorff, Georg, 2148 Thompson, Henry Francis Herbert, 2257 Till, Walter, 2261 value of inscriptions, 1291 Vansleb (Wansleben), Johann Michael, 2299 Worrell, William Hoyt, 2348 see also Archaeologists; Archives; Coptology; Excavations; Libraries; Manuscripts; Museums; Papyrus collections; Scholars; Society of Coptic Archaeology; specific countries, personal names, and subjects Coptology, 616-618 Coptos. See Qift Copts in late medieval Egypt, 618-634 Copts and Moslems Under the British Control (Mikhail), 1627 Corbels, wood, 2344-2345, 2344 Corinthian capital, 205-206, 205, 206, 739, 760 at al-Ashmunayn, 287 church at Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj), 739 church at Dayr Anba Samu’iil of Qalamun, 760 church at Dayr al-Maymun, 839 Cornelius, 635, 1618 Cornelius the Centurion, Saint, 2083 Corpus, Apollo, and Peter, Saints, 2083 Corpus Hermeticum. See Hermes Trismegistus Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium edition. See Synaxarion, Copto-Arabic Correspondence. See Epistolography Cosmas I, Patriarch, 334, 636, 1589, 2083 dates of patriarchy, 1915 Cosmas II, Patriarch, 636-637, 902, 903, 2083 dates of patriarchy, 1916 Yuhanna biography of, 2356 Cosmas III, Patriarch, 637-638, 2083 dates of patriarchy, 1916 Cosmas and Damian, Saints (martyrs), 636-640, 1554, 1576, 1973 churches dedicated to, 93, 126, 716-717, 2017 as doctors, 1213 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 640-641, 1635 and Timothy III, 2268 Cosmos. See Quzman of Taha and his companions (martyrs) Cosson, A. F. C., de, 1397, 1402 Costume, civil, 641-648, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647 belts and handbags, 645 dalmatic, 647-648 Dhimmis requirements, 72 distinguishing Copts, 1535 headdresses, 641-642 hides and skins, preservation of, 280 leather sandals and shoes, 1433 Nubian, 1820 scarves, 643-644 shawls, 642-643 socks, sandals, and shoes, 645-647 tunics, 644-645 undergarments, 645 see also Textiles, Coptic Costume, military, 649-650, 649 Costume of the religious, 650-655 anchorites, 130 bishop’s consecration, 395-396 see also Liturgical vestments Cotton, used in Coptic textiles, 2213 Councils, ecumenical. See name inverted, e.g., Chalcedon, Council of Courts. See Law; Personal status courts Covenant of ‘Umar, 655-656, 1570 and Cosmas I, 636 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah commentary on, 1269-1270 and Incident of the Churches, 2314 and John VIII patriarchy, 1343-1344 and John XI patriarchy, 1345 and Mamluks, 2318 renewal of, 1518 Cramer, Maria, 656-657, 1727 Credit. See Law of obligation Creed. See Apostle’s Creed; Athanasian Creed; Constantinople, First Council of; Nicene Creed Crete, 1098 Cromer, Lord (British High Commissioner), 1693 Cronius of Nitria, Saint, 149, 2083 see also Antony of Egypt, Saint Cronus (pagan god), 1617 Crops. See Agriculture Crosby Scliøyen Codex, 656-658 Cross ankh shape, 134-135 on antimension, 144 apparitions of sign of the, 1243-1244 Constantine the Great vision, 1072, 1243-1244, 1377 Coptic, 406, 407 Coptic colored glass inlays, 1146 Coptic metalwork, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1597, 1606 Holy Cross Day, 1243-1244 illuminated manuscript depiction, 1284 intersected, 252 Lalibala church in shape of,1425 legends on discovery of, 1377-1378; see also Constantine, Emperor; Helena, Saint liturgical insignia, 1468-1469 manual, liturgical use of, 1472 in mural paintings, 1875 pectoral. See Liturgical insignia as primary motif in the Kellia, 1409 processional. See Liturgical insignia Saladin’s decrees against, 1535 sculpture in stone depictions, 2114, 2116 as symbol in Coptic art, 2 164-2166 wall painting depictions, 779, 1660, 1875 woodworked, 2331, 2331 Cross, sign of the, 658 see also Holy Cross Day Cross, Triumph of the, 658-659, 659 Cross, veneration of the, 660 Cross of Christ. See Holy Cross Day Cross-in-square, 660-661 in Nubian Christian architecture, 661, 1810 see also Architectural elements of churches Cross with tapers, 1469 Cross vault. See Vault Crotalum, 1604-1605, 1740 Crowns. See Diadems; Miter Crucifixion. See Cross; Good Friday; Holy Cross Day; Incarnation Cruet, 1472-1473, 1598 Crum, Walter Ewing, 614, 663, 780, 806, 1448, 1726, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895 and Erman, Adolf, 973 and identity of Hor, 1254 and identity of John of Armant, 1354 on Latson, Apa, 1427 on Severian of Jabalah, 2123 and Shenute text-editing, 1452 Crusades, Copts and the, 314-3 15, 663-665 alliances with Fatimids and Byzantines, 1099 in Apocryphal Apocalypse of Daniel, 165 and Athanasius III patriarchy, 303 and Ayyubid dynasty, 3 14-315 Coptic view of, 1488, 1615 and Dayr al-‘Adhra (Samalut), 716 and Dayr Asfal al-Ard, 783 and Dayr al-Sultan, 872 defeat at al-Mansurah, 1524 and Dumyat destruction, 925 and al-Farama destruction, 1090 Muslim view of, 939 Peter I (Pierre) de Lusignan, 1537, 1569-1570 and pilgrimages to Christian Egypt, 1975 Crux ansata in Triumph of the Cross tapestry, 659 see also Ankh Crypt, 208-209 Saint Sergius, 318, 320 Cryptograms, 1863 Cryptography. See Appendix Cryptophoneme. See Appendix Cultural Center of the Villa Hügel (Essen), 257 Cups, 1601-1602 Currency. See Coinage in Egypt Curses, 1931-1932 Curzon, Robert, 665-666, 879, 1448 Cuthbert, Saint (British Isles), 419 Cycle, 666-668, 1457-1458 Anub, 152 Archelaus of Neapolis, 192 Bacheus, 324 Basilidas, 1553 Basil of Oxyrhynchus, 360 and Coptic hagiography, 1191-1193, 1196 Demetrius of Antioch, 893 Eustathius of Thrace, 1073 John Chrysostom, 1358 Theodosius of Jerusalem, 2242 see also Hagiography; Literature, Coptic; specific cycles Cycle of Athanasius, 666-667 Cycle of Basil of Caesarea, 667 Cycle of Basilides. See Basilides; names of specific martyrs and saints Cycle of Cyril of Jerusalem, 667 Cycle of Evodius of Rome, 667-668 Cycle of John Chrysostom and Demetrius, 667 Cycle of Julius of Aqfahs, and martyrdom of Saint Ari, 229 Cycle of Theodores, 668 Cycle of Theophilus, 667 Cycle of Victor, Claudius, and Cosmas and Damian, 668 Cymbals, 1604-1605, 1738, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1968 Cyriacus and Julitta, Saints (martyrs), 671, 1554 Cyprian of Carthage, 890 Cyprian the Magician, Saint, 668-669, 1504, 1945, 1946 Cyprus, monasteries in, 1647-1648 Cyrenaica. See Pentapolis Cyriacus, Bishop of al-Bahnasa, 669-670, 813, 2305 Cyriacus, King of Nubia, 1411 Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch, 20, 44, 55, 71, 93, 671-675, 926, 1674, 1676, 1921, 2083 anaphora, 71, 123-124, 352, 988-990, 1066-1067, 1539 on anathema, 127-128, 1217 anathemas accepted at Ephesus, Second Council of, 961-962 on Assumption, 292 and bishop’s translation, 399 and Celestinus, 475 and Chalcedon, Council of, 512-515 Christology, 514-515, 523, 547, 596, 913, 914, 1669, 1672 on communicatio idiomatum, 578 contra Julianum, 177 and Coptic Catholic Church, 601-602 and Cycle of Athanasius, 666 Cyrillian mass, 1532 dates of patriarchy, 1915 in defense of the faith, 176-177 and Dioscorus I, 912-913 and Egyptian paganism, 1868 and Ephesus, First Council of, 762, 959-960 on the Eucharist, 597 and Eutyches, 1074-1075 and filioque justification, 1115 and Henoticon edict, 1217 Hesychius of Alexandria and letters of, 1227 homily on John Chrysostom and Theophilius, 1358 homily on Raphael, Archangel, 2053 homily on the Three Hebrews in the Furnace, 2258 and hypostatic union, 1262 on Incarnation, 1287 and John of Antioch, Bishop, 1354 and Leo I the Great, 1440, 1441 liturgical authorship, 1733 on marriage, 1542-1543 on musical instruments, 1738 on nature of Christ. See subhead Christology and Nestorians, 609, 1785-1786 opposition to anthropomorphism, 758, 1652 on paschal controversy, 1906 patristic writings, 1921 and Pelagianism, 1930 and Pulcheria, 2033 and Shenute, Saint, 213 1-2132 and Susinius, Saint, 2087 and Theodoret, 2236 and Theodotus of Ancyra, Bishop, 2242 and Theophilus, Patriarch, 2247, 2248 on Theotokos, 270, 542, 2255 on unction of the sick, 2292 Cyril II, Patriarch, 675-676 and Alexandrian historic church restoration, 94 and Badr al-Jamali, 325 biography, 1573, 1574 and canons of Coptic law, 450 and Church of al-Mu‘allaqah (Old Cairo), 558 condemnation of cheirotonia, 517 consecration of Sawiros as Ethiopian metropolitan, 1005 Dahlak refuge, 685 dates of patriarchy, 1917 feast day as saint, 2083 and Ghuzz plunder, 689 and James of Scetis, 1322 and liturgical language, 1734 Cyril III ibn Laqlaq, Patriarch, 38, 677, 1009, 1207, 1209, 1613 and Basilios I as Jerusalem archbishop, 1325 and Bulus al-Bushi, 423 church law codification, 1942 and Coptic relations with Rome, 609 and Damanhur bishops, 686 dates of patriarchy, 1917 and Dayr al-Nastur, 848 death and burial at Dayr al-Sham‘, 865 and Epiphany tanks, 968 and Joseph, Bishop of Fuwwah, 1126 and al-Safi ibn al-‘Assal, 2075, 2078 Cyril IV, Patriarch, 358, 677-679, 1613, 1614, 1693, 1993 and cantorial training, 1736-1737 and Coptic Clerical College founding, 1962 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Dayr Anba Antuniyus, 723 educational reforms, 932-933 Ethiopian visit, 1035 icon destruction by, 293, 1278 and ‘Iryan Jirjis Muftah, 1302-1303 patriarchal residence, 1206, 2000 and printing of Bohairic-Coptic Bible, 564 reforms of, 580-58 1, 932-933, 1465, 1466 and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073 and Tadrus al-Mashriqi as historian of, 2197 Cyril V, Patriarch, 679, 1465, 1629, 1647 and ‘Abd al-Masih Salib al-Masu‘di, 7 and Abraam I, 10 and apocryphal literature, 161 and baptismal prayer wording, 343 and Boutros Ghali, 416 and British occupation of Egypt, 420-422 and cantorial training, 1737 and Clerical College founding, 563 condemnation of apocrypha, 161 and Coptic community council, 580, 1693 and Coptic Congress of Asyut, 602-603 and Coptic education, 932-933 and Coptic Museum (Old Cairo), 607 dates of patriarchy, 1919 Dayr al-Amir Tadrus as retirement site, 718 and Dayr Shahran, 863 and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 980 and Ethiopian church controversies, 986-987 and Habib Jirjis, 1189 and Haile Selassie I, 1198 and inception of Coptic Youth movements, 2354 and Iqladiyus Labib scholarship, 1302 and Isidhurus, 1307 and John XIX, 1351 and Matewos, Ethiopian prelate, 1038 as monk at Dayr al-Baramus, 791 and Petros IV, Ethiopian prelate, 1038 and Sa‘d Mikha’il ‘Abdu, 2073-2074 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2096 and Timotheos I, 2262 and ‘Urabi’s revolt, 1693 Cyril VI, Patriarch, 679-681, 680, 1621, 1942 and Community Council, 582 dates of patriarchy, 1919 and Dayr Abu Mina, 706-707 and Dayr al-Baramus, 791 and Dayr al-Sultan, 873, 874 on divorce, 1943 early monastic life, 1541 and Ethiopian church autocephaly, 983 and Makari al-Suryani, 2091 and relics of Mark, Apostolic Saint, 1532 and Sarjiyus, Malati, 2097 successors, 1911 Cyril of Alexandria. See Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch Cyril of Antioch, and hypostasis controversy, 1260 Cyril of Alexandria, Pseudo-. See Pseudo-Cyril of Alexandria Cyril the Father of Reform. See Cyril IV, Patriarch Cyril the Great. See Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint, 681-682, 2083 on ablution, 9 on angels, 132 anti-Manichaeism, 1522 on Bacheus, 324 and baptism, 337 on candle use at Easter, 446 on celibacy, 476 cycle of, 667 on Easter designation, 1104 on Eucharist, 1056-1057, 1061 on Gospel of Saint Mark, 1161 on hand position for receiving Eucharist, 1065-1066 on Holy Cross of Christ, 1243, 1244 on homoiousion, 1253 and Judas Cyriacus legend, 1378 on Kiss of Peace, 1416 on prayers for the dead, 889 and rite of baptism, 138 on second marriage, 901, 1545 Cyril Maqar. See Cyril I, Saint and Patriarch Cyril of Scythopolis, 894, 1560 Cyril the Syrian, Bishop of Jerusalem, 1131 Cyrus, Anba, marital chastity of, 1543 Cyrus (Apa Kir) of Alexandria (martyr), 31, 1554 Cyrus (Apa Kir) of Damanhur (martyr), 688, 1554 Cyrus the Caucasian (Chalcedonian patriarch), 1609, 1666-1667, 1676, 2092 Cyrus al-Muqawqas, 90, 102, 682-683, 1528, 1610 and Arab conquest of Egypt, 184-188 tomb in Alexandria, 94 Cyrus of Phasis, 2241 Czechoslovakia Coptic collections, 1703 papyrus collections, 1891 |
Original Publisher | Macmillan |
Digital Publisher | Claremont Graduate University. School of Religion |
Date | 1991 |
Language | eng |
Collection | Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia - http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/col/cce |
Rights | Copyright 1991 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. |
Type | Text |
Object File Name | cce01965.pdf |
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